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LEIBNIZ UND SEINE SCHULE [2. BAND] Geschichte der neuern Philosophie (-) Leibniz und seine Schule [2. Band] (2,2 / 1867) ( - ) Einband ( - ) Geschichte der neuern Philosophie ([I]) Vorrede zur zweiten Auflage. ([III]) Vorrede zur ersten Auflage. (VI) Inhaltsverzeichniß ([XVII]) Erstes Buch. Leibniz' Leben und Schriften. ([XVII]) Zweites Buch. Leibniz' Lehre. (XXVI) Drittes Buch. Leibniz' Schule. Die Entwicklungsstufen der deutschen Aufklärung. (XXXVI) Erstes Buch. Leibniz' Leben und Schriften. ([1]) Erstes Capitel. Leibniz' Persönlichkeit ([3]) I. Spinoza und Leibniz. ([3]) II. Leibnizens universalistische Aufgabe. (4) 1. Endursachen und wirkende Ursachen (5) 2. Universalphilosophie. (6) 3. Universalreligion. (7) 4. Universalpolitik. (10) 5. Wissenschaftliches Universalgenie. (15) 6. Universum der Wissenschaften. (17) a. Bibliotheken und Akademien. (17) b. Allgemeine Charakteristik (Universalschrift). (19) III. Persönliche Charakterzüge (22) 1. Erfinderische Selbstbelehrung. (22) 2. Der kritische Mangel. Abneigung gegen Polemik. (22) 3. Toleranz. Abneigung gegen den Sectengeist (24) 4. Gemüthsheiterkeit (26) 5. Eigennützige Regungen. (27) 6. Zerstreute und vielgeschäftige Thätigkeit. (28) 7. Heroische Arbeitskraft. (31) IV. Die deutsche Aufklärung. (32) 1. Leibniz und Kant. (32) 2. Leibniz und Lessing. (34) Zweites Capitel. Biographische Quellen. Erstes Lebensalter. Familie, Erziehung, Schule. 1646 - 1661. ([37]) I. Die biographischen Quellen. ([37]) II. Erstes Lebensalter. (41) 1. Abstammung und Familie. (41) 2. Die ersten Eindrücke. (43) 3. Die erste Lectüre des Livius (44) 4. Die väterliche Bibliothek. (46) 5. Selbstbildung. Lectüre der Alten. (47) 6. Poetische Uebungen. (49) 7. Studium der Logik. (50) 8. Das Gedankenalphabet und die Gedankenschrift (53) 9. Scholastik und Theologie. (57) Drittes Capitel. Die akademischen Jahre. 1661 - 1666 ([59]) I. Der akademische Bildungsgang. ([59]) 1. Jacob Thomasius (60) 2. Die neue Philosophie. Descartes. (60) 3. Mathematische Studien. Erhard Weigl. (62) 4. Juristische Studien. (65) 5. Bewerbung in Leipzig um die juristische Doctorwürde. (68) 6. Die Promotion in Altdorf. (70) 7. Nürnberg. Die Rosenkreuzer. (72) II. Die ersten Schriften. (73) 1. De principio individui. (74) 2. Specimen difficultatis in jure. (75) 3. De arte combinatoria. (76) 4. De conditionibus. (77) 5. De casibus perplexis. (78) 6. Nova methodus. (78) Viertes Capitel. Leibniz in Mainz. Amtliche Stellung. Philosophische Schriften. ([80]) I. Johann Christian von Boineburg. ([80]) 1. Boineburgs Laufbahn und Stellung (81) 2. Politische Bedeutung. (82) 3. Sturz und Wiederherstellung. (85) II. Johann Philipp von Schönborn. (87) III. Leibnizens amtliche Stellung. (88) IV. Philosophische Schriften. (90) 1. Standpunkt. (90) 2. Bekenntniß der Natur gegen die Atheisten (92) 3. Brief an Jacob Thomasius (94) 4. Vertheidigung der Trinität gegen Wissowatius (96) 5. Ueber die philosophische Schreibart des Marius Rizolius. (99) 6. Neue physikalische Hypothese (105) Fünftes Capitel. Die politischen Schriften der mainzischen Periode. Die polnische Königswahl. Die Sicherheit des deutschen Reichs. 1669. 1670. ([107]) I. Denkschrift zur polnischen Königswahl. (108) 1. Geschichtlicher Anlaß. (108) 2. Abfassung und Methode der Schrift. (109) 3. Analyse des Inhalts. (110) 4. Das deutsche Interesse. (114) II. Die Sicherheit des deutschen Reichs. (117) 1. Geschichtliche Lage und Zeitpunkt der Denkschrift. (117) 2. Mittel der Sicherstellung. (118) 3. Gesammtunion. (119) 4.Particularunion. (121) 5. Verhältniß zur Tripelallianz. (122) 6. Der neue Rheinbund. (125) 7. Deutschland und Europa. (126) 8. Wegnahme Lothringens. Der neue Krieg. (127) 9. Frankreichs europäische Stellung. (128) 10. Frankreichs schiedsrichterliche Machtstellung. (130) 11. Krieg gegen Holland. (131) 12. Uebergang zur nächsten Denkschrift. (133) Sechtes Capitel. Plan der Französischen Expedition nach Aegypten. Leibniz' Reise nach Paris. 1672. ([135]) I. Enststehung und Geschichte des Plans. ([135]) 1. Die orientalische Frage im 17. Jahrhundert. (136) 2. Der Zeitpunkt des Vorschlags. (138) 3. Die Reise nach Paris. Ungewisse Lage. (139) 4. Die Denkschriften. Fehlschlagen des Plans. (140) 5. Nachheriges Dunkel. (141) 6. Leibniz und Napoleon. (142) 7. Die leibnizischen Denkschriften in England und Frankreich. (143) 8. Berührungspunkte zwischen dem leibnizischen Plan und der napoleonischen Expedition. (144) 9. Neue Irrthümer und Aufklärung. (145) II. Die Denkschrift. (147) Siebentes Capitel. Aufenthalt in Paris und London. 1672-1676. ([154]) I. Geschäfte für Mainz und Boineburg. ([154]) 1. Gesandtschaft nach London. ([154]) 2. Boineburgs Forderungen. (156) 3. Leitung des jungen Boineburg. (157) II. Wissenschaftliche Studien. (159) 1. Französische Sprache und Mathematik. (159) 2. Mechanische Erfindungen. Rechnenmaschine. (160) 3. Differentialrechnung. (161) 4. Streit zwischen Newton und Leipniz. (163) III. Rückkehr nach Deutschland. (168) Achtes Capitel. Leibniz in Hannover. Die Geschichte seiner hannöver'schen Lebensperiode, namentlich in politischer Hinsicht. 1676-1716 ([169]) I. Berufung nach Hannover. ([169]) 1. Habbeus von Lichtenstern. ([169]) 2. Briefwechsel mit dem Herzog. (170) II. Das Welfenhaus. (172) 1. Wolfenbüttel. Hannover. Celle. (172) 2. Johann Friedrich. (173) 3. Ernst August. (175) a. Die Primogenitur. (175) b) Hannover - Celle. (176) c) Genealogische Interessen. (178) d) Hannover - Brandenburg. (178) e) Die Kurwürde. Das Reichsbanner. (179) 4. Emglische Thronfolge. (180) III. Leibnizens Doppelstellungen. (181) 1. Hannover und Wolfenbüttel. (181) 2. Verhältnis zu Peter dem Großen. (182) 3. Hannover und Berlin. Die beiden Kurfürstinnen. (182) IV. Stellung zu Kaiser und Reich. (185) 1. Die europäischen Kriege. (185) 2. Die Kriege mit Ludwig XIV. (186) 3. Leibniz als Gegner der französischen Politik. (187) 4. Der erste Reichskrieg. (188) 5. Das System der französischen Reunion (189) 6. Das Pamphlet gegen Ludwig XIV (190) 7. Der zweite Reichskrieg. Das französiche und kaiserliche Kriegsmanifest. (191) 8. Das neue Jahrhundert. (193) 9. Der spanische Erbfolgekrieg. (196) 10.Leibniz gegen die französisch-spanische Partei. Das Manifest für Karl III. (198) 11. Schrift gegen den Frieden von Utrecht. (199) 12. Schrift gegen den Frieden von Rastadt. (200) 13. Die hannöver'sche Successionsfrage. Ker von Kersland. (201) 14. Die Wiener Pläne. Akademie. Rückkehr nach Hannover. (202) Neuntes Capitel. Politische Schriften der hannöverschen Periode. Geologische und historische Arbeiten. Reise nach Italien. ([204]) I. Caesarinus Furstenerius. (205) 1. Die Streitfrage. (205) 2. Souveränetät. (207) 3. Kurfürsten und Reichsfürsten. (208) 4. Deutsche und italienische Fürsten. (Braunschweig-Este) (209) II. Marschristianissimus (211) 1. Zeitpunkt und Anlaß. (211) 2. Die neufranzösische Politik. (212) 2. [3.] Die göttliche Machtvollkommenheit und Sendung Ludwigs XIV. (213) 4. Der Katholicismus Ludwigs XIV. (216) 5. Die Gallo-Grecs (217) III. Nationalökonomische und geologische Interessen. (220) IV. Geologische und historische Arbeiten. (222) 1. Reise nach Italien. (222) 2. Protogäa. (225) 3. Coder des Völkerrechts. (225) 4. Sammlung mittelalterlicher Geschichtsquellen. (226) 5. Geschichte Braunschweigs. (226) Zehntes Capitel. Die Wiederherstellung der allgemeinen Kirche. Reunionsversuche. ([228]) I. Die Reunionsidee. ([228]) 1. Die mainzischen Pläne. Leibnizens theologische Demonstrationen. ([228]) 2. Politisch-kirchliche Reunionsinteressen. (231) 3. Royas de Spinola. (232) 4. Der hannöversche Hof. Die Herzogin Sophie. (233) 5. Die Abtei von Maubuisson. (234) 6. Bossuet und Pellisson. (236) 7. Maubuisson und Hannover. (237) II. Reunionsverhandlungen. (238) 1. Bossuet's Glaubenslehre. (238) 2. Die hannöversche Conferenz. Molanus und die helmstädter Theologen. (239) 3. Die Jahre der Annäherung. (240) 4. Systema theologicum. (241) 5. Leibniz und der Landgraf von Hessen-Rheinfels. (243) 6. Leibniz und Pellisson. (247) 7. Bossuet und Molanus. (249) 8. Leibniz und Bossuet. (250) Elftes Capitel. Unionsbestrebungen. Societät der Wissenschaften. Die letzten Jahre des Philosophen. Die philosophischen Schriften. ([259]) I. Die Unionsidee. ([259]) 1. Die politische Zeitlage. ([259]) 2. Das Toleranzsystem in Brandenburg. (261) 3. Leibniz' Plan. (263) 4. Jablonski. Leibniz und Molanus. (263) 5. Hannöversche Conferenz. Leibniz und Jablonski. (264) 6. Das collegium irenicum in Berlin. (266) 7. Unionshindernisse. (266) 8. Leibniz' Verhältniß zu den kirchlichen Zeitfragen (Theodicee). (268) II. Societät der Wissenschaften. (270) 1. Veranlassung. (270) 2. Stiftung und Fortgang. (271) III. Die letzten Jahre. (274) 1. Tod der Königin. (274) 2. Letzter Aufenthalt in Berlin. (275) 3. Letzte Zeit in Hannover. Krankheit und Tod. (276) IV. Schilderung seiner Person. (278) Zwölftes Capitel. Die schriftliche Ausbildung der leibnizischen Lehre. ([283]) I. Die philosophischen Hauptschriften. ([283]) 1. Entwicklungsgang des Systems. ([283]) 2. Die Entwicklungsperioden. (286) 3. Vorbereitende Schriften aus der Zeit vor 1690. (287) 4. Grundzüge und Entwürfe (1690-1700). Das neue Natursystem. (288) 5. Ausführung und Zusammenfassung des Systems (1700-1716). Die neuen Versuche. Theodicee. Monadologie. (293) II. Ausgaben. (299) Zweites Buch. Leibniz' Lehre. ([301]) Erstes Capitel. Der neue Begriff der Substanz. ([303]) I. Die Untersuchung des bisherigen Grundbegriffs. ([303]) 1. Der Gegensatz von Denken und Ausdehnung. ([303]) 2. Die Probe der Thatsachen. (304) 3. Die widersprechende Thatsache. (305) II. Der Begriff der Kraft. (307) 1. Die Kraft als metaphysisches Prinzip. (307) 2. Die Kraft als Substanz (Identitätsprincip). (311) 3. Die Vielheit der Kräfte. (314) 4. Die Kraft als thätiges Wesen, als einzelne Substanz. (315) III. Das Princip der Individualität oder Monade. (317) 1. Individuation und Specification. (317) 2. Einheiten. Punkte. Atome. (319) 3. Substantielle Formen. Monaden. (322) Zweites Capitel. Die leibnizische Lehre in ihren Verhältnissen zur früheren Philisophie. ([325]) I. Leibniz und die Systeme der cartesianischen Schule. (327) 1. Spinoza und das Prinzip der All-Einheit. (327) 2. Descartes und die Occasionalisten. (333) II. Die materialistische und formalistische Richtung. (336) 1. Corpuscularphilosophen und Atomisten. (336) 2. Rehabilitation der antiken Philosophie. (337) 3. Die Scholastiker. (339) 4. Aristoteles und Plato. (345) III. Die leibnizische Philosophie als Universalsystem. (346) Drittes Capitel. Die Grundfrage der leibnizischen Philosophie. Die Monade als Princip der Materie und Form. ([350]) I. Die Kräfte der Monade als Bedingung der Natur. ([350]) 1. Das Problem. ([350]) 2. Die Kraft der Ausschließung. (353) 3. Thätige und leidende Kraft. (355) II. Die leidende Kraft als Princip der Materie. (355) 1. Materia prima und secunda. (355) 2. Die bewegte Materie. (362) 3. Maschine. (363) 4. Mechanische Causalität. (364) III. Die thätige Kraft als Princip der Form. (366) 1. Entelechia prima. (366) 2. Die formgebende Kraft. (368) 3. Seele und Leben. (370) 4. Zweckthätige Causalität. (371) IV. Wirkende Ursachen und Endursachen. (371) Viertes Capitel. Die Lösung der Grundfrage. Die Monade als Einheit von Seele und Körper. ([375]) I. Das Verhältnis von Seele und Körper. ([375]) 1. Metapysische Bedeutung der Frage. ([375]) 2. Der richtige Gesichtspunkt. (376) 3. Die Einwürfe. (377) II. Das Verhältnis von Seele und Körper im Widerspruch mit dem Begriff der Monade. (379) 1. Erklärung aus Leibniz' Lehrart (379) 2. Substantia completa. (381) 3. Harmonia praestabilita. (382) 4. Vinculum substantiale. (387) III. Das Verhältnis von Seele und Körper im Einklange mit dem Begriff der Monade. (389) 1. Die Seele als Zweck des Körpers. (390) 2. Der Körper als Mittel der Seele. (393) 3. Die Monade als Entwicklung des Individuums. (395) IV. Das Verhältnis der Endursachen und der wirkenden Ursachen. (398) 1. Vereinigung beider. (398) 2. Die Art der Bereinigung. (399) 3. Die oberste Geltung des Zweckbegriffs. (401) Fünftes Capitel. Die Monade als Entwicklung. ([403]) I. Die ursprünglichen Kräfte. (404) 1. Die Ewigkeit der Naturkräfte. Schöpfung und Vernichtung. (404) 2. Die constante Größe aller bewegenden Kräfte. Das Kräftemaß. (Leibniz und Descartes.) (406) 3. Die allgegenwärtigen Kräfte. Weder Vacuum noch Chaos. (413) II. Das ursprüngliche Leben. (414) 1. Die Individualität des beseelten Körpers. Keine Metempsychose. (414) 2. Der Ursprung der Seelen und Formen. Weder Eduction noch Traduction. (415) 3. Der Ursprung des Lebens. Keine generatio aequivoca. Die Präformation. (417) 4. Die ursprünglichen Individuen oder Samenthiere. (419) III. Der ewige Lebensproceß. (420) 1. Metamorphose. (Präformation und Transformation.) (420) 2. Geburt und Tod. (422) 3. Das unsterbliche Leben. Natürliche und moralische Unsterblichkeit. (424) 4. Leben = Entwicklung. Begriff der Entwicklung. (430) 5. Entwicklung = Vorstellung. (434) Sechstes Capitel. Die Monade als Vorstellung. ([438]) I. Die Vorstellung in den Dingen. (441) 1. Vorstellung (Perception). (441) 2. Streben. (Appetition.) (444) II. Die Vorstellung im Menschen. Analogie der Dinge. (446) III. Die Monade als Mikrokosmus. (450) 1. Individuum und Welt. (450) 2. Der Weltzusammenhang. (452) 3. Die Weltvorstellung. (454) Siebentes Capitel. Die Körperwelt. ([457]) I. Die verschiedenen Mikrokosmen. (458) II. Die Körper als Vorstellung oder "phaenomena bene fundata". (461) 1. Die beschränkte Vorstellung. (461) 2. Der Körper als nothwendige Vorstellung. (463) 3. Die verworrene und deutliche Vorstellung des Körpers. (468) III. Die Unterschiede der Vorstellung. (471) 1. Der Gradunterschied. (471) 2. Die niedern und höhern Monaden. Wachsende und gleichmäßige Vollkommenheit. (474) 3. Die niedern und höhern Organismen. Centralmonaden. (478) 4. Organische und unorganische Körper. (482) Achtes Capitel. Das Stufenreich der DInge oder die Weltharmonie. ([485]) I. Die Hauptstufen der vorstellenden Kräfte. ([485]) 1. Unterschied zwischen Leibniz und Aristoteles. ([485]) 2. Leben, Seele, Geist. (486) 3. Dunkle, klare, deutliche Vorstellung. (489) 4. Dunkles Bewußtsein. (491) II. Das Gesetz der Analogie und Continuität. (493) 1. Die Mittelwesen. (493) 2. Der Mensch als Mittelwesen. (Die Genien.) (496) III. Das Gesetz der Harmonie. (500) 1. Identität und Harmonie. Unterschied zwischen Spinoza und Leibniz. (500) 2. Die Harmonie als Naturgesetz. Einheit der Analogie und Continuität. (505) 3. Die unendlich kleinen Differenzen als Bedingung der Harmonie. (509) Neuntes Kapitel. Der menschliche Geist. ([513]) I. Die Natur des Geistes. ([513]) 1. Seele und Geist. ([513]) 2. Deutliche Vorstellung. Selbstbewußtsein. (517) 3. Persönlichkeit. (520) II. Die thierische und menschliche Seele. (524) 1. Gedächtniß und Erkenntniß. (524) 2. Sinnlichkeit und Vernunft. (527) 3. Das Vermögen der Principien. (529) III. Die Theorie der angebornen Ideen. (530) 1. Die angebornen Ideen als Erkenntnißanlage. (530) 2. Realismus und Idealismus. (531) 3. Leibniz im Unterschiede von Descartes und Kant (Fichte). (533) 4. Gegensatz zwischen Locke und Leibniz. (537) Zehntes Kapitel. Die Entwicklung des Bewußtseins. Die kleinen Vorstellungen. ([549]) I. Die Continuität des Seelenlebens. (551) 1. Die Thatsache bewußtloser Vorstellungen. (551) 2. Die immer thätige Kraft der Vorstellung. (Kein psychisches Vacuum.) (552) II. Zusammenhang des Unbewußten und Bewußten. (555) 1. Die kleinen Vorstellungen als Elemente des Bewußtseins. (555) 2. Die kleinen Vorstellungen als Bedingung des Mikrokosmus. (559) 3. Schlaf und Wachen. (Das Träumen.) (560) 4. Schlaf im Wachen. (561) 5. Die Gewohnheit. (563) Elftes Kapitel. Die Entwicklung des theoretischen Geistes: Aesthetik und Logik. ([568]) I. Die dunkle Vorstellung der Harmonie. ([568]) 1. Die ästhetische Vorstellung. ([568]) 2. Leibniz und Baumgarten. (570) 3. Leibniz und Kant. (572) II. Die deutliche Vorstellung der Harmonie. (574) 1. Vernunft- und Erfahrungswahrheiten. (574) 2. Der Satz der Identität als Princip der Vernunftwahrheiten. (577) 3. Der Satz des zureichenden Grundes als Princip der Erfahrungswahrheiten. (581) Zwöftes Kapitel. Die Entwicklung des praktischen Geistes: Sittenlehre. ([587]) I. Determinismus und Indeterminismus. ([587]) 1. Trieb (Instinct) und Wille. ([587]) 2. Kein leerer Wille (Willkür). (589) 3. Keine Willensindifferenz. (591) 4. Der determinirte Wille. (594) 5. Die innere Determination oder Neigung. (595) II. Prädeterminismus. (599) 1. Die innere Vorherbestimmung. (599) [Gedicht]: Auszug aus "Wallensteins Tod." (600) 2. Kein Fatalismus. (601) III. Die Entstehung des moralischen Willens. (602) 1. Angeborne Instincte und Maximen. (602) 2. Das moralische Naturell. (604) 3. Das praktische Gefühl oder die Unruhe. (606) 4. Die überwiegende Neigung und die Wahl. (607) 5. Das Streben nach Glückseligkeit. (609) 6. Das Streben nach Thätigkeit (Erkenntniß). (610) 7. Der vernunftgemäße Wille oder die Freiheit. (612) 8. Die Menschenliebe oder die sittliche Harmonie. (615) Dreizehntes Capitel. Der künstlerische Geist. ([618]) Die ästhetische Vorstellung und der künstlerische Wille. Natur und Kunst. Kunst und Religion. ([618]) Vierzehntes Capitel. Religion und Theologie. ([624]) I. Offenbarung und Vernunft. ([624]) 1. Ursprung der Religion. ([624]) 2. Das natürliche Gottesbewußtsein. (626) II. Monadologie und Theologie. (627) 1. Angeblicher Widerstreit. (627) 2. Uebereinstimmung beider. (629) 3. Theismus. (631) 4. Nationalismus und Supranaturalismus. (632) 5. Das Ueber- und Widervernünftige. (634) 6. Bayle und Tertullian. (636) 7. Leibniz und die deutsche Aufklärung. (638) Fünfzehntes Capitel. Die natürliche Religion. ([641]) I. Geist und Gott. ([641]) 1. Das sittliche und religiöse Streben. ([641]) 2. Natürliche und geschichtliche Religion. (642) II. Die Wahrheiten der natürlichen Religion. (645) 1. Gott und Unsterblichkeit. (645) 2. Judenthum und Christenthum. (646) 3. Gottesliebe und Menschenliebe. (648) Sechszehntes Capitel. Die natürliche Theologie. ([651]) I. Die Beweise vom Dasein Gottes. ([651]) 1. Die Beweisarten. Die ontologische. ([651]) 2. Die kosmologische (physikotheologische). (653) 3. Der Beweis aus den ewigen Wahrheiten. (654) II. Das Wesen Gottes. (658) 1. Die höchste Kraft. (658) 2. Allmacht, Weisheit, Güte. (660) 3. Die schöpferische Wirksamkeit. (661) 4. Die Nothwendigkeit der Schöpfung. (663) 5. Die moralische Nothwendigkeit. (665) 6. Natürliche und moralische Nothwendigkeit. (668) Siebzehntes Capitel. Die Theodicee. ([671]) I. Physikotheologie. ([671]) 1. Gott als Urgrund und Endzweck der Welt. ([671]) 2. Die Welt als Natur und Schöpfung. (673) II. Deismus. (676) 1. Die Welt als Offenbarung Gottes. (676) 2. Weltordnung und Wunder. (678) 3. Gott als Weltbaumeister und Weltregent. Natur und Gnade. (683) 4. Gott und die Geisterwelt. (684) III. Optimismus. (686) 1. Beweisgründe der besten Welt. (686) 2. Die vorherbestimmte Harmonie. (688) IV. Theodicee. (691) 1. Einwürfe gegen die beste Welt. (Bayle). (691) 2. Die Arten des Uebels. (694) 3. Das Uebel als Mangel. (696) 4. Das Uebel keine Gegenmacht des Guten. (697) 5. Das Uebel als Bedingung des Guten. (701) 6. Das Verhältniß des Uebels zu Gott. (705) 7. Göttliche Vorherbestimmung und menschliche Freiheit. (712) Drittes Buch. Leibniz' Schule. Die Entwicklungsstufen der deutschen Aufklärung. ([717]) Erstes Capitel. Charakteristik und Kritik der leibnizischen Lehre. ([719]) I. Charakteristik. ([719]) 1. Grundzüge des Systems. ([719]) 2. Der ideale Naturalismus. (721) II. Kritik. Die Widersprüche des Systems. (724) 1. Monaden und Monadologie. (724) 2. Die Erkenntniß der fühlenden Seele. (725) 3. Streit zwischen der klaren und dunklen Erkenntniß. (726) 4. Leibniz' neue Versuche. (728) 5. Widerspruch im Begriff Gottes. (730) 6. Widerspruch im Begriffe der Welt. (734) 7. Widerspruch im Begriff der Monade (Seele.) (736 [737]) III. Auflösung der Widersprüche. (738 [739]) 1. Leibniz und Wolf. (738 [739]) 2. Leibniz und Kant. (740) Zweites Capitel. Erste Stufe: Die Verstandesaufklärung. 1. Das Schulsystem: Christian Wolf. ([743]) I. Die Fortbildung der leibnizischen Lehre. ([743]) II. Erste Aufgabe: die formelle Ausbildung. (746) III. Der neue Dualismus. (750) 1. Seele und Körper. (750) 2. Die äußere Zweckmäßigkeit. (752) 3. Gott und Welt. Kritik der Offenbarung. (754) Drittes Capitel. 2. Der reine Deismus: Hermann Samuel Reimarus. ([759]) I. Alleinige Geltung der Vernunftreligion. ([759]) 1. Unmöglichkeit des Wunders. ([759]) 2. Die Offenbarung durch Wunder. (761) II. Vernunftglaube und Bibelglaube. (762) 1. Kriterien der Offenbarung. (762) 2. Kritik der Bibel. (768) Viertes Capitel. 3. Die Gemüthsaufklärung und Popularphilosophie. Moses Mendelssohn. ([773]) I. Die Moral als Wesen der Religion. ([773]) 1. Die Herzensbeweise vom Dasein Gottes. ([773]) 2. Die Religion im Gegensatz zur Kirche. (775) II. Der beschränkte Aufklärungsverstand. (777) 1. Das geschichtswidrige Denken. (777) 2. Mendelssohn und Sokrates. (779) 3. Die Aufklärung im Widerspruch mit dem Begriff der Entwicklung. (782) Fünftes Capitel. Zweite Stufe: die Aufklärung im Einklange mit der Entwicklung. Lessing. ([789]) I. Die congeniale Betrachtungsweise. ([789]) 1. Aufgabe und Standpunkt. ([789]) 2. Winckelmann und die Alten. (791) II. Höhe der Aufklärung: Lessing. (793) 1. Lessing's Denkweise, Schreibart, Kritik. (793) 2. Religion und Bibel. Anti-Goeze. (796) 3. Die Religion als Grund der Bibel. (798) 4. Das Wunder als Grund der Religion. Die "regula fidei". (799) 5. Christliche Religion und Religion Christi. Evangelienkritik. (801) 6. Das Wesen der Religion. Grundwahrheiten des Christenthums. (802) 7. Das Christenthum der Vernunft. Die Trinität. (804) 8. Die Religion unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Entwicklung. (809) a) Geschichte als Entwicklung. (809) b. Offenbarung als Erziehung. (810) c. Theodicee der Geschichte. (812) 9. Lessing im Verhältniß zu Leipniz und Spinoza. (816) Sechstes Capitel. Dritte Stufe: Die Originalitätsphilosophie. 1. Geschichtsphilosophie. Herder. ([819]) I. Standpunkt und Aufgabe. ([819]) II. Johann Gottfried Herder. (823) 1. Verhältniß zu Lessing und der Aufklärung. (823) 2. Herder's Richtung und Geistesart. (824) 3. Herder's Geschichtsphilosophie im Gegensatz gegen die Verstandesaufklärung. (826) Siebentes Capitel. 2. Glaubens- und Geniephilosophie. Hamann und Lavater. ([829]) I. Die Wahrheit und das dunkle Ich. Hamann. ([829]) 1. Standpunkt und Geistesart. ([829]) 2. Die Einheit der Gegensätze. Bruno. (830) 3. Der Mensch als "Pan". (832) 4. Die Erkenntniß als Glaube. Hume. (833) 5. Offenbarungsglaube und Christenthum. (834) 6. Der kindliche Glaube. (835) II. Die Erkenntniß der dunklen Individualität. Lavater. (837) 1. Physiognomik. (837) 2. Die geniale Individualität. (841) Achtes Capitel. 3. Gefühlsphilosophie. Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi. ([843]) I. Aufgabe und Standpunkt. ([843]) 1. Religion und Erkenntniß. ([843]) 2. Kritik der Verstandeserkenntniß. (844) 3. Alle Verstandeserkenntniß gleich Spinozismus. (845) 4. Gespräch mit Lessing. (849) II. Glaube und Wissen. (851) 1. Idealismus und Nihilismus. (851) 2. Die Gewißheit als Glaube. Hume. (852) 3. Die Offenbarung als Grund des Glaubens. (854) 4. Der Glaube als Gefühl (Vernunft). (855) III. Jacobi's Stellung in der Geschichte der Philosophie. (859) 1. Jacobi und Kant. (859) 2. Jacobi und Mendelssohn. (863) 3. Jacobi und Leibniz. (866) Neuntes Capitel. Göthe und Schiller in ihrem Verhältniß zu Leibniz und der Aufklärung. Schluß. ([867]) I. Göthe's philosophische Vorstellungsweise. ([867]) 1. Verhältniß zu Spinoza. ([867]) 2. Verhältniß zu Leibniz. Göthe's leibnizischer Pantheismus. (869) II. Schiller's philosophische Vorstellungsweise. (872) 1. Verhältniß zu Spinoza und Leibniz. Schiller's leibnizischer Pantheismus. (872) [Gedicht]: Auszug aus "Die Freundschaft." (874) 2. Schiller's Hinweisung auf Kant. (874) III. Die poetische Geltung der Individualität. Die prästabilirte Seelenharmonie. (876) IV. Schluß: Auflösung der dogmatischen Philosophie. (877) 1. Widerspruch der Gefühlsphilosophie. (877) 2. Gesammtwiderspruch der dogmatischen Philosophie. (880) 3. Die kritische Philosophie. (881) 4. Kant, Fichte, Schelling in ihrem Verhältniß zu Leibniz. (882) Einband ( - ) Buchrücken ( - )

The Mercury December, 1908 HEEP THOSE WHO HEEP US. The Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume. Cotrell & Leonard, ALBANY, N. Y. 2**£™°I CAPS AND GOWNS TII Gettysburg College. Lafayette, Lchigh. Dickinson, State College, Univ. of Penn s> Ivani i. Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Wellesley, Bryn Mawr and the others. Class Contracts a Specialty. Correct Hoods _»»■ Degrees. The College Man's Opportunity. We offer the Surest Means of finding your right place. Hundreds of good positions open in business, in teaching and in technical work. Offices in 12 cities. Write us to-day. TUB JYMTJOJVJZ, OB»^JVIZJlTIOJV Of BXAIJV BHOXBJtS. Commonwealth Trust Building, Philadelphia, Pa. HOTEL GETTYSBURG, Headquarters for BANQUETS. Electric Lights, Steam Heat, All Conveniences. Free Bus to and from station. Convenient for Commencement Visitors. BATES $2.00 PEB DAY. £iver-y Cttad-ied. Jotin P. M^tifl- Proprietor. DEALERS IN All kinds of Fresh and Smoked Meats Chambersburg St., Gettysburg, Pa. 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Prices Always Right Itje Lutheran Mlieirtloji Society No 1424 Arch Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA Acknowledged Headquarters for anything and everything in the way of Books for Churches, Colleges, Families and Schools, and literature for Sunday Schools. PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up and develop one of the church in-stitutions with pecuniary ad-vantage to yourself. Address HENRY 8. BONER, Supt, THE KAERCURV The Literary Journal of Gettysburg College. VOL. XVI GETTYSBURG, PA., DECEMBER, 1908 No. 7 CONTENTS. A CHRISTMAS POEM 2 E. J. BOWMAN, '11. JUSTIFICATION OP THE BOYCOTT 3 E. E. SNTDER, '09. CONSTITUTION OP THE KEYSTONE DEBATING LEAGUE 7 IS THE GOVERNMENT COSTING US TOO MUCH?. 9 P. S. DENGLER, '09. OUR LITERARY SOCIETIES II.—PHRENA 11 WHY IS GETTYSBURG NOT WEALTHY? 13 ST. G. PHILLIPY, '09. THE JUNIOR "PROM" SOCIALLY CONSIDERED. .15 BIOGRAPHY OF SCHILLER 17 MISS BAUSCH, '11. CULTURE'S DISTRESSING FOE 20 G. E. WOLF, '09. THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE LINCOLN ROAD.22 G. L. KIEFFER, '09. THE "INDIAN STEPS." 23 E. C. STOUFFER, '11. THE INVESTIGATION OF THE FARMER; WHAT IS IT LIKELY TO BE WORTH? 25 MISS HELEN H. BRENNEMAN, '08. EDITORIALS 27 BOOK REVIEWS 29 EXCHANGES 30 THE MERCURY A CHRISTMAS POEM. E. J. BOWMAN, '11. .Behold the earth in solemn stillness lies! Again, his course traversed, the king of day Has sunk beneath the distant mountain tops. No longer glows in radiance the sky, But silent night enshrouds the wearied earth. No sound of man or beast comes forth to break The charm that over all has cast its spell. And far above from out the folds of heaven's Aetherial dome, the stars innumerable and Sublime are smiling on the earth below. All nature bows her head in reverence, thus- The God of Peace to laud and magnify. 'Twas such a night when from far Eastern lands, O'er mountains high, through valleys deep, Wise Men? Their way were tracing, guided by a star Outshining all the innumerable host That spangled all the heaven's majestic dome- When lo o'er Judah's city, Bethlehem, It stopped, and there, within a lowly hut, Behold, asleep within a manger lay The Holy One, the Buler of the Wise, By seers announced and prophets long before- 'Twas such a night when on the rolling hills O'erlooking David's City, Bethlehem, The humble shepherds, holy and devout, Their flocks were guarding from the hostile foe That roamed o'er hill and plain in quest of prey- When lo, the glory of the living God Around them shown, and, standing in their midst They saw the form of One divine in robe Of heavenly light, and in a tender voice The Messenger addressed the shepherds thus: "Fear not, I bring you tidings of great joy, THE MERCURY. To you, I bring them and to all mankind: In yonder Bethlehem is born this day A child, who is your Saviour and your Lord." Then while the shepherds filled with awe, o'er this Mysterious scene were meditating deep, Their gaze beheld a heavenly host in robes Of shining white around the Messenger Of love. Then forth upon the hallowed night The mellow strains of heavenly music broke, And there alone by God's own chosen few "Was heard the anthem of the Christmas-tide: "To God on high be glory evermore And upon earth goodwill and peace to men." JUSTIFICATION OF THE BOYCOTT. E. E. SNYDER, '09. JHE justification of the boycott is by no means an easy task. Its practice and its underlying principle have always been questioned and in view of the advanced and radical ground taken by both its advocates and its opponents, a careful study of the boycott, its history, its develop-ment, its modern forms, and its ultimate object, is necessary to enable us to pass judgment upon it, either favorable or unfavor-able. The term originated in 1880 when Captain Boycott, an Eng-lishman, who was the agent of Lord Barne in the Connemara district of Ireland, became so obnoxious because of his harsh treatment of the tenants, that they retaliated by inducing the people for miles around to have nothing whatever to do with him. They would neither speak to him, work for him; buy from him, sell to him, or in any way connect themselves with him. More than this they resorted to violence and even blood-shed, to prevent others from doing so. But this was not the ori-gin of the practice although it gave rise to the term. The prac- 4 THE MERCURY. tice extends almost as far back as history itself. In 1327 the citizens of Canterbury, England, boycotted the monks of Christ's Church. They refused to inhabit the houses of the prior, and passed an ordinance that no one should buy, sell, or exchange drink or victuals with the monastery. A severe punishment was provided against the disobedience of the order. The first use of the boycott in America was during the period just preceding the Eevolution, when the colonists boycotted several articles of British make. This culminated in the Boston Tea Part}', which was advocated and supported by our best and most patriotic citizens. Thus the advocates of the boycott claim that it was born in the cradle of American liberty. It was a great weapon, used by the Abolutionists against slavery, and it has often been used by ministers and others prominent in the social world against intemperance, immorality and other social evils. It has been used by the Manufacturer's Association against the work-ingmen, but here it is known as the "black list," and in this form it has ruined thousands of poor laborers. It has also been used by the laborers, in retaliation against the capitalists and it is this use which represents what we today recognize as the boy-cott. Thus from its history we might define boycott in its original usage, as meaning a combination of many to cause loss to one person by refusing to have any relations with him and by influ-encing and coercing others to treat him in like manner. In re-taliation for some wrong either real or imaginary, they withdraw from the victim all beneficial intercourse and even resort to force, in order to persuade others to do likewise. Today the term boy-cott means a combination of many usually organized working-men against an individual or a combination, through which they seek by withdrawing their support and services to secure redress for some infringement upon their rights. It,is this use that we would attempt to justify. The boycott, as has been mentioned, is but another name for the "black list," although it is usually practiced with a nobler end in view. The boycott usually seeks redress for wrongs, while the "black list" disregards the justice of its object and seeks only additional advantages by this coercive means. Yet the capital-ists raise a great cry of injustice when the boycott appears,, and shall be defined by the college that submits the question. THE MERCURY. lose no time in making their appeal to the courts for injunction and protection, although they are daily and yearly practicing the same principle against the laborer who can seek justice through no other means. But in this case it is the poor man's ox, that is gored instead of the rich man's, and if he would resist or seek redress, he is pointed out as dangerously affected by socialistic principles, and often suffers for trying to maintain a right guar-anteed to all by our Constitution. In practice, also, the boycott has changed, and few of the ob-noxious and injurious characteristics of the ancient boycott re-main. The boycott, as practiced at present, as has been stated, is simply the ostracism of an individual or organization, by an organization in order to secure, what they believe to be their rights. It may result in great pecuniary loss to the victim and because of this fact has often been restrained by injunction, but ■no violence attaches to it; no personal harm or injury, and in many cases individual bitterness has been eliminated. No force or coercion is used outside the obligations of membership in the contending organization, although, this fact is often changed, .and it is true that many organizations do take up the fight in sympathy. It is, when rightly used, but an effective weapon in the hands of the laborer by the use of which he is able to secure consideration and justice, when other means have failed, and as such its use is justifiable. From the laborer's standpoint its use possesses considerable economic importance, for it is only by its use, through the me-dium of his organization that he can battle, with any degree of success against the oftimes higher intelligence and more perfect organization of his employers, the capitalists. In this age, the tendency of each class, seems to be to gain wealth regardless of the loss, they may occasion. To the laborers, the boycott, is one of the few barriers that stand between him and a lower standard of living, which would be the inevitable result, were these barriers removed. Our eco-nomic welfare depends upon progress in every class. If the laborer is to share this progress he must advance and not recede. He must raise his standard of living, his culture and his edu- •cation instead of lowering them. To do this he must be in con-tinual conflict with the capitalist, who is his superior in educa- THE MERCURY. tion, and had an additional advantage because of his capital. The boycott has proved to be one of the few things which the •capitalists have not been able to overcome, and as its use enables the laborers to maintain his ground in the conflict for advance-ment, it is certainly justifiable. The boycott can also be regarded, as simply the practice of the right guaranteed to each citizen by our government, to say, write, or publish, anything he wishes, on his own responsibility. This is what the laborer claims for the boycott. He certainly has the right to govern his own words and dealings and to use his influence with others so long as he advocates a just cause and uses no coercive measures to secure adherents. This represents the workingman's idea of the boycott, and while it must be ad-mitted that it is here pictured in its most favorable form, and •that it is seldom practiced within the prescribed limits, yet the argument is founded upon a basis of justice and many decisions of higher courts have recognized this fact. As a last claim, we would advance the boycott, as the only ef-fective weapon against the "black list." No man has a right to work permanent ruin to another because of individual difference of opinion nor has an organization a similar right, and since the employer often uses this means against the employee, the laborer has a right to defend himself by the boycott. It is a hard and bitter solution to the problem. It is the Old Testament dispen-sation, "An eye for an eye." but when we consider that the con- 'ditions, from an ethical standpoint are far from normal, we must be satisfied if they do require abnormal means. Thus would we justify the boycott, from an economical view-point, but when we turn on our question the light of an ethical culture, we find it again questionable and we are compelled to ask ourselves the question, "Is there in the business activity of today, as represented by the masses on both sides, a point where ;an individual can retain pure ethical ideals and secure true eco-nomic good?" Perhaps in the masses there is not, but it is pleasing to note that here and there in the great business hustle of our age, we see sturdy advocates of a higher principle emerg-ing from the ranks of both contestants and when these shall have gained a majority the justification of the boycott will be impos-sible, but not until then. THE MERCURY. 7 CONSTITUTION OF THE KEYSTONE DEBATING LEAGUE. ARTICLE I. NAME AND MEMBERSHIP. This organization shall be known as the Keystone Inter-Colle-giate Debating League and shall have the following members: Bueknell, Lafayette and Gettysburg Colleges. ARTICLE II. PURPOSE. The purpose of this organization shall be to increase interest in debating in each of the colleges represented and to encourage inter-collegiate debating. ARTICLE III. ORGANIZATION. The executive committee shall consist of one undergraduate from each college represented and shall meet annually at the time and place of the final debate to transact all business of the League. ARTICLE IV. CONTESTANTS. Each college shall send to the contest in which it participates three representatives. Contestants shall be regularly enrolled students in the collegiate department taking at least ten hours of recitation or lecture work per week. The names of the de-baters and alternate shall be submitted to the opposing team at least ten days before the debate. No college shall protest the-eligibility of a debater later than five days before the debate. ARTICLE V. SELECTION OF QUESTION. The question for debate shall be submitted not later than six weeks and returned not later than five weeks before the debate is to be held. The college that receives the question shall select sides. No college shall submit the question to the other college twice in succession. Terms in the question, if not understood. THE MERCURY. ARTICLE VI. JUDGES. The college at which the debate is held shall submit to the visiting team at least four weeks before the debate the names of prospective judges. The visiting team may strike from the list any of "the names and shall return the remainder within one week designating the order of preference. No personal friend of any contestant and no one having had student of official relations with either of the colleges involved, shall be eligible for appoint-ment as judges. At the close of the contest, without conference-with his associates, each of the three judges, deciding for him-self, shall give his vote duly signed and sealed to the presiding officer who shall announce the decision. The judges shall base their decision on argument and composition and delivery; argu-ment to count sixty per cent., composition and delivery forty per cent. ARTICLE VII. CONTEST. The college at which the debate is held shall select the presid-ing officer. Each debater shall have fifteen minutes; ten min-utes for his opening speech and five minutes for rebuttal. The first speech in rebuttal shall be made by the negative, and the-affirmative shall close the debate. The order of speakers in re-buttal shall be left to the discretion of the respective teams. No> new material shall be introduced in rebuttal speeches. ARTICLE VIII. EXPENSES. At the annual meeting of the Executive Committee, each col-lege shall present an itemized statement of its expenses necessary for the year. This expense shall be born equally by the colleges-of the League. TIIE MERCURY. IS THE GOVERNMENT COSTING US TOO MUCH. F. S. DEX3LER, '09. F wo except the most active period of the Civil War, the total drafts upon the Treasury of the U. S. during the past Congresshavebeengreater than at any period in our history. The total appropriations made by Congress dur-ing the Civil War were $1,309,000,000 of which $1,030,000,000 was spent upon the army. The appropriations for the fiscal year 1909 reached a total of $1,007,000,000. In these days, when private fortunes sometimes run up to a hundred million dollars we are liable not to realize how large a sum a billion dol-lars really is. It would take an expert counter, working eight hours a day, over one hundred years to count a billion silver ■dollars. A billion dollars in twenty dollar bills would make a pile 13,750 feet high. What is all this money used for? The expenditures may be classed under three general heads: Postal Service, $225,000,000. Military Service, $500,000,000. Other Government Service, $225,000,000. The largest appropriation for a single department was that for the post office. The postal service is one of the greatest utilities which the government gives to the people and one which the peo-ple can appreciate every day. The post offices scattered all over the land turn into the postal department a large revenue each year but it is not sufficient to run the service. The quarter of a billion dollars is disbursed through many channels. The sal-aries of postmasters, clerks, carriers and messengers total in the millions. The railroads come in for a large amount for carrying the mail. The rural delivery was established in recent years at a cost of about $25,000,000. A bill was proposed at the last Congress to establish a rural parcels post, but it was not passed. The most significant feature of the appropriations during the year is the great amount of attention that has been given to the building up of the military branch of the government. The ex-penditures for the army and navy, if we leave out of account the years when the country was engaged in war, have been the larg-est in the history of the country. The army was granted $95,- 10 THE MERCURY. 000,000; the navy, $123,000,000; the amount $163,000,000 for pensions should be included. The remainder of the half billion dollars is spent for fortifications, military and naval academies, soldiers' homes, arsenals, armories,'navy yards and numerous other things of a similar nature. The total expenditures for military purposes, direct or indirect, is truly a colossal sum when we bear in mind that our standing army today is not over 70,000. The sending of our fleet around the world is an event in history—an event which cannot fail to have a good influence. While we may be a peaceful nation, it will show that we have strength enough to protect ourselves in time of trouble. Some people think that our navy is too large. They say that our ships have nothing to do and then they get into trouble as in the cap-turing of the Philippine Islands. The remaining quarter of a billion dollars goes for a great number of things. The Agricultural Department, the Diplo-matic and Consular service, the Indian Bill, the different bu-reaus and public works are all included. We have seen where the money goes. Now, where does it come from? The revenues of the government amount to about $800,000,000 and this will leave a deficit of about $200,000,000. The treasury has a surplus of $250,000,000 to meet this. If this is not sufficient bonds can be sold. The Speaker of the House and the House itself keep restrain-ing hands on the extravagant tendencies of the varioifs commit-tees. The tendency of Congress to spend money is increasing at an appalling rate. The money appropriated by last Congress would have run the government during the decade ending 1896. These periods are both far enough removed from the Spanish War not to be materially affected by it. The world has advanced and moved forward since 1896, but not to such an extent as to warrant the rate of increase of running the government. There seems to be a leakage somewhere. Congress should remember that even a million dollars does not flow into the treasury of its own accord but it is pushed in and that as a result of the sweat of many brows. This does not mean that a narrow-minded policy should be adopted. The American people are willing to pay well to keep their country in the front ranks of the army of THE MEKCUEY. 11 progress. The last Congress has made a record in appropriating, public money and it is up to Congress to make a record in the-spending of it. OUR LITERARY SOCIETIES II—PHRENA. N the account of Philo which was published last month we find much that is very similar to the history of" Phrena The Phrenakosmian Literary Society was founded Feb. 4th, 1831, in Linwood Hall. At the second regular meet-ing a constitution and by-laws were presented and adopted. We are fortunate in having the original copy in an excellent state of preservation. Although frequently modified and amended, this historic document retains its original and noble spirit. The whole aim of its authors and zealous defenders is admirably ex-pressed by this, the motto of the Society: Kocr/m T/iv peva. There also exists the minutes of all the meetings that have been held since the Society was organized. These also have been well cared for and may be found among the treasures of the li-brary. As for Phrena's library, it can be said that it contains 5,845 volumes, which are the results of the energetic exertions of our members. Various catalogues of these books have been made for the use of our members, but most of them are not suitable for reference work. The Society is now indebted to George Heintz. '09 for a complete card index of the library. This not only en-hances the value of the present, collection of books but insures to us the proper recognition, care, and usefulness of any works we may add. Other property of value has accrued to the Society. In 1837r when Phrena was given a large and convenient room in the new college building (Old Dorm.), efforts were immediately made to secure suitable furniture. Here again the characteristic as-siduity of Phrena's members was triumphant. Improvements have been made from year to year, and the present beautiful ap-pearance of our hall furnishes sufficient evidence of the energy 12 THE MERCURY. as well as the taste of those by whom it was accomplished. The-present apartment in Eecitation Hall is elegantly furnished. Busts of Franklin, Webster, Cicero and Demosthenes have appro-priate places on the walls. The walls are also decorated with portraits of those Phrenakosmians who have done honor to their Alma Mater by becoming capable to hold professorships in our college. The Society has helped men individually, and has contributed much to the health of college spirit. A literary contest in which much spirit is shown, is held each year, with our sister society, Philo. Formerly it was the custom of the two societies to join at commencement time and be addressed by an honorary mem-ber of each society, alternately. In earlier years, of those be-longing to Phrena, and Eev. E. J. Breckenridge, D.D. officiated in 1842, Eev. T. H. Stockton, D.D. in 1844, and Eev. George B. Cheener, D.D. Much time and labor could be spent in arranging the inter-esting events of Phrena's history, but the space on these pages-does not permit the presentation in detail of very much con-tained in the Society's records. Suffice it to say, the work of those who have gone before should be gratifying to us as presag-ing that like privileges and honors are in store for their succes-sors. With the same noble aspirations and unalterable determi-nation let us be true to our literary societies as were those who have gained so much by supporting them. At present, Phrena is wide awake, doing excellent work and living true to the spirit of her fathers. THE MEECUEY. 13 WHY IS GETTYSBURG NOT WEALTHY ? N. G. PHILLIPY, '09. N" treating this question we will consider the people as a whole, taking as broad a view as possible under the cir-cumstances. According to Webster, wealth means large possessions, opulence, riches. Of course we could not compare Gettysburg with a large city and expect the same amount of wealth, but should more properly compare it with smaller towns of its own size. One of the foremost reasons why Gettysburg is not wealthy is the lack of industries conducted on a large scale. We find no shops or anything of a like nature whereby the owners or entre-preneur can amass a fortune. The ordinary workman cannot collect a fortune as nearly all his wages are used to support his: family. As a rule where there are no large enterprises located we find little wealth. It is true the location of the town geo-graphically may be accountable for the lack of industries, but this does not demand consideration under the present question. The lack of employment for men accounts for the slow in-crease in population. An increase in the value of land and property depends largely upon an increase in population and as the values of each remain nearly the same from year to year, speculation and investments in this line are unprofitable and unremunerative in Gettysburg. The country surrounding the town is not so very fertile and agriculture is not as productive as we find in many other locali-ties. Very few agricultural products are put on the market by the farmers near the town in any great quantity. We do not find minerals profitable for mining in the neighboring localities so very little shipping is carried on. 'Eailroads depend on freight for their profits and when there is little transportation railroad facilities are usually poor. Being located inland the people have not the opportunity to carry on markets or any other pursuit which water affords. The people themselves, have a great influence on any town. If we make a careful study of the people and their pursuits we have partly, at least, the solution of our problem. In our study 14 THE MERCURY. we must take into account their likes and dislikes, their desires,, their ambitions and their doings. The people as a whole are of a retiring nature. There seems: to be little greed for money and little ambition to amass a great, fortune. Each individual is actuated by a desire to live com-, fortably and save enough to keep himself and family during old age. Judging from appearances everybody is contented and happy, a condition which is proof of the statement that the de-sire for riches is lacking. We find the population as a body, industrious, being em-ployed at different occupations. An unusual number are en-gaged in educational work who labor more for knowledge and the pleasure afforded thereby, than for the money received for their work. It is natural in a college town to have cultured people. Peo-ple of culture and refinement have their surroundings fashioned after their ideas and influence the whole community. This class has certainly added much to the community. The battlefield also attracts many well-to-do people who come here to. live a retired life and to enjoy the beautiful surroundings. In Gettysburg, if a man is not engaged in educational work, he is in sympathy with it and usually formulates his opinions accord-ingly. In conclusion, the people are interested in their personal welfare, mentally as well as physically, and do not have the de-. sire for great wealth as their sole ambition. THE JIEUCURY. 15 THE JUNIOR "PROM" SOCIALLY CONSIDERED. CLL consideration of the social significance of the Junior Prom naturally involves a taking into account the general social life of the college community. For it is obvious that the character and tone of this annual function must, to a large extent, be determined by the social life as it is developed throughout the year. And since the Junior Prom is just in its infancy,—in its formative period,—this pa-per shall be both critical and suggestive. The social life of our college seems to be the characteristic so-cial life of colleges in general. It is very different from the so-cial life that existed in earlier years of the college. New condi-tions in the social structure at large, together with the increased number of students, have all contributed to the existent social status in the college community. The present exclusive tenden-cies in modern family life, unknown to our forefathers, cannot fail to produce like tendencies among a body of students; the social product developed in our college is, in short, but an out-growth of the existing trend of home life. Though the number of students in any one college is really small, when compared with the number enrolled in a modern university, yet it has grown so that no longer can the authorities of even the small college boast that theirs is the privilege of easily acting in loco parentis, and of forming with the student body a well regulated family. Instead of one united family, thoroughly democratic in its workings and with a reasonably common purpose and as-piration, the student body has been organized by the fraternity into many little families, each with its distinctive membership making of paramount importance the promotion of its own inter-ests and those of its individual members. The college authori-ties have, in other words, failed to meet new conditions by their failure to provide a sane and invigorating college family atmos-phere for the student to grow in, and it should not be surprising, therefore, that the students have themselves provided their own substitute, inferior though it may be. The fraternity is not lacking in provsions for the diversion of 16 THE MERCURY. its members. Numerous social events are held during the year, and occasionally an inter-fraternity function is arranged. Be-tween the members of this organized portion of the student body, who are thus frequently brought together, there naturally is formed a rather strong attachment. But how about the unorga-nized portion, which is comprised, for any one of several reasons, of the men whom the fraternity has not attracted? The social opportunities of most of these men are not only more limited, they are also more individualistic. That there should be a cer-tain divergence, therefore, between the fraternity and non-fra-ternity element is not to be wondered at. The Junior Prom is a step in the direction of preventing this divergence. Every element in the student body is to be repre-sented as far as possible on a common basis. The possibilities of general good fellowship are on this occasion to be fully pre-sented and fostered. Men who are seldom to be found in com-pany of their fellows in a purely social way are to find in the Junior Prom an opportunity of seeing what such commingling means for a man and for the community. Men to whom this is not a new experience are to find pleasure in assisting the unini-tiated over the stony places. The realization of all this could not, of course, be expected in the two times in which the Junior Prom has been held. Indeed it may require several more years to accomplish the desired re-sults. It seems very apparent, however, that tendencies point in the right direction. Last year's Prom marked an improvement over the first, in that dancing was not the exclusive feature of the occasion. Provision was made, though not of a sufficiently definite and attractive character, for those who do not dance. This is not passing judgment upon dancing as a means of di-version; it does mean to imply, however, that to allow dancing or any other form of diversion to become the exclusive feature of a social event indicates a distortion that cannot fail to prove exceedingly narrowing. It implies, too, that it is altogether un-fair to expect those who do not dance to attend an affair which provides definitely only for those who do dance, and which gives dancing such predominant or exclusive place that real com-mingling is impossible. Dancing has become such a mighty factor in the social life of young people everywhere that it is not THE MERCUttY. 17 surprising that it has gained a considerable foothold in our col-leges, but to permit it to have the ascendency at an event, such as the Junior Prom, which contemplates the presence of a large number who do not dance, shows great inconsiderateness and means the blasting of the real significance of the Prom. The far-reaching influence of the Junior Prom, properly regu-lated, can hardly be appreciated at this early stage in its evolu-tion, but to behold its possibilities along the lines indicated should be sufficient to impel us to assist in its proper develop-ment. A. ± A BIOGRAPHY OF SCHILLER. MISS- MARY BAUSCH, '11. JOHANJST Christoph Frederick Schiller was born at Mar-bach, in Wurtemburg, Germany, Nov. 10, 1759. He was the only son of Johann Casper Schiller, an officer in the Wurtemburg army, who held an inferior position in the Duke of Wurtemburg's household. The elder Schiller is was a man of great strength of character. To him Schiller is indebted for his firm and positive traits. His mother, Elizabeth Dorothea Kodweis, the daughter of an innkeeper at Marbach, was just the opposite of her husband in temperament, of strong yet gentle demeanor, full of simple charm and wisdom. We can see deep traces of this mother's sweetness and gentleness in the life of the gifted poet. Schiller did not find it easy to choose a profession. He first attended school at the village of Loech, where influenced by Par-son Moser, his teacher, he prepared himself for the clerical pro-fession. These plans were thwarted by the Duke of Wurtem-burg. He next entered the public school at Ludwigsburg. At the age of fourteen, he became a student at the military academy near Solitude Park, Ludwigsburg, the Duke wishing to have his services for the state. There he pursued the study of law, which was very repugnant to him. After two years had passed he 18 THE MERC PET. gave this up, and began the study of medicine, and was subse-quently appointed regimental surgeon. During this time, however, he was engaged in. the study of lit- 'erature. He was especially fond of the classics and became very proficient in Greek. His knowledge of Greek philosophy is ap-parent in his writings. His first work of note, "The Eobbers," he completed before he was twenty-two years old. Schiller pro-tested in this work against the restraints which he felt the Duke had unjustly forced upon him. Fearing the Duke whose wrath he had thus kindled, he fled to Mannheim. There he passed through many hardships, one reverse of fortune followed an-other. But still he continued to write. Schiller's first play in verse was "Don Carlos,'"' which was pre-sented at Hamburg in August, 1787. The Duke of Weimar, whose interest had been aroused in the young poet, made him one of the counsellors of his court. Upon his arrival at Weimar, Schiller was introduced to Goethe. This acquaintance subse-quently ripened into a close friendship. Early in December, 1788, Schiller's "History of the Eevolt of the Netherlands" was published. This work brought the best results, financially, which he had yet received. It not only had a rapid sale but it aroused the attention of the intellectual world. Through the influence of Goethe, he was offered a professorship in history at the University of Jena which after some hesitation he accepted. On Feb. 22, 1790, he was married to Charlotte von Lengefeld, a most admirable woman who aided him greatly in his life work. A very busy life opened to Schiller while at Jena. It was not unusual for him to spend fourteen hours daily in lecturing and writing. But the strain of such heavy work was too great for a man so delicately constituted as Schiller. A dangerous pulmonary dis-ease overtook him so that he was forced to give up his position as instructor in the university. Then through a generous gift he was enabled to revisit Wurtemburg, where he remained almost a year. In May 1794, he returned to Jena much improved in health although never again entirely well. The period between 1796 and 1800 was especially rich in lyrical productions, of which "Der Taucher," and "Das Leid von THE MERCURY. 1$ der Glocke " aTe prominent. The latter has been considered the best known of Schiller's poems. It deals with the most dra-matic events in the life of man. His great works, "Wallenstein" and "Maria Stuart" followed in close succession. Next came "Die Jungfrau von Orleans" in 1801, "Die Brant von Messina" in 1803, and "Wilhelm Tell," the last and perhaps greatest of his works, in 1801:. In this last great tragedy, Schil-ler portrays with wonderful power the Swiss resistance to tyr-anny. He causes the leader, Wilhelm Tell to stand elevated as a national hero. In all his writings, Schiller's love of liberty and hatred of despotism is manifest, but in none so much as in Wilhelm Tell. Schiller had now reached the zenith of his glory. His man-ners and appearance had improved. The timidity and conscious-ness of youth was replaced by the dignity and ease of more ma-ture years. He was overwhelmed with public honors and enthu-siastically received everywhere he went. But alas, when prosperity and fame seemed permanently se-cured to him, the dread disease which had undermined his health again overtook him. He endured this last trouble with great fortitude; though he had to pass through many trials yet his spirit seemed as it were to soar above them all. He continued to work until at last, his weakened powers being overcome, he passed away on May 9,, 1805, at the age of forty-five. The news, of his death brought universal grief to Germany. 20 TKE MEKCURY. CULTURE'S DISTRESSING FOE. G. E. WOLFE, '09. UST as men err in making happiness a distinct end, so do they err by putting culture in a similar position. And just as they deceive themselves by trying to pro-cure happiness as they would some commodity, so they deceive themselves by like attempts to gain culture. Life would indeed be a barren thing, if it were not enriched by our capacity for happiness and culture, but it is worse than barren where there is a false conception of these enrichments. That culture should be perverted to such an extent that men would make it a fad, seems almost inconceivable, yet that is what the intellectually curious and the socially idle made it some twenty years ago. What abhorrence must have been aroused in all who possessed true cultural instincts! For a fad is always a sham—a gross perversion—and a sham in the world of art ox-literature begets a peculiar offensiveness and hatred. The short-cut, superficial methods employed in pursuing this culture fad must have been entirely detestable to all serious-minded and sin-cere people. Could it be otherwise, with genuine culture possess-ing the rich qualities of ripeness and maturity in taste, intellect and culture ? How crude and defective the sham in the presence of the real! But this perversion, while more pronounced at certain periods, lias not been confined to one or two decades. Haste and arti-ficiality have always been employed by men, in their eagerness to possess the charming ripeness and greatness of soul which mark the truly cultured man. Recent years, however, have de-veloped a new condition, the recognition of which requires no unusual insight. There has developed a foe to culture which is distressing, not simply because it is aiming at culture by per-verse methods, but because it is entirely at variance with true cul-ture and lias so widely disseminated its influence that one may rightly inquire whether the true cultural instinct will not even-tually be quenched on account of it. "Smartness" is not a modern product by any means, but never has it captivated a people as it has the present generation; never THE MERCURY 21 has it held such predominant sway. Strictly speaking this spirit belongs to the world of mediocrity, but so important has it be-come that it claims recognition as the "real thing" from alL We have our so-called "smart sets," but the spirit of smartness in these days finds fruitful soil among all classes—as well among the wealthy as among the not-rich, as well among the intelligent as among the unlettered. And it is this, we believe, that today constitutes culture's distressing foe: it is this that makes impera-tive the loud calls, "Let Us Go Back"—in the direction of "The Simple Life." Not that there are no more who possess true culture, or who are eager to possess it. There are such indeed, but so effectually has the "sporty" microbe been doing its work in the rising gen-eration, that quiet people have well-nigh been driven to despera-tion, those with undeveloped cultural instincts have been tainted or entirely diverted and others never get a desire for cultural pursuit at all. One does not have to be a pessimist to be conscious of the fact that it is the fashion for everybody to be gay; that we are all called upon to persevere in a gala atmosphere. From the ex-treme solemnity of bearing that characterized our forefathers we have swung clear to the opposite extreme. It is impossible not to come in contact constantly with the cheap jargon that is everywhere afloat; with the lightness, cyni-cism and insinuation of immoral sentiment which marks the con-versation of popular young people. Fashionable clothes and jaunty manners never played as prominent a role as today. Plain, unassuming people, to whom this pertness and super-, ciliousness is extremely repulsive, are wondering when there will \ be a reaction toward the sane and rational. Surely the reaction-must come, and parents and educators have no more important duty before them than to seek to obliterate this spirit of sm^rt-. ness. THE MEECUEY. THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE LINCOLN ROAD. G. L. KIEFFEK, '09. JJST order to consider this subject properly, we must first inquire into the nature of the proposed "road." There-fore, briefly, "The Lincoln Eoad" is a proposed na-tional memorial to Abraham Lincoln. The "road" is to be a grand boulevard joining Washington, D. C, with Gettysburg, Pa. Its two hundred feet of width are to be occupied by green-sward plots, hedges, and trees, a speedway for automobiles, a driveway for carriages and wagons, two double-tracked electric railways, the one for express trains and the other for local trains. The very nature of the proposed "road" declares that it shall be equally open to both the rich and the poor. This being true it will be the means of bringing to Gettysburg, for at least a day, many of the hundreds of thousands of tourists that annually visit Washington. Hence with all this traffic, the very "road" itself might become an economic asset to the United States gov-ernment. To accommodate these people appropriate hotels would have to be maintained in Gettysburg. The present hotels and restau-rants would have to be renovated and enlarged. New ones also would have to be erected. A higher standard would be the order of the day for all Gettysburg hotels when official Washing-ton would be in the habit of paying them a visit at almost any hour. To meet this increase of business occasioned by the influx of people, Gettysburg herself would have to grow and increase the number of and enlarge all her business places in whatever line they might be. Naturally all property in Gettysburg would increase in value as would also all the property along the "road" from Washington to Gettysburg. To compete with the travelling facilities which would be af-forded by the proposed "road," the facilities of the present rail-roads would have to be bettered and new roads would be built— both electric and steam. All eyes would naturally be turned towards Gettysburg, which THE MERCURY. 23 with its historic surroundings, beautiful scenery, and medicinal springs, would naturally be expected to become the greatest sum-mer resort in the United States. The character and number of tourists would necessitate gov-ernment control of all guides. Thereby would undoubtedly be obliterated the blot of blots found upon the world. With gov-ernment control of all guides the tourists would be guaranteed just and equal treatment. For the guides themselves, better days would result. To Gettysburg's educational institutions would come greater publicity and a better appreciation of these institutions' rare sur-roundings. The result would naturally be manifested by an in-crease in the student bodies and an enlargement of the institu-tions themselves. All this resulting from the proposed "Lincoln Way?" Yes, more. With it connected to Gov. Stuart's proposed highway from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, "The Lincoln Way" naturally would become the backbone of a national highway system extend-ing all over the country. Then would all roads lead to Gettys-burg, which would be, in fact, the shrine of American patriotism, the Mecca for all Americans. THE "INDIAN STEPS." E. C. STOUFFER, '11. HE immense dam of McCalPs Ferry Power Company is nearing completion. As a result the slowly rising waters of the Susquehanna river are gradually cover-ing up one of the oldest and most noted landmarks of south-eastern Pennsylvania. The old "Indian Steps" are artificial shelves, cut no doubt, by means of stone hatchets into the face of a large round-pointed rock, which juts out from the west bank of the Susquehanna river. They were cut by the North American Indians possibly centuries before the discovery of America. These steps were used by the dusky inhabitants as a place on which to stand and dip the shad as they crossed the rapids on their annual journey 24 THE MERCURY. to the spawning grounds in the upper Susquehanna. Since the settlement of the country the white man has for generations used them for the same purpose. So far-famed were these steps that the Indians from the North, South, East and West came here to fish. Only the strong, vigorous and daring could fish from this rock for only such were able to endure the chill damp night winds which frequent the lower Susquehanna. As each contestant ap-peared a chalk mark or number was placed on his hat to desig-nate his turn. When his name was called he took his place, tied himself to a ring in the rock and cast the net. Each one was ■compelled to take his catch and be content. If there were a goodly number of shad, all was well; but if it proved to be a small catch he had to go away heavy hearted and take his place in the waiting line again. Year after year from these rocks hundreds of these daintiest ■of all fishes have been caught, some to grace the humble board of ■a poor riverman, some to please the fastidious taste of a city epicurean. The land around the "Indian Steps" was originally occupied by the Conestoga Indians and was preserved for them by the first proprietors of the state. Even Maryland, which was attempting to push her lines farther and farther north, respected the rights of the natives and made no attempt to appropriate this section. 'The land was held for the Indians until August 26, 1786, when a deed was granted to Joseph Eeed on condition that the "Indian Steps" should be preserved for a fishing place for the poor of the community. This charge has been faithfully kept until now. A few months more and the old landmark will have passed away and forever this curious specimen of Indian art will be lost to Pennsylvania. THE MERCURY. 25 THE INVESTIGATION OF THE FARMER; WHAT IT IS LIKELY TO BE WORTH. MISS HELEN H. BRENNEMAN, '08. EVEEAL months ago when President Roosevelt ap-pointed a committee to investigate the condition of the farmers throughout the country, it provoked quite a little amusement on the part of some people, while on the part of others it aroused sarcasm and anger. Many people regarded the President as a "busy-body" and failed to recognize the real aim in his interest in the farmers' condition. Never before has there been a man at the head of the nation with such broad and liberal views and one who has put forth such strenuous efforts in behalf of all kinds and classes of peo-ple. And it was such a motive that prompted him to take this action. The scope of this committee's work is not to ascertain the technical methods of farming and to inquire into personal matters, but to find out what are the general sanitary, social, educational and economic conditions of country life, to find out what is needed, what improvements can be effected, and in what way the government can help them. The commission was confronted with a task not only wide in its scope but comprising a large territory, and many people were to be dealt with. The President suggested that the farmers be called together in convenient meeting places for discussions, and that the members of the commission try to get in the closest touch possible with them and find out their needs. The commission has sent out circulars to professional men, business men, farmers and many others. These circulars con-tain a list of twelve questions with respect to the public schools in the vicinity and their efficiency; whether the farmers get rea-sonable returns from the sale of their products; whether they have good railroads, highway, telephone and rural postal service-accommodations ; whether there is a sufficient supply of labor in the neighborhood. These questions show what the commission are seeking to find out. It is their desire not only to ascertain the conditions but to get opinions and suggestions as to what needs to be done. Now the question arises, "What is the investigation likely to 26 THE MERCURY. be worth ?" In the first place it is very evident that almost the entire success depends upon the attitude of the people. If they continue to take it as a joke or with a feeling of animosity, cer-tainly the progress of the commisison's work is going to be checked and its ultimate success doubtful. However Dr. Bailey of Cornell University, the chairman of the commission, says that the public interest is increasing as the people come to under-stand the commission and its work. These words are encourag-ing and indicative of a very likely success. If this investigation is going to amount to anything, there must be co-operation of the people, especially of the farmers for whose benefit these efforts are being exerted. In a recent mes-sage to the commission the President said, "It is esssential that the farmers, the men who live on the soil should feel a sense of the ownership in this commisison, should feel that you gentle-men in very truth represent them and are responsive to their de-sires, no less than to their needs." If this committee receives the support of the people, it should effect some good results. There is a larger percentage of per-sons engaged in agricultural pursuits than in any other occupa-tion and it is only just that more attention should be given to their needs. The demands for better highways, better railway and trolley service are being universally agitated, and surely the commis-sion will concentrate, its efforts towards their accomplishment thus increasing the facilities of the farmer for better profits. At the Farmers' Convention held in Madison last October scientific crop raising and the need of teaching agriculture in the schools were among the principal topics approved by that orga-nization. It is just as essential that agriculture be taught in the rural schools as manual training and trades in the city schools. Here again if such a desire could be met by the gov-ernment it would not only benefit the farmers economically but the nation also. It remains to be seen just what this investigation will amount to, but nevertheless we can surmise that the educational advant-ages in some districts will be improved, that there will be bet-ter facilities for the transaction of business and that the social, educational and economic conditions will be bettered. T H E HERCURV Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class Matter. VOL. XVI GETTYSBURG, PA., DECEMBER, 1908 No. 7 Editor-in-Chief Assistant Editor P. F. BLOOMHARDT, '09 CHARLES F. V. HESSE, '09 Exchange Editor Associate Editors H. REY WOLF, '09 SAMUEL FAUSOLD, '10 Business Manager EDWARD N. FRYE, '10 CHABLES L. KOPP, '09 Advisory Board Ass't Bus. Managers PROF. C. F. SANDERS, A. M. G. U. KNIPPLE, '10 PROF. P. M. BIKLE, PH.D. PAUL S. MILLER, '10 PROF. C. J. GRIMM, PH. D. Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance ; single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending THE MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contri-bute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. such is often the case. EDITORIALS. THE question has often been asked how a small college, with a limited number of students and a corresponding limitation of tal-ent can successfully conduct nearly as many student enter-prises as the larger univeristies— and conduct them, too, in such a way that they frequently rival similar organizations in their larger sister institutions. But Our own college may be taken as suffici- "28 THE MERCURY. ent proof. Our five varieties of athletic teams, our three publi-cations, two literary societies, debating and oratorical teams, musical clubs, and dramatic society, etc., have often been re-spected rivals to similar teams of other and larger schools. But the mere fact of the numbers of these enterprises does not neces-sarily have to affect the quality of the results accomplished. We are inclined to think that men with just as great ability and as large capacity for work are to be found in the smaller college as in the larger ones,—not as many, to be sure, but the ratio is about the same. Furthermore, the smaller college offers oppor-tunities to every one of such calibre, while in the larger schools, •only a comparatively few can take part. LAST year Gettysburg was disappointed in not being enter-tained by her dramatic society, the Mask and Wig. Presumably this was due to the lack of time for rehearsals. Nevertheless the loss was felt. This year it has been decided that no musical club trip will be taken. It has been suggested that the time, talent, and energ}', usually devoted to this organization be turned into another channel; that is, into the perfecting of a good play or minstrel show which might be allowed to take a trip, similar to the Triangle Club of Princeton. IN a few days the first term of the present collegiate year will be closed. After an arduous week's work in examinations, the Christmas vacation will be the more appreciated and enjoyed. Its rest and pleasure has been anticipated by all, but especially has it been longed for by the Freshmen. Christmas has been written about so often, and from so many different viewpoints, that little that is new is left to say. To the college student it is a joyous season to be looked forward to, but in its actual enjoy-ment, he no longer thinks of college and its surroundings for it is a vacation season at home. So, with its last issue for 1908, the MERCURY wishes all its readers a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. THE MERCURY-. 29 BOOK REVIEWS. INDER the Crust, by Thomas Nelson Page, Phrena. This volume is composed of original stories. Each story has a philosophical side. They were evidently written to stimulate thought and the author has succeeded admirably. One of the stories, "A Brother of Diagones" is especially commenda-ble. In this story, great wealth is pointed out as a stumbling block rather than an aid to happiness. The simple life, too, is contrasted to the hustle and bustle of the metropolis. Other stories of the volume effectively contrast altruism and egoism. The Biography of Thomas Jefferson, by John T. Morse, Phrena. This biography is very impartially written. The au-thor gives us the facts indulging in neither unmerited praise nor criticism. He seems to have an insight into the man's very nature and thus vividly portrays the actions of the statesman both at home and in the blaze of public life. The biography not only enumerates the achievements of Mr. Jefferson with their causes and effects but also those of contemporary statesmen. The biographer shows Mr. Jefferson as a visionary, shrewd politician and a far-sighted statesman. The book is very readable and valuable. Tides of Bamegat, by P. Hopkinson Smith, [Philo 11:6.] This is a book which one can scarcely afford not to read. It presents a very impressive picture of life. It is an account of how one member of a noble and respectable family brought shame and disgrace to the family name There is seen the secret sufferings of the sister through false modesty. Her life would have been made happy indeed, if she had only opened her heart to her lover. It shows how one sister may give advantages and culture to another and instead of receiving gratitude, have her head bowed in shame while the other, seemingly soulless, is not af-fected. There is also brought out the yearning and love of a father for his son whom he has driven from home in a fit of anger for the evil he has done when he refuses to do right. The story is somewhat overdrawn, but otherwise one can find no fault. It is nevertheless very instructive. Although somewhat tedious at times it is generally interesting. The language is clear and wholesome. The Brass Bowl, by Louis Joseph Vance, [Philo, 11:8.] The so THE MEECURY. title of the book is somewhat fanciful as the bowl has practically the least connection with the story. Anyone wishing to read a book for entertainment and recreation will find this romance suited to his purpose as it is very interesting, simple and full of action. The thread of the story seldom breaks and the climax is near the end. The reader will be pleased with the happy ter-mination. No characters are used except those which are neces-sary to the plot. The principal parts are played by persons of high social rank, and they seem to be somewhat magnified. There is no place in the book that is tedious. The narration is clear, animated and well balanced. The language is simple and vigorous. The author has handled 'the plot very well. He shows broadmindedness, independence, the possession of a vivid imagination and a pleasant sense of humor. He has an ac-quaintance with high social life. The reader will be very much pleased with "Mad Maitland's" spirit as he makes his wild flights and also with Miss Sylvia Graeme who comes into Mait-land's life in a very peculiar way. EXCHANGES. JE are glad to have with us again most of our old ex-changes. There are a few that have not arrived yet. We trust that all will soon respond. It seems necessary again to call attention to the con-tent of the MERCURY. The MERCURY, we are trying to make a literary journal, and not a paper combining literary, athletic and the other departments of college activities. The "Gettysbur-gian," our weekly publication, contains the news of the various departments of college life. Among the good things in the "College Student" we would call attention to "Lowell's 'Biglow Papers'" and "Eelation of Diction to Character." The former is a critical essay which brings to notice many interesting facts concerning this import-ant contribution to American literature. The latter shows how the ideals and characteristics of the individual are reflected in hie writings. THE MERCURY. 31 We are glad to welcome "The Thielensian" to our exchanges. In the article entitled "Greek and Eoman Influences" the writer reminds us of some of the beauties of Athens and Borne. The beginning of philosophy was in Greece. Then from the Eomans we can learn the lesson of patriotism. Their motto was, "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori." The Eomans understood mili-tary matters, and we can also learn much from their sculpture and architecture. "Luther in the Eeformation" is also worthy of perusal. The character sketches of Taft and Bryan in the "Otterbein Aegis" are brief but very interesting. We all admire the teachings and doctrines of Socrates, the great Greek philosopher. He busied himself by trying to teach men the truth, and even though he greatly emphasized truth, he was especially eager that men should become happy and useful citizens. To be a good citizen he regarded the "summum bonum" of the individual's life. Indeed in our present age of political corruption, we can not over-emphasize high ideals of citizenship. "Making an American Citizen" in the'Thiloma-thean Monthly" presents this subject in a forceful manner. The writer gives some qualifications of the ideal American citizen. First, he must exercise the right of franchise. It is not only his right, but his duty, to vote. Secondly, he must vote intelligently and not allow himself to be bribed by a paltry farthing. Again, he must be a doer, and not depend upon party leaders. And lastly he must have strong moral convictions. As to the prob-lem of attaining this ideal, the author says, "If I were to offer a solution of this vital problem, it would be: the continual, untir-ing moral and civic training in home and school." All scholars have more or less knowledge of epic poetry. They all know something of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil's Aeneid and Milton's Paradise Lost, but often the epics of less renown are neglected. "The Sketch Book" contains an article entitled "Sita," which tells us of India's epics. The Eamayana and the Mahabharata are India's chief epics. "Sita" is the im-portant character in the Eamayana. She is to the Eamayana what Helen of Troy is to Homer's Ilaid. The article gives a brief summary of the epic and closes with a few ethical com-ments on the character of "Sita." 32 THE MEKCUKT. We wish to comment on two articles in the "Albright Bulle-tin." "The Character of Satan in 'Paradise Lost,'" and "Work; Man's Opportunity." The writer regards Satan as the princi-pal character of the epic, and speaks of him from that stand-point. In the latter essay, we have a very practical exposition on work and its blessings to the individual. Lovers of German literature will find pleasure in reading "Two Representatives of German Epic and Lyric Poetry" in the "Lesbian Herald." Of our High School exchanges, the "Eed and Black" (Read-ing High School) deserves special mention. The departments are well represented and as a whole the paper makes a pleasing appearance. We gratefully acknowledge the usual exchanges. "PXYK iKT2« r>rv. M3VSUT13ER5. There's no pen that gives such all-round satisfaction i Conklin's Self-Filling Fountain Pen. It's the best pen for College Men. When an ordinary fountain pen runs dry in the middle of a word, it means you've got to stop right there, hunt up a rubber squirt gun, fill your pen to overflowing, clean both pen and dropper, wash your hands, and then endeavor as best you can to collect your lost Crescent f'f train of thought. It's different with Filler Jr-l 9 FILLING "THE PEN WITH THE CRESCENT-FILLER" To fill, iust dip it in any ink, press the Crescent-Filler, and the Conklin is filled and ready to write instantly. You can't over-fill it. Hence no inky fingers, no loss of time, no ruffled temper. The feed of the Conklin is No waiting for ink to come—no jerking—no slips, blots. ng dealers handle the Conklin. IE yours does not, order direct. Look tor the Crescent-Filler and refuse substitutes. Prices, $3.00 and up. Send at once (or handsome new catalog. T3E OOHZLIH PEH CO., 31 Itiahattsn Bnildiag, Toledo, Ohio. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. FUfOTTUfjE Mattresses, Bed Springs, Iron Beds, Picture Frames; Repair Work done promptly. Under-taking a specialty. - Telephone No. 97. 3=3L ZB_ 23eri-d.ex, 37 Baltimore Si., *-tttt/xhurg;, FA EDGAR C. TAWNEY BAKER West Middle Street. J. B. WINEMAN, DEALER IN CHOICE FAMILY GROCERIES, PROVISIONS AND FRUITS, BOARDING CLUBS A SPECIALTY. SUNDAY SCHOOL LESSON HELPS AND SUPPLIES, P. ANSTADT & SONS, Publishers, Book and Job Printing of all Kinds ttrtte for Prices. YORK, PA. ■> PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. EMIL ZOTHE ^MEMS ENGRAVER, DESIGNER, AND MANUFACTURING JEWELER 722 Chestnut St., Phila. SPECIALTIES : MASONIC MARKS, SOCIETY BADGES, COLLEGE BUTTONS, PINS, SCARP PINS, STICK PINS AND ATHLETIC PRIZES. All Goods ordered through G. F. Kieffer, CHARLES S. MUMPER, MtKALER MJV TTTTTS "KFTTTTT? 15! PICTURE FRAMES OF ALL SORTS * W *■*" * * *» *fc*Hf REpA|R WORK DONE PROMPTLY I WILL ALSO BUY OR EXCHANGE ANY SECOND-HAND FURNITURE NO. 4 CHAMBERSBURG STREET, GETTYSBURG, PA D. J. SWARTZ DEALER IN COUNTRY PRODUCE, GROCERIES, CIGARS AND TOBACCO. GETTYSBURG. SHOES KEPA1UHI> —BY— 115 Baltimore St., near Court House. GOOD WORK GUARANTEED. -IS-Your Photographer ? If not, why not? 41 BALTIMORE ST., GETTYSBURG, PA. 8EFT0N I FLEMMING'S LIVERY, Baltimore Street, First Square, Gettysburg, -Pa. Competent Guides for all parts of the Battlefield. Arm »» Filbert St. A convenient and homelike place to stay while in the city shopping. An excellent restaurant where good service combines with low prices. ROOMS §1.00 PER DAY AND UP. The only moderate priced hotel of reputation and eonsequenee in > 3Pla.ila.cLe2pla.ISL • » J 1 i SQ *. • • » ,atindry . . OF YORK . . Offers tfte COLLEGE STUDENTS first-dass work; at Special Low Prices. E. C. STOUFEER, Local Agt. C. D. SMITH, Prop. MEANS TASTY WOEK SAEEFULLY DONE. MfcNU CARDS. LETTER HEADS, WINDOW POSTERS ENVELOPES, DANCE CARDS TICKETS, Programs of all kinds. Everything the College Man wants in Paper and Ink. Specially designed work. Latest Effects in Paper, clone in Colors along lines of College Men's Associations. Catalog and Book work. The Gettysburg Compiler will keep old and new students in touch with town and college life. HELP THOSE WHO HELP US. The Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume. Cotrell & Leonard, ALBANY, N. Y. ™2li2^! CAPS AND GOWNS To Utttyi-buri? College Lafayette. Lehigh. Dickinson. State College, Univ of Penn sylviinin, Hnrviird, Yale. Princeton. Wellesley, Bryn Mnwrnnd the others. Class Contracts a Specialty. Correct Hoods i. Degrees. Mr. College Man We are already lining up our clients for nextSpring. With our National Organization of 12 offices we will need over 2000 college men for technical, office, sales aud teaching positions throughout the United States. We can also use at any time college men who are in the market for a position. Let us explain to you NOW. Write for the "College Man's Opportunity." It tells how Hapgoods, a great organization built up by college men has placed many thousand youngmen, has raised the standard of college meu as a business factor throughout the world. State age, education, location desired. THE JV\iTIOJVJIZ, OBGjrjVTZJlTjrOJV OF BIlJlIJV BHOHKBS. Commonwealth Trust Building, Philadelphia, Pa. HOTEL GETTYSBURG, Headquarters for BANQUETS. Electric Lights, Steam Heat, All Conveniences. Free Bus to and from station. Convenient for Commencement Visitors. RATES $2.00 PER DAY. -livery CLi'ta.c'ked. Jot]i] P. JV^tH Proprietor. BECKER & CO., DEALERS IN All kinds of Fresh and Smoked Meats Chambersburg St., Gettysburg, Pa. WE RECOMMEND THESE FIRMS. Established 1867 by Allen Walton. ALLEN K. WALTON, Pres. and Treas. ROBT. J. WALTON, Supt. flummelstown Brown Stone Company, QUARRYMEN and Manufacturers of BUILDING STONE, SAWED FLAGGING and TILE. Wa/l/fcoTwille, ]£)a.-u,pT-vlr\, ^o. Pa. CONTRACTORS FOR ALL KINDS OF CUT STONE WORK. Telegrapn and Express Address, Brownstone, Pa. Parties visit-ing quarries will leave cars at Brownstone Station on the P. & R-R. R. For Artistic Photographs Go To T{PTON The Leader in PHOTO FASHIONS Frames and Passapartouts Made to Order. PATRONISE OUR ADY$RTI$$RS Come and Have a Good Shave or Hair Cut -AT-Harry B. Sefton's BARBER SHOP. 35 Baltimore St. Barber's Supplies a Specialty. Also choice line of Cigars. SHOES REPAIRED —BY— Charles Hartdagen, Middle St., Opp. Court House, GUARANTEE ALL WORK. GETTYSBURG DEPARTMENT STORE, Successors to the L. M. Alleman Hardware Co., Manufacturer's Agent and Jobber of HARDWARE, OILS, PAINTS AND QUEENSWARE, GETTYSBURG, PA. Tb.p only Jobbing House in Adams County. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. s * * » ** *»« * ft * «« « «»* ** « « * »* « * * « **«* ***« aa »« « ***** a »*« »* * *** Seligrqciq Are Gettysburg's Most Reliable TAILORS «* And show their appreciation of your patronage by giving- you full value for your money, and closest attention to the wants of every customer. ■ T' ■,f T &.WirX'z?&/&teM$&^.'^*fc?ttvte*&^ Students' Headquarters —FOR— HATS, SHOES, AVD GENT'S FURNISHING. Sole Agent for WALK-OVER SHOE EGBERT'S STORE. Prices Always Right T|e Lutheran PubliGOlioii Society No 1424 Arch Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Acknowledged Headquarters for anything and everything in the way of Books for Churches, Colleges, Families and Schools, and literature for Sunday Schools. PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up and develop one of the church in-stitutions with pecuniary ad-vantage to yourself. Address HENRY 8. BONER, Supt