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Gustavsson [1999] finds that policies that promote international trade increase the size of a country's largest city relative to the country's total population, which is defined here as an increase in urban gigantism. In contrast, Ades and Glaeser [1995] report urban gigantism is reduced by freer political institutions and, with less confidence, more open trade. In light of Henderson's (2000) findings that excessive urban concentration inhibits economic growth, these conflicting results for the relationship between openness and urban gigantism (concentration), which are of great interest for the new economic geography, call for additional study. This study uses two measures of urban concentration and finds that lower international-trade costs are associated with lower primacy, but not with lower gigantism. Unlike Gustavsson, however, we find no evidence that lower trade costs increase gigantism.

Intro -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Authors -- Series Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction to the Handbook -- Handbook Contribution -- Handbook Vision -- Yulia's Story -- Franziska's Story -- Jennie's Story -- Handbook Authors -- Handbook Structure -- Handbook Audience -- References -- Part I. Philosophical and Conceptual Traditions -- References -- 1. Leadership Studies Across Cultures and Nations Traditional Epistemology and New Horizons -- Introduction -- Leadership Research Across Cultures and Societies: A Historical Focus -- Traditional Epistemologies -- Recognition of Cross-Cultural and International Leadership Area of Studies -- First Scholarly Analyses -- Inclusion of Cross-Cultural and International Leadership Perspectives in the Conventional Leadership Field -- Global Leadership Research: Leadership Realities Beyond Cultural Context -- Local and Indigenous Leadership Paradigms and Approaches -- Local, Culture-Specific Leadership Studies -- Indigenous Leadership Research Across Countries -- Conclusion -- References -- 2. International Followership: A Research Review Including Issues, Challenges and Future Directions -- Introduction -- Why Study International Followership? -- Followership Is Integral to Social Justice -- The Quality of Followership Is a Determinant of Group Outcomes -- Leaders Can Create Better Followers, but Only If They Know What Constitutes Effective Followership -- Followership Is a Counterbalance to Poor or Toxic Leadership -- Toxic Followership Can Derail Leadership -- Followership Is Not Leadership -- 1. A Western Perspective on Followership -- Followership Has No Universal Technical or Colloquial Definition -- People Do Not Have a Well-Developed Sense of What Followership Is, or Is Not -- 2. Followership Theory Review.

В 2022 г. исполнилось 110 лет Русско-Монгольскому соглашению (или договору) 1912 г. – первому международному договору в новой истории независимой Монголии. Данным соглашением Россия официально признала Монголию и ее правительство, признала государственность Монголии. Это соглашение положило начало дипломатическим отношениям новой Монголии и России. В связи с данным соглашением в г. Улан-Батор, Монголия, прошла международная конференция, посвященная этому событию. Приводятся краткие сведения о прошедшей конференции.

Abstract

Background and purpose: Despite their clear relevance to human life, microchip implants are still widely viewed as negative, threatening our privacy and raising growing concerns about our health. This paper aims to investigate the important factors influencing people's perception of microchip implants and their willingness to use them for different purposes.

Methodology: The cross-sectional study was conducted in three European countries and the data were analysed using the group Structural Equation Modeling approach. Only complete answers to the online survey questionnaire items were used representing a convenience sample of 804 respondents.

Results: The results show that perceived ease of use, usefulness and perceived trust are significant predictors of intention to use microchip implants. Perceived trust is influenced by privacy and technology safety. Concerns about painful procedures and other health concerns reduce the perceived usefulness of microchip implants. Apart from the predictor health concerns, the results were similar in all countries.

Conclusion: Based on the presented results, researchers interested in investigating the actual use of microchip implants can establish a solid foundation for their research. The results may assist policy makers in developing the regulations to ensure the safe use of microchip implants and allow for a higher level of security. As a follow-up, investigation of changes in the acceptance of microchip implants following the threat of a global pandemic is proposed.

The initial policy of the countries that developed vaccines has been to lock the vaccine by patent. This has been due to the fact that domestic demand for vaccine was mounting. Since only a few countries could invest in it, manufacturing and export remained at the behest of those few resulting in deep inequity in the global rollout. Pandemics are global health crises. Hence, calls for the patent waiver for the COVID-19 vaccine are growing to access the vaccine. The vaccine and its production, marketing and distribution have been politicized driven by the hegemonic aspiration. Both manufacturing and import-dependent countries are racing to win the diplomatic battle: the former has to win to gain hegemony and the latter to get the vaccine. Hence, the vaccine distribution has been marked with deep discrimination, and as a result, the migrant community is less likely to get their vaccine on time. This article engages in the decades-long debate over intellectual property rights and patenting life-saving vaccines. We argue that exemption of COVID-19 vaccines from intellectual property rights would improve global access and equity.

Many of the more developed countries and other members of the United Nations organization are already working hard on energy transition issues, which is nothing more than the independence of fossil energy sources and the technological foray into clean energy sources. This independence is generally achieved by replacing conventional energy sources with alternative renewable sources, and because of this, it is also necessary to adapt or replace systems using these conventional sources with systems using alternative sources. In the United States of America, they have set to work seeking to reduce dependence on oil and increasing the production of natural gas and biofuel, which will save eighteen hundred barrels of oil. In England, decarbonization and energy efficiency increase plans are carried out that proposes an 80% reduction in emissions. Likewise, efforts are made in the European Union to increase energy efficiency and renewable energy, as well as CO2 capture and nuclear energy generation, as well as cost reductions of all renewable energies of up to 53%. For its part, China represents almost half of the world's investment in renewable energy in something they call the energy revolution, despite the fact that it has also been a major importer of oil. In Latin America, Brazil is aiming at decarbonization by designing adequate mechanisms and policies for sustained development in the use of renewable energy sources, in addition to increasing the use of solar electric power generation sources, among others. In this paper, you can find the efforts made and projections on energy transition in some countries.

The circular economy (CE) is currently a worldwide popular concept that should ensure sustainable development and resource efficiency. It is established on the theory of consumption and use of resources in the process of production in a way that affects a limitation of adverse effects on the environment. Simultaneously, this concept creates additional value and reuse of the products. In the Republic of Serbia (RS), the idea of CE is still new and underdeveloped. Hence, this paper aims to explore the possibility of implementing a CE in companies that operate in the RS by adopting the already developed methodology in the European Union. This research was conducted by monitoring the production process in the company "MB INTERNACIONAL" that produced cardboard packaging. The obtained approximate value of Circular Indicator of this company was 0.47, which indicated that the company had excellent chances for full implementation of the CE model in the business with the application of specific measures. The low-budget and highbudget measures, which could improve the circularity level in the analyzed company, are also presented in the research.

El artículo aborda los temas relacionados con la necesidad de sacar «de las sombras» los ingresos de los ciudadanos autónomos, estimulando a estos últimos a pagar impuestos y pagos sociales. Se muestran formas de resolver el problema que se aplican en varios estados postsoviéticos, se hace referencia a la experiencia internacional en regulación legal. ; The social and legal status of the self-employed population should take the legislative form, as required by the realities of today. The main subject of discussion is the problem of legalization of the legal status of this category of citizens in Russia; while in many foreign countries already have such experience. This encourages systemic changes in this area. The main idea of future reforms should be not to increase tax revenues to the state budget, but to provide the legal and social basis for small private businesses.