Suchergebnisse

Although a multitude of factors may be involved in the development of children's violent behavior, the actual aggressive act is preceded by a decision‐making process that serves as the proximal control mechanism. The primary goal of this longitudinal study was to understand the nature of this proximal control mechanism involved in children's aggressive acts by focusing on two aspects of social cognitions: social information processing and stored knowledge (i.e., internal knowledge structures that are the latent memories of past events). It was hypothesized that: (1) children with hostile knowledge structures will display more biased patterns of aggressive social information processing than children whose knowledge structures are less hostile and negative; (2) children who display hostile knowledge structures will behave in chronically aggressive ways; and (3) the development of hostile knowledge structures and hostile patterns of social information processing contribute to the stability of aggressive behavior and thus partially mediate the relation between early and later aggressive behavior. 585 boys and girls (19% African‐American) were followed from kindergarten through eighth grade. Results from this investigation support the hypotheses and are discussed in terms of the significance of the inclusion of knowledge structures in our theories of the mental processes involved in children's violent behaviour.

Comparative politics allows us to appraise the policy relevance of political variables as distinct from those of cultural, societal, and economic variables. Recent research has made an initial contribution to what may be called comparative public policy; in the field of welfare policy, it has raised questions concerning the measurement of welfare needs, the relationship between resources and benefits, the role of political values, and the likelihood of policy diffusion among neighboring states. This study reviews four environmental variables, four political variables, and three measures of social security as applied to eight countries. In doing so, new information is brought to light concerning the significance of the variables and the direction further research should take.

The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the recent efforts by psychologists to explore intergenerational continuities and their influences on children's social development. A primary criterion for inclusion in the review was use of three generations of subjects represented in the research, although two generation studies were included to supplement or expand upon the conclusions drawn from three generation studies. The following domains of research were reviewed: (1) literature regarding the repetition of child abuse across generations, (2) research examining the intergenerational continuity of attachment status, (3) investigations of the continuity of parenting and childrearing behavior parents experienced with their own parents, (4) research examining intergenerational continuities in parenting involving non‐human primates, and (5) investigations of intergenerational continuities in both peer and sibling relationships. Across all literatures reviewed, evidence was found for intergenerational continuity with gender of parent affecting results. Two primary mechanisms for transmission appear to be cognitive schemas of relationships and modeling. A paradigm is proposed describing possible means of intergenerational transmission of influence on the social development of children.

AbstractGiven renewed attention to racial equity in the social work profession, the authors suggest the use of counternarratives, an established tool of critical race theory, as an accessible method to challenge racism and examine privilege in social work education, practice, and research. Counternarratives use the technique of storytelling to elevate the lived experiences of marginalized individuals and communities and invite the listener into critical reflection about dominant, privileged discourses. The ultimate goal of counternarratives is the achievement of racial equity. The authors provide context about how counternarratives can align with social work education, practice, and research, and then use specific, illustrative examples from their own work to bring this method and its application to life. The authors also share their own processes of reflection and dialogue across disciplines and social locations in the use of counternarratives. The reflections of an experienced social justice educator provide additional insights on the use of counternarratives in the field of social work.

En la actual coyuntura de crisis social, política y económica por la que atraviesa nuestro país, los jóvenes son el segmento poblacional más afectado por el desempleo, con cifras que alcanzan el 50%. Esta circunstancia obliga a los responsables administrativos a orientarla acción de gobierno hacia el compromiso social, los procesos de aprendizaje, la socialización y la integración sociolaboral de este colectivo. Los ayuntamientos asumen tales competencias y se erigen en los principales artífices de la vertebración de las políticas de juventud, desarrollando innovadoras estrategias de interacción. A través de este estudio se analiza la implementación de los medios sociales y la tecnología multimedia en los procesos de comunicación y relación online para difundir las políticas de juventud participativas, emancipatorias e identitarias desarrolladas por los ayuntamientos. Mediante el análisis de contenido se identifican asuntos que se enmarcan en la gestión de estructuras político-administrativas centralizadas y descentralizadas, se comparan coincidencias en la prominencia de los temas, y se constata que existen diferentes grados de implementación de recursos 2.0 en estos nuevos procesos comunicativo-relacionales orientados a la ciudadanía joven. ; In the current social, political and economic crisis facing our country, young people are the segment of the population most affected by unemployment, with figures reaching over 50%. This situation requires administrative officials to guide the government towards social commitment, learning processes, socialization and social and occupational integration of this group. Municipalities assume such powers and set themselves up as the main architects for the structuring of youth policies, developing innovative interaction strategies. This study analyses the implementation of social media and multimedia technology in the processes of communicating and relatingon-line to disseminate youth policies developed by municipalities - policies that are participatory and emancipatory and that the young can identify with. Through content analysis we identify issues within the framework of the management of centralized and decentralized political and administrative structures, we compare agreement with regard to the prominence of issues, and we observe that there are different degrees of implementation of these new 2.0 resources in these new communicative-relational processes oriented towards young citizens.

The precise mechanisms by which the information ecosystem polarizes society remain elusive. Focusing on political sorting in networks, we develop a computational model that examines how social network structure changes when individuals participate in information cascades, evaluate their behavior, and potentially rewire their connections to others as a result. Individuals follow proattitudinal information sources but are more likely to first hear and react to news shared by their social ties and only later evaluate these reactions by direct reference to the coverage of their preferred source. Reactions to news spread through the network via a complex contagion. Following a cascade, individuals who determine that their participation was driven by a subjectively "unimportant" story adjust their social ties to avoid being misled in the future. In our model, this dynamic leads social networks to politically sort when news outlets differentially report on the same topic, even when individuals do not know others' political identities. Observational follow network data collected on Twitter support this prediction: We find that individuals in more polarized information ecosystems lose cross-ideology social ties at a rate that is higher than predicted by chance. Importantly, our model reveals that these emergent polarized networks are less efficient at diffusing information: Individuals avoid what they believe to be "unimportant" news at the expense of missing out on subjectively "important" news far more frequently. This suggests that "echo chambers"—to the extent that they exist—may not echo so much as silence.

Reseña de la obra de: FUNDACIÓN FOESSA (2014) VII Informe sobre exclusión y desarrollo social en España, Madrid, Caritas y Fundación Foessa, 685 pp.

The objective of the work is to investigate the relationship between social trust and social indifference of citizens. The sample of study is students of the Islamic Azad University of Kerman. In this research, the opinions of Fukuyama, Giddens and Hirschi have been used. The statistical population of research consists of all students of Islamic Azad University of Kerman in 2017 and the sample of the research has been estimated at 400. The research sampling method is a kind of probabilistic methods and has been sorted by clustering method. The results of multivariate regression analysis indicate: cultural trust variable had the most significant effect on the social indifference. This coefficient has been reported negative to be -0.274. After that, the social class has the greatest effect on the social indifference. This is a negative coefficient of -0.230. On the other hand, the relationship between public trust and political trust with social indifference has also been reported significant and negative.

El artículo examina los escritos de Bourdieu en donde el tema de la reflexividad se encuentra más presente y donde más se fusiona con los intereses y las preocupaciones que son propias de la antropología y su afán por asumir como objeto el propio trabajo antropológico. En particular El oficio del sociólogo, El campo científico (1968), y el último curso al College de France, significativamente titulado Science de la science et reflexivité. El objetivo es evidenciar la utilidad de la perspectiva reflexiva propuesta por Bourdieu para promover una antropología consciente de su modus operandi y capaz de valorar su propia posición dentro de las ciencias sociales y del campo académico en general.

Food $ense (SNAP-Ed) connects program participants with the knowledge and skills they need for continual access to safe and healthy foods (1). In 2013, the Supplemental Nutrition Program, known as SNAP-Ed, provided assistance to over 47 million low-income individuals each month (2). This government funded educational program strives to reach more low-income individuals every day through a variety of methods. The most recent initiatives include electronic media and technology. The Pew Research Center revealed that 72% of individuals with a household income of less than $30,000 a year have access to and use online social media(3). Table For One, a Food $ense blog, was developed with the intent of reaching out through social media to SNAP eligibles, specifically those who have not yet been exposed to the program. Each week the blog sends out nutrition and cooking lessons to readers from over 50 countries across the globe. A typical lesson includes a healthy and budget friendly recipe along with information about a particular food or new cooking concept. Since its launch in June of 2013, Table For One has had over 5,600 total views and has grown to more than 960 followers (4). Blog data and statistics show that social media has allowed Food $ense to expand its outreach exponentially and will continue to do so.

AbstractThe possibility of genotype–environment interaction for memory performance and change was examined in 150 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs from the Swedish Adoption Twin Study of Aging (SATSA). We used an MZ twin pair difference approach to examine the possibility that genotype was associated with intrapair variability and thus suggestive of genotype–nonshared environment interactions. Multiple 'variability genes' were found for longitudinal change in a semantic memory task including candidates coding for apolipoprotein E (APOE) and estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) as well as serotonin candidates (HTR2Aand5HTT). One candidate also related to variability in change in episodic memory (5HTT). Of the significant associations observed, generally results indicated that MZ pairs who carry putative risk alleles were less variable than noncarriers, suggesting that noncarriers may be more sensitive to environmental contexts. We sought to 'contextualize' the possible nonshared environmental influences for found gene–environment (G × E) effects by considering intrapair differences in measured social and stress factors, including social support, life events and depressive symptoms. Results suggested that nonshared environmental influences associated with depressive symptoms may moderate the G × E relationship observed forESR1andAPOEand longitudinal semantic memory change whereby noncarriers of putative risk alleles may be relatively more sensitive to depressionevoking environmental contexts than carriers of the risk allele. Thus, the contexts that facilitate or reduce depressive symptoms may affect semantic memory resiliency dependent on genotype. Further work ought to consider larger sample sizes as well as consider additional social and contextual factors.