Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Vorwort -- Inhaltsübersicht -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- Abkürzungsverzeichnis -- 1 Einleitung -- A. Bedeutung internationaler Gerichtsstandsvereinbarungen und Untersuchungsgegenstand -- B. Einbettung der Problematik -- I. Unproblematische Durchsetzbarkeit von Gerichtsstandsvereinbarungen ohne Auslandsbezug -- II. Das Bedürfnis nach geeigneten Schutzmöglichkeiten internationaler Gerichtsstandsvereinbarungen -- 1. Das Verhältnis zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten der EuGVVO -- 2. Das Verhältnis gegenüber Drittstaaten, insbesondere am Beispiel der USA -- 3. Unzureichender Schutz gegen die Missachtung internationaler Gerichtsstandsvereinbarungen -- III. Mögliche Bedenken gegenüber einer Schadensersatzhaftung -- 1. Überblick -- 2. Rechtsdogmatische Bedenken -- 3. Rechtspolitische Bedenken -- C. Begriffsbestimmung sowie Grenzen und Gang der Untersuchung -- I. Begriffsbestimmung -- 1. Die Verletzung einer internationalen Gerichtsstandsvereinbarung -- 2. Schadensersatzansprüche -- 3. Das Verhältnis zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten der EuGVVO und gegenüber Drittstaaten -- 4. EuGVVO alter und neuer Fassung -- II. Grenzen der Untersuchung -- 1. Beschränkung auf Schadensersatz- und andere Erstattungsansprüche -- 2. Beschränkung auf Fälle der Missachtung von Gerichtsstandsvereinbarungen -- 3. Keine Untersuchung der parallelen Problematik bei Schiedsvereinbarungen -- III. Gang der Untersuchung -- Teil I: Abschluss und Durchsetzbarkeit einer internationalen Gerichtsstandsvereinbarung: der status quo -- 2 Einführung zum ersten Teil der Untersuchung -- 3 Internationale Gerichtsstandsvereinbarungen im Spannungsfeld von staatlicher Regelung und Parteiinteressen -- A. Überblick -- B. Gerichtsstandsvereinbarungen im System der internationalen Entscheidungszuständigkeit -- I. Die Anarchie der internationalen Zuständigkeit

Internationale Schiedsgerichte sind immer öfter mit Fällen konfrontiert, in denen ausländische Investoren durch die Handlungen staatsnaher Entitäten mit eigenständiger Rechtspersönlichkeit geschädigt wurden. Das Werk diskutiert die Zurechnung der Handlungen solcher Entitäten im internationalen Investitionsschutzrecht. Ihre Handlungen sind, im Gegensatz zu den Handlungen von Staatsorganen dem Staat, nicht automatisch zurechenbar, sondern nur sofern sich dies aus bestimmten Zurechnungsregeln ergibt. Der Autor analysiert diese Zurechnungsregeln nach allgemeinem Völkerrecht anhand der Articles on State Responsibility der International Law Commission (ILC). Die Entscheidungspraxis wird im Hinblick auf die Anwendung der in den ILC Articles enthaltenen Bestimmungen untersucht. Bislang ist die diesbezügliche Praxis der Schiedsgerichte nicht einheitlich, insbesondere wird häufig nicht ausreichend zwischen verschiedenen Zurechnungsbestimmungen differenziert. Abschließend plädiert der Autor für eine strikte Differenzierung zwischen den verschiedenen Bestimmungen in Anlehnung an die ILC Articles

The law, including international law, is subject to continuous change. It can be adapted to changing circumstances through formal amendments of or additions to existing norms and practices. It can also be changed through the conduct of international institutions that is not within their legally defined competencies, provided - it will be argued - that the unauthorised conduct (a) is not expressly forbidden by existing rules of international law, and (b) is accepted or condoned by a cross-section of the international community of states. The creation by the Security Council of the United Nations of ad hoc international criminal tribunals, for example, cannot even with a stretch of the imagination be justified on the basis of the powers of the Council stipulated in the UN Charter. However, their creation was applauded by the nations of the world as a feasible and practical way of responding to the atrocities of the early 1990's in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The creation of international criminal tribunals by the Security Council has thus come to be accepted as a new rule of international law. The same reasoning is applied to the newly acquired competence of NATO forces to intervene militarily on humanitarian grounds as exemplified by the NATO bombing campaign of 1999 in Serbia, while not one of the NATO countries was being attacked or under threat of an attack, and the competence of States to attack terrorist groups in a foreign country if the government of that country is either unwilling or unable to prevent the ongoing acts of terror violence.

International Borrowing by Developing Countries analyzes the various aspects of developing-country debt. The title covers various concepts such as theory of borrowing, official and private debt, petrofund recycling, and debt relief. The text first deals with role of external capital and debt in economic development, and then proceeds to examining the historical debt experience of the now-creditor countries. Next, the selection tackles the official bilateral and multilateral debt along with its patterns, magnitude, and the procedures and experience of official debt rescheduling. The text also a

The 30th session of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) took place in Montreal from January 28 to April 18, 1957. In its consideration of the problems of air navigation, the Council, upon a recommendation of the Third Air Navigation Conference as endorsed by the Air Navigation Commission, approved the establishment of an Airworthiness Committee and noted the proposal of the Air Navigation Commission for its work program. The Council also agreed that the Air Navigation Commission should on its own authority take action on the provisional AMC's (Acceptable Means of Compliance) prepared by the Airworthiness Committee. A report by the Air Navigation Commission on signals to be used when an aircraft has infringed on restricted airspace was endorsed by the Council, which decided that a paper on the legal aspects of the question should be prepared as soon as practicable. In accordance with a resolution of the tenth session of the Assembly, the Council approved the establishment of a panel of statistical experts nominated by the following countries: Australia, Canada, Egypt, France, Italy, Lebanon, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In the legal field, the Council accepted the invitation of the Japanese government to hold the eleventh session of the Legal Committee in Tokyo in September 1957 and referred a report by the Air Transport Committee on the economic aspects of the liability limits on the proposed Convention on Aerial Collisions to the Legal Committee.

The twenty-fourth annual report of the Bank for International Settlements was made public in June 1954. In reviewing the period April 1, 1953, March 31, 1954, the report noted that 1953 had been a year of economic progress for most countries, and adjustment and consolidation for the world as a whole. In a great many nations production had reached new record heights; prices had shown a remarkable degree of overall stability; and monetary confidence had been strengthened, as evidenced by the improvement in reserves and in quotations on the exchange markets, and by the fall in the free-market price of gold. These facts were important not only in themselves but also because they had dispelled preconceived ideas and prejudices, such as: 1) the claim that changes in interest rates or other measures in the field of credit were ineffective and outmoded as instruments of economic management; 2) the idea that a small decline in industrial output in the United States would lead to a proportionately greater reduction in American imports and consequently widen the dollar gap; and 3) the notion that a strengthening of monetary reserves and an improvement in the value of individual currencies could be achieved only by a policy of "deflation" and at the cost of large-scale unemployment. At the same time the business trend in the individual countries had been characterized by an exceptional degree of diversity due to the growing strength of most European economies and the pursuit in the western hemisphere of policies designed to lighten the impact of a downward adjustment of levels of business activity.

CouncilThe 23d meeting of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) opened in Montreal on September 28, 1954. Questions of air navigation occupied the most prominent place on the Council's agenda, which approved and communicated to ICAO members the proposals of the Air Navigation Commission for action on the recommendations of the Special Middle East Communications Meeting and of the fourth session of the Meteorological Division. Amendments were made to the regional supplementary procedures, to the Caribbean-South American-South Atlantic aeromobile frequency plan and to the rules of the air and air traffic control plan for the South American-South Atlantic region. In addition, the Council elected the membership of the Finance Committee and Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services for the subsequent twelve months, gave preliminary consideration to the action to be taken on the resolution of the eighth session of the ICAO Assembly concerning the number and length of sessions and working methods of the Council, Air Navigation Commission and Air Transport Committee, decided to convene the fourth session of the Facilitation Division in the Philippines in the autumn of 1955, decided to convene a meeting of medical experts on hearing and visual requirements at Paris in April 1955 and decided, in principle, that ICAO should proceed to construct, in conjunction with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and on land leased to UNESCO by the French government, accommodations to meet the space requirements of its Paris office.