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Discusses a proposal to require any immigrants entering the country to possess five hundred dollars before admittance. ; Research project undertaken by the University of the Fraser Valley South Asian Studies Institute, formerly the Centre for Indo-Canadian Studies in 2015

The European Union identifies the regional level as the ideal spatial scale for resources' redistribution, in so doing turning European regions into key spatial development players. This raises challenges due to the heterogeneity of the EU in terms of administrative configurations, and spatial governance and planning systems. The contribution of this article draws on the results of three interlinked ESPON research projects to shed light on the matter. Building on an overview of the institutional variables that may influence successful regional development, it proposes a typology of multi-level regional development governance in the EU and reflects upon the potentials for delivering economic, social, and territorial cohesion.

The European Union identifies the regional level as the ideal spatial scale for resources' redistribution, in so doing turning European regions into key spatial development players. This raises challenges due to the heterogeneity of the EU in terms of administrative configurations, and spatial governance and planning systems. The contribution of this article draws on the results of three interlinked ESPON research projects to shed light on the matter. Building on an overview of the institutional variables that may influence successful regional development, it proposes a typology of multi-level regional development governance in the EU and reflects upon the potentials for delivering economic, social, and territorial cohesion.

Higher education is central to achieving individual economic success and to supporting the national economy. It not only offers the most dependable path to achieving social mobility, but it also allows the United States to remain competitive in the global economy. For the thousands of undocumented young people who graduate from American high schools each year, the path to a college degree or a postsecondary credential is overshadowed by the complex state, federal, and institutional policies that determine available education options. This report calls the attention of why undocumented students deserve greater access to higher education. ; Center for American Progress ; Generation Progress

Background: Recent research as part of a multi-disciplinary investigation on the acceptability and impact of male circumcision for HIV prevention in Papua New Guinea (PNG) has shown that health workers (HWs) undertake unauthorized forms of penile cutting practices in public health facilities or in community settings, at times within a traditional context. Participation in these activities shares common features with coping mechanisms, strategies used by HWs to alleviate the burden of unsatisfactory living and working conditions. Coping mechanisms, however, are typically described as motivated by economic advantage, but in PNG evidence exists that the behaviours of HWs are also influenced by opportunities for social capital.

THE NEW STRATEGIC CONCEPT ADVANCED AT THE FIFTIETH BIRTHDAY MEETING OF NATO REPLACED THE ONE ISSUED IN 1991 AND REFLECTED THE NEW ACTIVITIES AND FUNCTIONS THAT NATO HAD BECOME ENGAGED IN OVER THE DECADE. NATO'S RECENT ROLE IN BOSNIA AND KOSOVO CONFIRMED NATO'S SUPREMACY AS THE PRINCIPAL DEFENSE AND SECURITY ACTOR IN EUROPE. YET, THE OUTWARD PROJECTION OF NATO'S VITALITY MASKS SIGNIFICANT INTERNAL TENSIONS AND UNRESOLVED DILEMMAS. IN ADDITION, IT IS EVIDENT THAT THE FUTURE OF NATO IS CRITICALLY DEPENDENT ON EUROPE AND THE EU SUCCESSFULLY RISING TO THE CHALLENGE OF ASSUMING THE MILITARY AND SECURITY RESPONSIBILITIES THAT ARE CONSONANT WITH EUROPE'S ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL POWER AND PRESTIGE.

A COMMON CURRENCY, AS ENVISIONED IN THE MAASTRICHT TREATY, IS THOUGHT TO BE THE SUREST WAY TO "LOCK IN" COMMITMENTS TO MONETARY COOPERATION AMONG SOVEREIGN STATES. HOWEVER, HISTORICAL EVIDENCE SUGGESTS OTHERWISE. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SIX CURRENCY UNIONS DEMONSTRATES THAT, WHILE ECONOMIC AND ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS ARE INFLUENTIAL IN DETERMINING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF MONETARY COOPERATION, INTERSTATE POLITICS IS MORE IMPORTANT. COMPLIANCE WITH COMMITMENTS IS GREATEST IN THE PRESENCE OF EITHER A LOCALLY DOMINANT STATE, WILLING AND ABLE TO USE ITS INFLUENCE TO SUSTAIN MONETARY COOPERATION, OR A BROAD NETWORK OF INSTITUTIONAL LINKAGES SUFFICIENT TO MAKE THE LOSS OF MONETARY AUTONOMY TOLERABLE TO EACH PARTNER.

THE PRINCIPLE FOCUS FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE IN THE 1990S PROMISES TO BE THE FORMER SOVIET UNION. APART FROM THE IMMEDIATE SYMBOLISM OF THE GESTURE, THIS ARTICLE ASKS WHAT WESTERN DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE TO THE FORMER SOVIET UNION IS SUPPOSED TO ACCOMPLISH, AND EXACTLY HOW IT IS EXPECTED TO ACHIVE THESE RESULTS. IT PONDERS WHY THE DONOR COMMUNITY SHOULD BE EXPECTED TO SUCCEED IN THIS CHALLENGE WHEN IT HAS CONSPICUOUSLY FAILED IN MANY EASIER TESTS. IT SUGGESTS THAT THE ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS NOW UNDER CONSIDERATION IN THE WEST MAY NOT ONLY PROVE TO BE WASTEFUL, BUT MAY EVEN ULTIMATELY RETARD REFORM WORTHY OF THE NAME.

Since 1945, rapid growth has been prized by Western governments. Anxiety raised by this policy is illustrated in D. Meadows's et al, The Limits of Growth (New York: New American Library/Signet, 1972). Although many have disputed the claims of this text, balanced growth & social & political limits are currently accepted versions of 'limits to growth.' Two features of this tenet are given: the whole of democratic politics should be based upon it; & it should be strongly considered when making political & economic decisions. For the masses, the probability of shortages, particularly of energy, is the most convincing standard for the need for great change in lifestyle. Huge financial & labor commitments must be made to make the transition to a society that is energy efficient & fully employed, without exhausting the world's resources. P. Montgomery.

This paper provides a retrospective assessment of the effects of trade policies on South African manufacturing since the transition to democracy, examining the differences and commonalities in the views of economists in favour of and against an acceleration of trade liberalization. Data from the Bureau of Economic Research are used to test a number of effects on manufacturing industry that were envisaged to flow from trade policy reforms, including effects on mark-ups, productivity, exports, employment, and investment. The evidence presented here shows that a rising real exchange rate results in falling unit raw material costs as expected. However, exporter profitability still suffers because the mark-up also falls, presumably to keep prices from rising too much in foreign currencies. There is evidence, too, that a real appreciation causes the export volume to decrease.

The political implications of British Prime Minister Tony Blair's continued support for US military actions in Iraq are considered. Two significant differences between the UK's policies toward the Suez Canal region & Iraq are identified: the British state is supporting the military policies of another country & an ideological rift has emerged within a single political party. Rather than accept "poodle theory" explanations for Blair's dedication to US military policy, it is asserted that long-standing political economic & security policies between the UK & US are primarily responsible for Blair's fidelity. However, it is stressed that Blair's attachment contradicts the Blair government's traditional liberal internationalist perspective. Consequently, it is concluded that future US unilateral military actions will not be supported by the UK since the British public is discontent with the British state's current commitment to the US. J. W. Parker