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In this article, I argue that while the Global South has replaced the Third World as the prevalent term for describing structural global inequalities in International Relations, little research is directed at its theoretical implications. I discuss the conceptual evolution of the term from the Third World narrative, interpreting the literature as an implicit rejection of myopic ontologies relying on economic, cultural, or political hierarchies. I then suggest connecting the terminology to the theory of functional differentiation. By avoiding forms inherited from classical social theory, the Global South can be conceptualized in a more productive way that is better attuned to contemporary theoretical discussions. © The Author(s) 2018.

International Adoption is a subsidiary measure for the protection of children – it only becomes an option if reintegrating a child into his/her extended family or adoption in the child's country of origin is not possible. What are the rules that must be followed in intercountry adoption cases?What are each participant's rights and duties? Who is allowed to adopt a child? What is the procedure? What are the opportunities and the risks if you become involved in providing a child with a proper home for the first time? This article aims to answer these questions and many others. It is intended as a source of ideas for professionals or authority involved in adoption.

This article argues that in order to understand how international human rights agreements (HRAs) work, scholars need to turn their attention to rights that are not definitional to democracy. When rights practices diverge from treaty rules, but the domestic enforcement mechanisms that give such agreements their bite are robust, how do governments behave? The study explores this question by examining a core treaty that prohibits child labor. When domestic enforcement is likely, states where many children work are often deterred from ratifying. Nevertheless, those that do ratify experience significant child labor improvements. By contrast, in non-democracies, ratification is a promise that is easily made but seldom kept.

Die aktuelle militärtechnologische Entwicklung ist von einem Trend zur »Dehumanisierung« geprägt, da der Mensch in Militärkreisen zunehmend als potentielle Fehlerquelle, unnötiger Kostenfaktor und Performance-Killer begriffen wird. Derzeit wird insbesondere die Entwicklung autonomer unbemannter bewaffneter Luftsysteme von militärisch führenden Staaten geprüft. Dies wirft die Fragen auf, ob der Einsatz derartiger Systeme im Lichte des Rechts des internationalen bewaffneten Konflikts zulässig ist und welche Anforderungen sich daraus für das Konstruktionsdesign ergeben. -- Robin Borrmann legt eine umfassende und praxisnahe rechtliche Analyse vor, die sich strikt an den tatsächlich existierenden staatlichen Bestrebungen und dem derzeitigen Entwicklungsstand autonomer Systeme orientiert und die operationellen Spezifika der luftgestützten Kriegführung in besonderem Maße berücksichtigt. Der Autor gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, dass der Einsatz autonomer Systeme, trotz der bestehenden technischen Schwierigkeiten in der Umsetzung der völkerrechtlichen Angriffsregeln, nicht per se unzulässig ist. Die Rechtmäßigkeit eines Einsatzes lässt sich vielmehr im Einzelfall in Abhängigkeit vom Autonomiegrad des Systems und dem vorgesehenen Einsatzzweck durch bestimmte vorab einprogrammierte Beschränkungen der Angriffsziele und Angriffsparameter sowie des Einsatzortes gewährleisten. Ein Zwang zur Implementierung einer Interventionsmöglichkeit in das Konstruktionsdesign autonomer Systeme besteht mithin nicht.

This article explores the reverberation of the European Union Open Method of Coordination and the Ibero American States Organisation educational plan in education policy-making. In essence, a comparative analysis of these processes highlights the role of political agents and the knowledge they use. Instead of inexorable processes, global transformations are complex insofar as political players push for them by acting from varied geographical scales. Developments in Europe and Latin America remind of regional or continental integration, which is a relevant scale of policy-making altogether with national policy and the emerging global agenda. International organisations, national and sub-national governments, and national and trans-national civil society networks have a say in these processes.

The article examines the origins and relationships between global, transnational history and international history, and the potential of these fields of enquiry to reshape European history. Divided into three parts, and drawing on a range of global and European examples, the article examines some of the ways in which transnational history holds the potential to blur established chronological boundaries and offer new approaches to the mapping of time. Global and transnational history has also helped to identify new processes and relationships in modern history, posing, in particular, new questions of comparative history and of Europe's relations with the world. The article concludes by identifying new sites of historical enquiry in European history and proposing additional ones.

Pour analyser le rôle joué par la Commission dans les politiques étrangères européennes, nous montrons comment la Commission peut élargir ses compétences en utilisant ses droits en tant que gardienne des traités. L'étude de cas de la politique européenne en matière d'aviation internationale illustre comment la Commission a pu obtenir un mandat de négociation externe que les Etats membres lui avaient auparavant refusé. Pour cela la Commission s'est appuyée sur des recours juridictionnels et a employé une stratégie cognitive qui inscrit la question de l'aviation civile dans la concurrence avec les Etats-Unis. Par ces deux moyens, la Commission a su changer les préférences des Etats membres et réorienter le point focal des négociations intergouvernementales.

Pour analyser le rôle joué par la Commission dans les politiques étrangères européennes, nous montrons comment la Commission peut élargir ses compétences en utilisant ses droits en tant que gardienne des traités. L'étude de cas de la politique européenne en matière d'aviation internationale illustre comment la Commission a pu obtenir un mandat de négociation externe que les Etats membres lui avaient auparavant refusé. Pour cela la Commission s'est appuyée sur des recours juridictionnels et a employé une stratégie cognitive qui inscrit la question de l'aviation civile dans la concurrence avec les Etats-Unis. Par ces deux moyens, la Commission a su changer les préférences des Etats membres et réorienter le point focal des négociations intergouvernementales.

The relationship between sport & society is investigated in terms of the leadership in society & human rights to argue that, in the case of the International Cricket Councils (ICC) actions in Zimbabwe, political issues were used as power levers on the group members. Discussion of the ICCs plans for global expansion is related to abuses & human rights in Zimbabwe & the concerns for players safety during tours by the England & Wales Cricket Board (ECB) & Cricket Australia (CB). The author concludes that the claims by Cricket administrators inability to make distinctions between sport & politics is in tension with the players & politicians right to make moral decisions, & was actually a device to secure increased authority over the ICC members.

Pour analyser le rôle joué par la Commission dans les politiques étrangères européennes, nous montrons comment la Commission peut élargir ses compétences en utilisant ses droits en tant que gardienne des traités. L'étude de cas de la politique européenne en matière d'aviation internationale illustre comment la Commission a pu obtenir un mandat de négociation externe que les Etats membres lui avaient auparavant refusé. Pour cela la Commission s'est appuyée sur des recours juridictionnels et a employé une stratégie cognitive qui inscrit la question de l'aviation civile dans la concurrence avec les Etats-Unis. Par ces deux moyens, la Commission a su changer les préférences des Etats membres et réorienter le point focal des négociations intergouvernementales.

The examination of the U.S.—Japan conflicts from the mid-1980s to early 1990s over the space industry sheds light on our understanding of the Japanese political economy. The Japanese response to U.S. pressure was not so strategic as conventional wisdom suggests. Under U.S. pressure, Japan shifted to international cooperation, abandoning the autonomous development policy it had sought for four decades. This unexpected policy change primarily resulted from the lack of clear jurisdictional authority among the government actors over the rapidly changing space industry. This study's findings will apply to other high technology industries such as telecommunications and information technology, where bureaucratic boundaries are ambiguous and technological change is rapid.

Not Available ; Food standards have been introduced on a national/international basis to protect the consumers health and to ensure fair practices in food trade. The formulation of standards for fish products became necessary to attain a minimum standard of cleanliness and hygiene in fish handling, processing and marketing. The exporting country or company should be aware of the quality requirements of the buying nation. Standards are intended to guide and promote export or import of fishery products between countries. Some Governments of all countries are responsible for public health problems arising from the consumption of fish products, they enforce certain food laws and introduce standards ; Not Available

The study aims to uncover the actor and political interests behind the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) in Indonesia. Using the accounting ecology framework developed by Gernon and Wallace (1995), this study examines the reason of why Indonesia adopts IFRS. The study finds that the adoption of IFRS in Indonesia is driven by international interests. Indonesia's membership in IFAC, IOSCO, and the G-20 has resulted in Indonesia approved the use of global accounting standards.

The study aims to uncover the actor and political interests behind the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) in Indonesia. Using the accounting ecology framework developed by Gernon and Wallace (1995), this study examines the reason of why Indonesia adopts IFRS. The study finds that the adoption of IFRS in Indonesia is driven by international interests. Indonesia's membership in IFAC, IOSCO, and the G-20 has resulted in Indonesia approved the use of global accounting standards.

This article examines compliance with international laws prohibiting the intentional targeting of noncombatants in interstate war, specifically focusing on the role of third-party states in enforcement. We argue that the expectation of third-party coercion, when sufficiently high, can induce war participants to comply with this body of law. We identify the conditions under which combatant states will anticipate a high likelihood of coercion, demonstrating that third-party states are most likely to coerce combatants when they have both the willingness and opportunity to do so. Democratic third parties that value the rule of law and human rights possess the willingness to coerce war participants, while strong allies, trade partners, and intergovernmental organization (IGO) partners with existing ties to the combatant state have the opportunity to engage in coercion by linking combat-ant behavior to the provision of benefits or imposition of costs. Based on this logic, we hypothesize that war combatants who have ratified the Geneva/Hague Conventions prohibiting the intentional targeting of noncombatants during war are more likely to comply with the legal obligations included in those conventions when they interact with relatively strong democratic alliance, trade, and IGO partners. In a series of quantitative tests on a data set of all interstate wars from 1900 to 2003, we find strong statistical and substantive support for the role of third parties in inducing compliance with the law.