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Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality in the world. Management of risk factors is effective to prevent CVD. The international SPICES project aims to implement innovative interventions for CVD prevention in Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa. The project first step was the situational analysis of the CVD prevention measures in each participating country. The objective of this paper was to realize this situational analysis in France.Methodology: A questionnaire was issued by Makerere University (Uganda) to assess the situational analysis. It was translated and adapted to French context. Data collection was realized independently by two researchers via a narrative review of literature, completed by stakeholders interviewing. Data were assembled in order to answer the questionnaire items.Results: In France, CVD mortality was 28%. Various plans and health programmes have been proposed (a National Nutritional Health Plan, an Anti-Smoking Campaign, etc.). Many health workers and healthcare professionals were involved in CVD prevention. The General Practitioner was the focal point of patient management for CVD prevention. Medication compliance was difficult to evaluate but was estimated at 50%. Therapeutic education appeared central for CVD prevention.Conclusion: Various national programs for CVD prevention were found. Some limitations were identified in the current Health Care System. Main limitation seemed to be the absence of a structured and coherent national policy for cardiovascular health with a consequent lack of coordination between the different stakeholders. CVD prevention improvement focused on multi-disciplinary teamwork and therapeutic education development. ; Les Maladies Cardiovasculaires (MCV) sont la première cause de mortalité mondiale. La prévention des facteurs de risque modifiables des MCV est efficace. Le projet international SPICES propose d'implémenter des interventions novatrices concernant la prévention des MCV en Europe et Afrique Sub-Saharienne. La première étape du ...

Baptista, G., & Oliveira, T. (2017). Why so serious? Gamification impact in the acceptance of mobile banking services. Internet Research, 27(1), 118-139. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-10-2015-0295 ; Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the potential impact of the utilization of game mechanics and game design techniques in the acceptance of mobile banking services. Design/methodology/approach: The theoretical model was tested in a quantitative study using structural equation modelling, conducted in Brazil, with actual local banking customers. Findings: The findings show that there is a direct and strong relationship between gamification and intention to use mobile banking services, supporting that, when used and designed properly, gamification can help make banking activities more exciting, more interesting and more enjoyable, and in turn increase customer acceptance, engagement and satisfaction. Research limitations/implications: The research extends the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2), and prior research to include gamification impact. The result is a more descriptive model that better explains consumers' decision to use mobile banking services. Practical implications: For practitioners, understanding the key constructs is crucial to design, refine and implement mobile banking services that achieve high consumer acceptance and value, and with the right amount of game techniques in them. Originality/value: The globalization of business and systems is fuelling the need to acquire a deeper understanding of the impact of gamification in acceptance within the financial industry. This is the first time to the knowledge that UTAUT2 theory and a gamification construct are combined in a mobile banking acceptance work, supported by data from a South American country, enriching the existing literature on this subject and providing new insights into how game techniques influences individual behaviour. ; authorsversion ; published

Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) are growing in popularity. However, are they effective? Cordyceps is not studied as systematically for bioactivity as another TCM, Ganoderma. Cordyceps is fascinating per se, especially because of the pathogenic lifestyle on Lepidopteron insects. The combination of the fungus and dead insect has been used as a TCM for centuries. However, the natural fungus has been harvested to the extent that it is an endangered species. The effectiveness has been attributed to the Chinese philosophical concept of Yin and Yang and can this be compatible with scientific philosophy? A vast literature exists, some of which is scientific, although others are popular myth, and even hype. Cordyceps sinensis is the most explored species followed by Cordyceps militaris. However, taxonomic concepts were confused until a recent revision, with undefined material being used that cannot be verified. Holomorphism is relevant and contamination might account for some of the activity. The role of the insect has been ignored. Some of the analytical methodologies are poor. Data on the ''old" compound cordycepin are still being published: ergosterol and related compounds are reported despite being universal to fungi. There is too much work on crude extracts rather than pure compounds with water and methanol solvents being overrepresented in this respect (although methanol is an effective solvent). Excessive speculation exists as to the curative properties. However, there are some excellent pharmacological data and relating to apoptosis. For example, some preparations are active against cancers or diabetes which should be fully investigated. Polysaccharides and secondary metabolites are of particular interest. The use of genuine anamorphic forms in bioreactors is encouraged. ; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - SFRH/BPD/ ...

En el artículo se vuelcan algunos de los hallazgos de los estudios realizados en un equipo interdisciplinario sobre los efectos de la globalización en el Estado, unidad de análisis de Ciencia Política tradicional. Los Estados tienden a integrarse entre ellos, cediendo algunas de de sus funciones a la Unión correspondiente; y asimismo se "desintegran" ante el desarrollo de los poderes locales. ; The article analyses the tension between the enlargement of the functions of the State (1930-1970) and the changes that have been introduced by the financial, economical and communicational globalization. It is clear that in peripherals regions of the world as in Latin America these changes, the transformation and the reduction of the State can affect its nature and its own possibility of survival. However we understand as «new functions of the State» the processes of increasingly interdependence and relationships with other states, the creation of regional organizations and several types of decentralization.The idea about the central role of the State have been re-placed by new meanings about politics and political process. These «new functions of the State» with the participation of the society can improve democratization, accountability of politicians and public officers, empowerment of citizenship, and efficient control of the power by civil and social actors in any region of the world. ; Fil: Fernández, Arturo Aquilino. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales; Argentina

Humans are highly social beings with great desire for social belonging and interpersonal exchange in their life. Public space has become a cornerstone of public growth consisting economic, social, entertainment, and political enterprise. Therefore, the continuation of public interaction become very dependent on both public space existence and growth. The inadequacy of public space in Setiabudi has provoked the community to create public spaces in their residential roads to socialize and do various activities. Nonetheless, using roads as public infrastructure for daily activities and socializing may resulted in inconvenience and hazardous situation. In addition, most inhabitants in Setiabudi are migrants with the incentive to work and settle which resulted in social discrepancy. If this problem is not anticipated immediately, social and environmental degradation may arise. From these issues, we can conclude that Setiabudi need some facilities to fulfill the social needs of inhabitants and migrants secondary needs to work and settle. The research method conducted is through literature studies, precedent studies. In addition, direct observation techniques were also carried out namely interviews and observations to several settlements, social and public facilities. Therefore, facilities such as flexible space, gym, kid's play area, bar, and recreational space for food court and co-working space are essential. Along with the oasis-maker concept, Setiabudi Wellness and Recreation Facility undertake inclusivity of human, neutrality, and playfulness. AbstrakManusia sebagai makhluk sosial selalu membutuhkan interaksi sosial dengan sesamanya dalam daur hidupnya. Ruang publik telah menjadi latar bagi perkembangan kehidupan publik, baik dalam kegiatan ekonomi, sosial, hiburan, hingga politik. Berlangsungnya kehidupan publik dengan interaksi sosial menjadi salah satu faktor yang sangat bergantung pada keberadaan dan perkembangan ruang publik. Minimnya ruang publik di kawasan Setiabudi mengakibatkan masyarakat menciptakan ruang publik di jalan lingkungan permukimannya sebagai tempat untuk bersosialisasi dan beraktivitas. Kegiatan-kegiatan yang menggunakan jalan sebagai media beraktivitas dan bersosialiasi sehari-hari cenderung mengganggu serta berbahaya bagi warga. Selain itu, sebagian penghuni di kawasan Setiabudi merupakan pendatang dari luar kawasan tersebut yang ingin bekerja dan bermukim sehingga menyebabkan kesenggangan sosial antara pendatang dan penduduk Setiabudi. Tujuan proyek adalah mengurangi degradasi sosial dan lingkungan antara pendatang dan penghuni Setiabudi. Dari isu-isu tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kawasan Setiabudi membutuhkan fasilitas-fasilitas untuk melengkapi kebutuhan sosial harian penduduk dan kebutuhan sekunder pendatang yang bekerja sekaligus bermukim di kawasan Setiabudi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah melalui studi literatur, studi preseden. Selain itu, dilakukan juga teknik pengamatan langsung yaitu wawancara dan dan observasi ke beberapa permukiman, fasilitas sosial dan umum. Oleh karena itu, mereka membutuhkan fasilitas seperti flexible space (ruang serbaguna), gym, kid's play area, bar dan ruang rekreasi dengan fasilitas pendukung seperti food court dan co-working space. Fasilitas Kebugaran dan Rekreasi ini memiliki konsep oasis-maker yang mengutamakan inklusivitas antar sesama manusia serta bersifat netral dan memiliki kesan playful.

"The Self-Help Myth reveals how philanthropy maintains systems of inequality by attracting attention to the behaviors and responsibilities of poor people while shifting the focus away from structural inequities and relationships of power that produce poverty. The book features foundation investments in addressing migrant poverty in California's Central Valley, simultaneously one of the wealthiest agricultural production regions in the world and home to the poorest people in the United States. The case studies show how compromises between foundation staff and community organizers produce programs that ask farmworkers to help themselves while excluding strategies that address the role of industrial agriculture in creating and maintaining regional poverty. Through archival and ethnographic case studies of foundation investments leading up to the historic Farm Worker Movement, to large scale foundation-driven initiatives to improve conditions in agricultural communities during the 1990s and 2000s, foundations set firm boundaries around definitions of self-help - excluding labor organizing, immigrant rights, and advocacy approaches that hold industry accountable for the enduring abuses of farmworkers and immigrants. Processes of professionalization and institutionalization required to maintain philanthropic relationships further frustrate nonprofit organizational staff increasingly accountable to foundations and not to the people they aim to represent and serve."--Provided by publisher

Electoral 'winners' (i.e., voters casting a ballot for a party included in the post-electoral government) are acknowledged to be more satisfied with democracy than supporters of opposition parties. However, little is known about the influence of parties and their specifics on the boost in satisfaction with democracy experienced by their voters. To address this question, the research utilizes 17 surveys from 12 countries included in the European Social Survey rounds 1–8, for which a government replacement took place during the survey period. This allows this research to employ discontinuity design and examine the effect of two attributes related to parties—differences in party vote shares, and voters' feeling of closeness to a party. The findings suggest that these factors have a negligible influence on voters' satisfaction with democracy and only scant evidence is found that closeness to a party tends to increase their satisfaction. When voters' attitudes from before and after a government replacement are compared, changes in government do not seem to strike voters as a surprise and thus they do not cause any sudden and lasting changes in the general attitudes of electorates. Nevertheless, this indicates a novel contribution to the literature: the effect of losing needs some time to fully develop until it results in a decrease in satisfaction level. Based on these findings, the research concludes that when it comes to parties' characteristics, it is primarily the government/opposition status which determines voters' degree of satisfaction with democracy.

Includes bibliographies. ; This paper explores possible future policy options for a democratically elected South African government as regards private schools. The paper establishes the context of contemporary and historical state policy for private schools in South Africa in combination with a comparative international perspective, a summary of arguments in the literature for and against private schools, and principles identified by a recent (non-governmental) policy investigation into education in South Africa (NEPI) as encapsulating the demands of the democratic movement concerning education. These principles therefore serve as evaluative criteria for the examination of future fiscal and regulatory policy for private schools in South Africa. It will be shown that, as compared to many countries, private schools in South Africa are moderately regulated and receive only moderate financial assistance. However, the historical (and current social and political) context of state policy for private schools will be shown to be one of increasing state support since the early 1980s. It will be argued that this increased level of ideological and fiscal support for private schools in the past decade is a consequence of the government's reformist strategy, and its identification with the politics of 'New Right' parties, which dominated Britain and the USA in particular during the 1980s. It will also be demonstrated that changes in state policy have resulted in large-scale growth in the private schooling sector over the past decade. It is against this background that the lens of democratic principles and fiscal implications will be used to focus on possible future policies for private schooling in South Africa.

1. Introduction Benjamin Leruth, Stefan Gänzle and Jarle TrondalPart 1: Conceptualising differentiation IntroductionJarle Trondal, Benjamin Leruth and Stefan Gänzle2. Studying differentiated integration: Methods & DataMarian Burk and Dirk Leuffen3. On the legitimacy of differentiated integrationErik Oddvar Eriksen4. Differentiated (dis)integration beyond Europe: A Comparative Regionalism ApproachStefan Gänzle and Jens Uwe Wunderlich5. De facto Differentiation in the European Union: Circumventing Rules, Law, and Rule of LawTobias C. Hofelich6. Constitutive differentiationJohn Erik Fossum7. EU External Differentiated Integration and Compliance: Theoretical and Legal AspectsAnne Pintsch and Marina Rabinovich8. From Integration to Fragmegration: Political symbols and the emergence of differentiated European identitiesRussell Foster9. Differentiation and segmentationJosef Batora and John Erik FossumPart 2: Institutionally-based differentiation IntroductionJarle Trondal, Stefan Gänzle and Benjamin Leruth10. An ever more fragmented Union? On the emerging relevance of differentiated integration for governance structures within the EUAlexander Schilin11. Promise Unfulfilled? Managing Differentiated Integration in EU Secondary Law Through Enhanced CooperationDaniela Kroll12. Differentiation in the European Parliament: United about diversity?Guri Rosén13. Differentiation and the European Central Bank: A bulwark against (differentiated) disintegration?Daniel Schulz and Amy Verdun14. Differentiation and the European CommissionDiane Fromage and Cristina Fasone15. Differentiation and the European Court of JusticeSabine Saurugger and Fabien Terpan16. Third country participation in EU agencies: Towards "condominio"?Sandra Lavenex17. The Council of the European Union: Organizational and Social Dynamics of DifferentiationJeff LewisPart 3: Policy-based differentiationIntroductionStefan Gänzle, Benjamin Leruth and Jarle Trondal18. Differentiated integration in EU energy market policyTorbjørg Jevnaker19. Brexit and the Common Fisheries Policy: Opportunities for multi-level differentiated (dis)integration?Arno van der Zwet, John Connolly, Christopher Huggins and Craig McAngus20. Brexit and the Common Fisheries Policy: Opportunities for multi-level differentiated (dis)integration?Foteini Asderaki and Eleftheria Markozani21. Differentiated integration in EU climate policyElin Lerum Boasson, Merethe Dotterud Leiren and Jørgen Wettestad22. Differentiated integration in European External ActionThomas Henökl23. PESCO: A formula for positive integration in European defenceSteven Blockmans and Dylan Macchiarini Crosson24. The Increasingly Differentiated European Single Market?David Howarth25. Differentiation and social policy: A sustainable way forward?Benjamin Leruth and Sven Schreurs26. Differentiation in EU Security and Defense PolicyStephan Klose, Elie PerotPart 4: Territorial differentiationIntroductionBenjamin Leruth, Stefan Gänzle and Jarle Trondal27. The Nordic countries as pioneers of differentiationBenjamin Leruth and Jarle Trondal28. Risky Advantageous Differentiation: Iceland and the EEABaldur Thorhallsson29. The Swiss and Liechtenstein relations with the EU - an ongoing institutional challengeChristian Frommelt30. Turkey's external differentiated integration with the EU in the field of migration governance: the case of border managementEbru Turhan and Ayselin Yildiz31. Visegrad Four and EU Differentiated Integration: Activities, Perception and Self-Perception after the Refugee CrisisPetr Kaniok, Vratislav Havlík and Veronika Zapletalová32. Poland as the (new) awkward partner: Differentiated integration or differentiated disintegration?Agnieszka Cianciara33. Trajectories of Differentiated EU Integration for the Western BalkansMarko Milenkovic34. European Neighbourhood Policy: Differentiated integration beyond the EU's Eastern and Southern BordersZuzana Reptova35. Differentiation at the local level: An overview of sub-national authority networks in the EUPier-Domenico Tortola and Stefan CouperusPart 5: BrexitIntroductionStefan Gänzle, Jarle Trondal and Benjamin Leruth36. Brexit as a phenomenon: national solidarity as a tool against the European project? Mikko Kuisma and Matthew Donoghue37. (Post-)Brexit: Negotiating Differentiated DisintegrationFrank Schimmelfennig38. International perceptions of BrexitJohanna Speyer, Natalia Chaban and Arne Niemann39. Differentiation and Power Asymmetry: How Brexit is Changing UK Relations with Czechia and SlovakiaMonika Brusenbauch Meislová and Andrew Glencross40. Brexit and Northern IrelandDavid Phinnemore41. Border Conflicts and Territorial Differentiation after Brexit: The cases of Northern Ireland, Gibraltar and the UK Sovereign Base Areas in CyprusNikos Skoutaris42. Growing Apart Together? Brexit and the Dynamics of Differentiated Disintegration in Security and DefenseBenjamin Martill and Monika Sus43. Conclusion Benjamin Leruth, Stefan Gänzle and Jarle TrondalEpilogue: Polycrisis and Resilience in the European Union: Covid-19 and avenues for future studiesMarianne Riddervold, Akasemi Newsome and Jarle Trondal

In dieser genealogisch ausgerichteten Studie von Walburga FREITAG geht es um die Frage der Subjektkonstitution im Spannungsfeld medizinischer Diskurse über Contergan. Ausgehend von der FOUCAULTschen Diskurstheorie arbeitet die Untersuchung mit folgenden Schlüsselbegriffen: Diskurs, Wissen, Macht und Körper. Ziel ist die Beschreibung des Transformationsprozesses vom "Wissen – Objekt" zum "Wissen – Subjekt". Im Sinne der grounded theory wird in zwei Schritten vorgegangen: zunächst geht es um die Rekonstruktion der wissenschaftlichen Fundierung der Bezeichnungs- und Habilitationspraktiken, dann werden auf der Grundlage von sieben Interviews Diskriminierungs- und Emanzipationserfahrungen herausgearbeitet. Durch die Gegenüberstellung von medizinischem Dispositiv und biographisch "wahrem" Wissen gelingt Walburga FREITAG eine Annäherung an die moralische Grammatik und die historisch-politische Bedeutsamkeit dieses sozialen Konflikts. Die Verknüpfung von Diskursanalyse und Biographieforschung ist also nicht nur in methodischer Hinsicht gelungen, sondern fördert auch, was positiv hervorgehoben werden sollte, neue Erkenntnisse über das Verhältnis von Subjekt, Gesellschaft und Wissenschaft zu Tage. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0602150 ; In this genealogical study, Walburga FREITAG explores the conditions of subjectivity-building in relation to the powerful medical discourse on Contergan. The discourse theory of Michel FOUCAULT dominates the key words for the empirical research: discourse, knowledge, power and body. The study aims to describe a transformation process, starting as a "knowledge object" and ending as a "knowledge subject." Methodologically based on grounded theory, the study consists of two discourse-analytical reconstructions: one concerning the scientific foundations of inclusion and exclusion, and the other dealing with the personal experience of discrimination and emancipation. By juxtaposing the medical opinion and the biographical "true" knowledge Walburga FREITAG succeeds in drawing a picture of the moral ...

The mobilisation of protests has become more visible during the last few decades and the amount of literature focusing on the links between protest and policy has significantly increased. Nevertheless, scholars acknowledge that there is a lack of theoretical advancements, careful empirical analysis and attention to developing countries regarding these links. In this thesis I endeavor to address the above shortcomings. I elaborate on and evaluate existing theories on social movement outcomes by applying an event history analysis to my data on anti-privatisation struggles in India and Peru. The thesis consists of a comprehensive introduction and three interrelated essays. Essay I provides a systematic description of labor movements' reactions to privatisation processes in India. I demonstrate that the Indian trade unions which were affiliated with pro-privatisation parties avoided protesting even when their party was not in the government. Of two Communist-ruled states – Kerala and West Bengal, only the first accepted the protests of the affiliated union. Essay II discusses how the anti-privatisation struggle in India affected privatisation processes during the years 1990-2003. It focuses on mechanisms explaining the impact of a social movement's mobilisation, and on the role of protest characteristics. I demonstrate that challengers to privatisation were more successful in gaining favorable policy outcomes in those cases where they used large or economically disruptive protests. Essay III seeks to explain the varying outcomes of anti-privatisation protests in India and Peru. I test the prevalent theory on the conditionality of the protest impact in a novel empirical setting – that of developing countries. In contrast to previous studies, my results show that the impact of protests is not necessarily dependent on public support nor on support from political allies. However, the outcomes of mobilisation depend on political regime as protests are shown to be more influential within democracies.

This theoretical essay analyzes the fiscal measures adopted in Spain as a response to the economic crisis of 2008, its implications to the Spanish National Health System (SNS) and the social response. We performed a case study having as primary source of information the narrative of a social actor who participated in the Spanish reform. We also used secondary sources to gather socioeconomic data and performed a literature review of 20 articles published in the 2014 Sespas Report. SNS was implemented by a progressive growth of healthcare coverage, complete funding by taxes and Primary Health Care-based organization. Austerity measures imposed cuts on the health care budget, reduced the roll of services delivered, introduced co-payments, and moved the universal coverage back to meritocracy. Critical political economy pointed out that the purpose of the measures on fiscal policy is to regressively redistribute income and wealth. The Mareas Ciudadanas constituted themselves as a citizen response with success in many social struggles against austerity. The alternative of resistance and overcoming through a political path is strongly present in Spain and is resisting the dismantling of SNS. ; Este ensaio de natureza teórica analisa os ajustes fiscais colocados em marcha na Espanha como resposta à crise financeira de 2008, suas implicações para o Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) e a consequente resistência cidadã. Elaboramos um estudo de caso tendo como fonte primária a narrativa de um ator social que participou da reforma espanhola. Utilizamos também fontes secundárias para coleta de dados socioeconômicos e a análise de 20 artigos publicados pelo Relatório Sespas 2014. O SNS formou-se por aumento progressivo da cobertura populacional, financiamento total por impostos e organização da rede por meio da Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS). As medidas de austeridade fiscal impuseram limitações de ordem orçamentária, reduziram a provisão de serviços, introduziram copagamentos e retrocederam o direito à saúde à meritocracia. A corrente crítica da economia política sinaliza que o propósito dos ajustes econômicos é a transferência regressiva de renda e riqueza. As Mareas Ciudadanas constituíram-se numa resposta cidadã com êxito em muitas lutas sociais contra a austeridade fiscal. A alternativa de resistência e superação pela via política se fez presente com vigor na Espanha e tem resistido ao desmantelamento do SNS.

Focusing on a developing country, this study investigates how an owning family builds its business' continuity. While scholars of family businesses tend to depict the continuity of a family firm in terms of family succession, preserving the family legacy, or the firm's longevity, in the social context of a developing country that is dominated by instability and hostility, family firms are subject to day-by-day survival risks. My approach is viewing family businesses' continuity as day-by-day survival for the sake of ensuring the long-term orientation of the family businesses in the context of a developing country. The family is situated in a broader social context, and therefore the business is embedded in the family's social networks that cannot be detached from the country's social context. The developing country context is important because of its culture, politics, and history that differ from a developed world. In this thesis, the continuity of family businesses is understood as: (1) sustaining the family's legacy coming of the founder's achievements, (2) succession, sustaining the business beyond the founder's tenure, and ensuring that both the family and business stay together, and (3) longevity, ensuring a long-term orientation which is a crucial characteristic of all family businesses. This last category is relevant to this thesis because long-term orientation is achieved through futurity, persistence, and continuity patterns. This thesis focuses on continuity as daily and short-term survival to ensure the long-term orientation of a family business. Different theoretical lenses including portfolio literature, socialization literature, and commitment literature were tried for in this thesis. Commitment literature was found binding both portfolio and socialization literature. And therefore, commitment literature was considered reliable for understanding the challenges of family businesses' continuity. Using commitment literature, this study uses data collected from founder-led business families in Rwanda and investigates how the commitments of actors at multiple levels affects the day-by-day survival of family businesses. The thesis follows a qualitative approach with multiple cases of research design. It uses data from six founder-led business families in Rwanda. It follows the interview approach and uses the INVIVO program to code the transcribed data. The phenomenon of how the family built its business' continuity is investigated following a multi-level analysis, that is, how each level affected the continuity of the family business or individual, family, and business levels in a business family. The individual level has founders, next generation members, women, in-laws, and non-family employees (Sharma, 2004). It uses the grounded theory for elaborating on matters arising when investigating the continuity of family businesses (see Figure 6.1). A family business' continuity model is built to map 'how' a family builds its business continuity as well as 'what' is the expected role played by each level (see Figure 7.1), and a day-by-day continuity model of the family business is crafted to understand the mechanisms behind its day-by-day continuity (see Figure 7.2). The findings of this thesis show clearly that family businesses in Rwanda are focused on preserving their firms for retaining the family legacy, but unfortunately, they are unable to plan for a long-term legacy. I posit that short-term survival, repeatedly, will lead to long-term survival and, subsequently, to longevity. The findings highlight the role of the specific context and associated cultural aspects of continuity in family businesses. The three aggregate dimensions developed present three main challenges to the continuity of family businesses in Rwanda. First, due to Rwandan cultural obligations of inheritance by the next generation, both the founding generation and the next generations are committed to family businesses' continuity. Unfortunately, there is a detachment among generations in Rwanda, which is contrary to the cooperation expected in family businesses. Second, the uncertainties and inertia resulting from the absence of co-ownership and the inter-generational distance due to cultural aspects lead to separate and parallel planning for businesses' continuity. Third, when it comes to the involvement in the management of family businesses, inter-generational conflicts and uncertainties result in weak family embeddedness that may push some family members away from the family businesses. This situation is a challenge because the absence of co-management between the incumbents and the next generation is abnormal since both parties, like dancing partners, need to manage the transition. Ignoring the three challenges that they face, business families in Rwanda strive for continuity through (1) created and protected family legacy, (2) created inner cohesion among the next generation's members, (3) in-laws and non-family members assimilated into the family business, (4) the family forming norms for succession, governance, and order-conflict processes, and (5) the family business' resilience maintained for the family and community. Missing this mindset of planning for the long-term explains why many business families in Rwanda fail to continue after the founder's tenure. There are many reasons for not planning for the long-term. In this thesis, the factors in a family business' continuity are linked to (a) the family setting and the social capital of both direct and invisible members that ensures on-going activities of the family business; (b) the cultural setting related to inheritance management, heirship/legal ownership succession, family chieftaincy retention, and leadership succession, and (c) the institutional uncertainty and Ubuntu or a communitarianist nature of family firms as a way of living in a developing country making it difficult to plan for the long term. This study contributes to an understanding of the heterogeneity of contexts in family business research. It will also assist owners and practitioners operating in changing environments to design informed continuity plans that have the potential to ensure the survival of family businesses in Rwanda. Theoretically, the study concludes that a commitment to continuing family businesses is shared by different levels in business families, but each level has one primary form of commitment and many forms of secondary commitment for the continuity of family businesses. There is a fluidity in commitment among multiple levels in business families.

El presente artículo busca definir, comprender y explicar la relación existente entre el Orden Mundial, la política exterior, y la cuestión tecnológica desde una perspectiva geopolítica. Las estructuras del Orden Mundial, las jerarquías establecidas, las relaciones de poder y los códigos geopolíticos de los Estados Nacionales le imprimen determinadas características al desarrollo tecnológico, así como sus significados hacia la política doméstica y externa. La cuestión tecnológica y su desarrollo está relacionado directamente con las políticas llevadas a cabo por las unidades estatales y otros actores del sistema internacional, pero a su vez éstas están condicionadas por el sistema internacional que los contiene, el Orden Mundial. Toda política tecnológica de un Estado es una política interna, y es también lo que se denomina política externa. En este artículo se mostrará a partir de los ejemplos de las tecnologías misilística y espacial de Argentina y Brasil cómo la política tecnológica es una política de poder, cómo se relaciona con el sistema internacional, que incluye la política exterior para su desarrollo, y que la separación exterior/doméstico explica cómo operan los gobiernos, pero no el orden geopolítico que excede la dimensión estatal. ; O presente artigo busca definir, compreender e explicar a relação existente entre a Ordem Mundial, a política externa e a questão tecnológica sob a ótica da geopolítica. As estruturas da Ordem Mundial, as hierarquias estabelecidas, as relações de poder e os códigos geopolíticos dos Estados Nacionais imprimem determinadas características ao desenvolvimento tecnológico, assim como seus significados para a política doméstica e a externa. A questão tecnológica e seu desenvolvimento estão relacionados diretamente com as políticas levadas a cabo pelas unidades estatais e outros atores do sistema internacional, mas ao mesmo tempo estas unidades estão condicionadas pelo sistema internacional que as contém, a Ordem Mundial. Toda política tecnológica de um Estado é uma política interna, e também o que se denomina política externa. Neste artigo se mostrará a partir dos exemplos das tecnologias de mísseis e espacial de Argentina e Brasil de que modo a política tecnológica é uma política de poder, como se relaciona com o sistema internacional, que inclui a política externa para seu desenvolvimento, e que a separação exterior/doméstico explica como operam os governos, mas não a ordem geopolítica que ultrapassa a dimensão estatal. ; This article aims to define, understand, and explain the existent relationship between World Order, foreign policy and the technology issue under a geopolitical scope. The structures of the World Order, hierarchies, the power and geopolitical codes of Nation States shapes certain characteristics to technology development on domestic and foreign policy. Technology issue and development is directly linked with policies undertaken by states and other actor of international system, system which is a part of the Order. Every technology policy of a state is a domestic policy and a foreign one. This article shows with examples of missile and space technologies on Argentina and Brazil how technology policy is also power politics, how is related with the international system, and how foreign and domestic issues explain the behavior of government but not the geopolitical order, that exceeds Nation State dimension. ; Fil: Blinder, Daniel. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Escuela de Humanidades. Centro de Estudios de Historia de la Ciencia y de la Técnica "José Babini"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

本文是第一部專以清初陶學為研究對象的論文,擬從文人的情懷、詩學的演變、詩歌的用意、意象的運用、注本的闡釋等多角度概述清初陶學的全貌。在方法上,筆者除分析當時文人對陶淵明的評論外,還選取了清初四十家身份不同的文人,比較他們詩作中運用的陶淵明典故,探討他們對「陶淵明形象」的塑造與取捨,並以歷史背景為線索,梳理陶淵明意象在清初文人心目中地位的差異與其變化。 ; 基於上述的研究,筆者認為以往學術界把清初陶學只理解為「忠憤」的表現是不夠全面的,尤其是清初關於陶淵明的討論,除了遺民文人有熱烈的參與外,非遺民文人亦有相當數量的研究,而且他們之間還存在着不少的交流,互相回應。正因如此,清初和陶風氣盛極一時,並且出現了一種嶄新、「反其致」的和陶現象--〈反乞食〉詩。 ; 這種借用陶淵明的意象互相交流與回應,更多反映在詩歌方面。清初文人借讀陶、評陶、和陶等方法抒發他們於易代間的鬱悶。這種詩歌世界,重現了陶淵明筆下的桃源,在這裏,他們「不知有漢,無論魏晉」,思想上可以暫時脫離現實的痛苦,悠然人間。這也使得清初《陶集》評注本的編撰,一改南宋以來十卷本的「全集」形式,而偏重於四卷本,只收錄詩作的體制。 ; The author intends to discuss the reception of Tao Yuanming in the Early Qing Dynasty from the aspects such as the emotions of poets, the changes of poetics, the intentions of poetries, the poetic imageries and the differences of the editions. And, it is the first work focusing solely on the reception of Tao Yuanming in the Early Qing Dynasty. Regarding the research methods, this dissertation not only studies the critiques through the existed methods, but also analyses the existed materials in a different manner. By comparing the literary allusions of Tao Yuanming's life of 40 scholars lived in Early Qing who had different social background, the thesis discusses how these people constructed the images of Tao Yuanming and how they selected from Tao's qualities. The thesis also tries to sort out the different attitudes of Tao among scholars of Early Qing and its changes with regard to the historical context. ; Based on the research, the author finds out that the existed understanding of the reception of Tao Yuanming in the Early Qing, which focuses on the leftover citizen's aspect, and which portrays Tao image as a rebellion was largely incomplete. Apart from the vigorous discussions regarding the images of Tao among the leftover citizen, the non-leftover citizen also discussed Tao with great enthusiasm. Under this circumstance, a new form of He Tao Shi(和陶詩) "poems written to match Tao's , was found in opposite mode in order to response to those leftover citizen. ; By appropriation of Tao's images in their communication and ...