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Whether or not a certain norm is legally binding upon international actors may often depend on whether or not the instrument which contains the norm is to be regarded as a treaty. In this study, the author argues that instruments which contain commitments are, ex hypothesi , treaties. In doing so, he challenges popular notions proclaiming the existence of morally and politically binding agreements and so-called `soft law'. Such notions, Klabbers argues, are internally inconsistent and founded upon untenable presumptions. Moreover, they find little support in the pertinent decisions of municipal and international courts and tribunals. The book addresses issues of importance not only for academics working in international law, constitutional law and political science, but also for practitioners involved in the making, implementation and enforcement of international agreements

In recent years, policymakers in the United States and worldwide have paid great attention to the criminal sanction as a tool for reaching environmental objectives. This article offers several arguments for the application of this penalty to behaviors that degrade the natural environment. Some are based on its deterrent capacity; some are less practical, focusing on a moral imperative to punish those who threaten human health or destroy natural resources. But arguments against criminalizing environmental law are also numerous. They emphasize its high costs, procedural complexity, and potential overkill effects. Decisions about the appropriate applicability of criminal sanctions need to be based on an evaluation of their actual legal and organizational advantages and disadvantages and a knowledge of other promising ideas to foster compliance. Such ideas range from subsidizing the polluter to publicizing his or her good or ill deeds.

"This fourth revised edition is the leading Canadian legal text on the law relating to religious institutions. Previous editions have been frequently cited in and by all levels of Canadian courts as legally authoritative. Drawing on legal, historical, and theological sources, it deals with almost every area in which the laws of Canada interact with matters of religion or religious institutions including constitutional law, criminal law, evidence, property, corporations, trusts, taxation, discipline, family, health, and education. Designed for use by both lawyers and church administrators, this synthesis of legal and religious concerns makes this text an essential resource for all professionals working in the area. The fourth edition of Religious Institutions and the Law, current to the end of 2016, updates the law and includes new consideration of wearing religious garb in public places, marriage, rights of public school students, the right of Trinity Western University to open a new professional law faculty, ownership of property where institutional disputes erupt, and the definition of religion for legal purposes."--

2.3 Contingent and inherent meaning2.4 Searle on function; 2.5 Occam's razor; 3 Linguistic meaning; 3.1 Criteria theories of meaning; 3.2 Stereotypes or ideal types; 3.3 Theories of direct denotation; 3.4 Inferential analysis of meaning; 3.5 Legal status words; 4 Internal and external concepts; 5 Closed and open generalisations; 6 Conclusion; III. Rules as constraints; 1 Not all rules guide behaviour; 2 Directions of fit; 3 Possible worlds and necessity; 3.1 Possible worlds; 3.2 Propositional logic; 3.3 Necessity and the world-to-word direction of fit of constraints

Putting technology front and centre in our thinking about law, this book introduces Law 3.0: the future of the legal landscape. Technology not only disrupts the traditional idea of what it is to think like a lawyer,' as per Law 1.0; it presents major challenges to regulatorswho arereasoning in a Law 2.0 mode. As this book demonstrates, the latest developments in technology offer regulators the possibility of employing a technical fix rather than just relying on rules - thus, we are introducing Law 3.0. Law 3.0 represents, so to speak, the state we are in and the conversation that we now need to have, and this book identifies some of the key points for discussion in that conversation. Thinking like a lawyer might continue to be associated with Law 1.0, but from 2020 onward, Law 3.0 is the conversation that we all need to join. And, as this book argues, law and the evolution of legal reasoning cannot be adequately understood unless we grasp the significance of technology in shaping both legal doctrine and our regulatory thinking. This is a book for those studying, or about to study, law - as well as others with interests in the legal, political, and social impact of technology.

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this paper is to expose some consequences of the economic globalization process – as well as of the recent "sovereign debt crisis" – on the normative enforcement of workplaces' health and safety. Methodology: The methodology used is based on bibliographic and legislation research, as well as on doctrine and articles published in specialized journals. Results:It is concluded that after the Lisbon Summit of 2009, the whole matter of fundamental rights in the European Union has taken a new connotation. Local economic interests and social protests – in opposition to the "neoliberal agenda" of EU institutions – have played an important role in stopping the enforcement of the "Constitutional Treaty" and boosted an anti-Euro mobilization. In the meanwhile, the European bodies and transnational corporations have continued to settle a new and alternative basis for the integration. A radical shift can be observed, from the research of synthetic set of principles – as those established on the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights – to a deeply technical and detailed normative production. The regulation on safety and healthy workplaces is one of the best point of view to study this change. Far from calling into question the unbalanced positions between the parties in contemporary labour relationships, the European strategy for workers' protection move through procedural issues and voluntary obedience to the soft law instruments. In the past, the legal doctrine described the creation of a multilevel architecture of institutions, sometimes implemented in a top-down approach. Along with this, recently, it was implemented the establishment of common organizational standards associated to a specific system of corporate governance to pursue a better integration between business and fundamental rights. Contributions: The main contribution of this study relates to the interdisciplinary approach, which has been carried out by means of a deep and careful study of "soft" law documents, i.e. the best practices, strategies and communications and a focus on how they can affect the enforcement/interpretation of the traditional sources of "hard" law. Keywords: Social rights; occupational health and safety; corporate governance; hard Law and soft Law; European Law. RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é expor algumas consequências do processo de globalização econômica - bem como da recente "crise da dívida soberana" - na aplicação normativa da saúde e segurança dos locais de trabalho. Metodologia: A metodologia utilizada é baseada em pesquisas bibliográficas e legislativas, bem como em doutrinas e artigos publicados em periódicos especializados. Resultados:Conclui-se que, após a Conferência de Lisboa de 2009, toda a questão dos direitos fundamentais na União Europeia tomou uma nova conotação. Os interesses econômicos locais e os protestos sociais – em oposição à "agenda neoliberal" promovida pelas instituições europeias – têm desempenhado um papel importante em parar a execução do "Tratado Constitucional" e impulsionar uma mobilização anti-Euro. Neste interim, os organismos europeus e as empresas transnacionais instalaram uma base nova e alternativa para a integração. Uma mudança radical pode ser observada a partir da pesquisa de um conjunto (ainda) sintético de princípios – como os estabelecidos na Carta dos Direitos Fundamentais da União Europeia – para uma produção normativa profundamente técnica e detalhada. A regulação da segurança no local de trabalho é um dos melhores pontos de observação para estudar a transformação mencionada. Longe de pôr em causa as posições desequilibradas entre as partes nas relações de trabalho contemporâneas, a estratégia europeia para a proteção da saúde dos trabalhadores prefere as questões procedimentais e a adesão voluntária aos instrumentos de soft law. No passado, a doutrina jurídica descrevia a criação de uma arquitetura multinível de instituições, àss vezes implementada por meio de uma abordagem de cima para baixo (top-down approach). Junto com isso, recentemente, houve a implementação de padrões organizacionais comuns para a instituição de um sistema específico de governança corporativa que busca uma melhor integração entre os negócios e os direitos fundamentais. Contribuições: A principal contribuição deste estudo refere-se à abordagem interdisciplinar, realizada por meio de um estudo profundo e cuidadoso de documentos de soft law (lei não vinculativa), i. e, boas práticas, estratégias e comunicações, e um foco em como elas podem afetar a aplicação / interpretação das fontes tradicionais da hard law (lei vinculativa). Palavras-chave: Direitos sociais; segurança e saúde ocupacional; governança corporativa; hard Law e soft Law; Direito europeu.