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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Marasandra Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 615 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 82 per cent is covered by soils and eighteen per cent by rock outcrops and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of July to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 82 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 38 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm), 33 per cent moderately deep and 12 per cent moderately shallow in soil depth.  About 30 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 55 per cent loamy soils.  About 18 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (1 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 6 per cent high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 79 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 3 per cent gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 41 per cent has soils that are nil to slightly eroded (e1) and 45 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 29 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) to moderately acid, 19 per cent is strongly acid (ph 5.0-5.5), 15 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 20 per cent slightly to moderately alkaline in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 28 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 14 per cent area and medium (10- 20 ppm) in about 67 per cent and low (0.6 ppm) in 77 per cent and deficiant (1) 358 (58) Fodder Sorghum 88 (14) 166 (27) Pomogranate 1 (>1) 203 (33) Maize 49 (8) 170 (28) Banana 1 (>1) 203 (33) Upland paddy 49 (8) 222 (36) Jackfruit 1 (>1) 164 (27) Finger millet 49 (8) 183 (30) Jamun 1 (>1) 39 (6) Redgram 49 (8) 209 (34) Musambi 40 (6) 164 (27) Horse gram 138 (22) 327 (53) Lime 40 (6) 164 (27) Field bean 49 (8) 209 (34) Cashew 1 (>1) 358 (58) Cowpea 88 (14) 170 (28) Custard apple 88 (14) 395 (64) Groundnut 49 (8) 377 (61) Amla 88 (14) 395 (64) Sunflower 40 (6) 164 (27) Tamarind 1 (>1) 39 (6) Onion 49 (8) 170 (28) Marigold 88 (14) 170 (28) Chilli 88 (14) 170 (28) Chrysanthemum 88 (14) 170 (28) Brinjal 88 (14) 170 (28) Jasmine 49 (8) 209 (34) Tomato 88 (14) 170 (28) Coconut 1 (>1) 164 (27) Mango 1 (>1%) - Arecanut 1 (>1) 164 (27) Sapota 1 (>1%) 164 (27) Mulberry 1 (>1) (3710) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Marasandra micro-watershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13024' – 13026' North latitudes and 76034' – 76037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 615.06 ha, bounded by Navule, Karehalli, Shavashettyhalli and Marasandra villages. with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Marasandra micro-watershed (Anekatte subwatershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 47.6 to 52.4 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 52.3 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 76.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) 30 percent and general caste around 40 percent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among10 per cent.  About 60 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households are having MGNREGA card around 60 per cent for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is about 90 percent of farm households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.23 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to marginal and small farmers. The irrigated is around 82.5 per 2 cent and 17.5 per cent of rainfed land is the total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 4.76 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 66.67 per cent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.11115 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 6917 per household; about 30 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart and plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 26188 per household; about 66.6 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 598 grams (1382 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 24909 per household. About 10 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1426. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.574 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 291117 per year for the total area of 459 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 21430/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 77386) followed by ragi (Rs. 5739), green gram (Rs. 1942) and horse gram (Rs. 652).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3444/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in horse gram (Rs. 4305) and ragi (Rs. 2582).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 54585) followed by red gram (Rs. 54338), cotton (Rs. 51153) and sorghum (Rs. 40332). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is ragi (29.8%) followed by coconut (25.8 %), greengram (21.6 %), horse gram (13.0 %) and maize (9.9 %).  In Marasandra micro-watershed, major soil series are Kethanapura series having moderately shallow soil depth covered around 8.13. % of area. Major crops are green gram (26.4 %) and ragi (73.6 %), Hooradhahalli soils series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 22.78% of area. on this soil farmers are presently growing horsegram (26.4 %) and ragi (79.4 %). Gatareddihal soils series are having deep soil depth covers around 6.27% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing greengram (50 %) and horse gram (50 %). Nagalapur series are having deep soil depth covers around 6.27 % of area. Major crop is redgram. Balapur series are having deep soil depth covers around 6.27 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing coconut (15.1 %), greengram (39.4 %), horse gram (8.2 %) and ragi (37.4 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for greengram ranges between Rs. 67855/ha in KTP soil (with BCR of 1.10) and Rs.15223/ha in GRH soil (with BCR of 1.14).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 45946 ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 0.99) and Rs. 8616/ha in GRH soil (with BCR of 2.16).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs 18738 ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.59) and Rs.14250/ha in KTP soil (with BCR of 1.10).  In coconut the cost of cultivation range between Rs 77621 ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 2.13) and Rs.17267/ha in NGP soil (with BCR of 6.87).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in ragi (72 to 86.7%), horsegram gram (3.8 to 50 %), greengram (0 to 42.9 %) and coconut (35.4 to 46.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nagenahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 868 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 90 per cent is covered by soils, 10 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 4l and use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 2ndweek of July to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 90 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  About 34 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface, 50 per cent loamy and 5% sandy soils.  Entire area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 90 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 84 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 6 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 23 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) to moderately acid, 62 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 5 per cent area slightly alkaline.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) and 15 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 13 per cent, medium (10-20 ppm) in about 52 per cent and low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese, copper and zinc are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 672 (77) 59 (7) Guava 366 (42) 365 (42) Fodder Sorghum 672 (77) 106 (12) Pomogranate 672 (77) 106 (12) Maize 283 (33) 448 (52) Banana 672 (77) 106 (12) Upland paddy 672 (77) 106 (12) Jackfruit 672 (77) 59 (7) Finger millet 672 (77) 59 (7) Jamun 672 (77) 106 (12) Redgram 672 (77) 106 (12) Musambi 672 (77) 106 (12) Horse gram 672 (77) 106 (12) Lime 672 (77) 106 (12) Field bean 672 (77) 106 (12) Cashew 366 (42) 306 (35) Cowpea 672 (77) 106 (12) Custard apple 672 (77) 106 (12) Groundnut 42 (5) 324 (37) Amla 672 (77) 106 (12) Sunflower 672 (77) 106 (12) Tamarind 672 (77) 106 (12) Onion 589 (68) 189 (22) Marigold 672 (77) 106 (12) Chilli 672 (77) 106 (12) Chrysanthemum 672 (77) 106 (12) Brinjal 672 (77) 106 (12) Jasmine 672 (77) 106 (12) Tomato 672 (77) 106 (12) Coconut 366 (42) 365 (42) Mango 672 (77) 59 (7) Arecanut 366 (42) 365 (42) Sapota 672 (77) 59 (7) Mulberry 42 (5) (5473) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Nagenahalli micro-watershed (Kibbanahalli sub-watershed, Chikkanayaka- halli Taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13020' – 13021' North latitudes and 76036' – 76039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 867.82 ha, bounded by Bedarahalli, Baraganahalli, Aralikere, Godekere, Pankajanahalli and Halugona villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Nagenahalli Microwatershed (Kibbanahalli sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli Taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 50 to 50 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 57 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 99 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste among all the sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among the all sample households.  About 40 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Around 20 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 60 per cent.  Swatch bharath program providing closed toilet facilities for among all sample households.  Institutional participation is only 15.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all the sample farms households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.90 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 68.7 % and irrigated land 18.6 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 78.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 3.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 9532 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 119861 per household, about 40 per cent of sample farmers having tractor and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 19833 per household; about 41.6 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 566.9 grams (1336.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among the all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.48989 per household. About 50 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.924. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 423 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 328783 per year for the total area of 867.8 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 43095/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in areca nut (Rs. 80030) followed by coconut (Rs. 44830) and ragi (Rs. 4427).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3397/ ha/year is ragi.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 331961) followed by ragi (Rs. 16258) and areca nut (Rs. 11031). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (65.5 %) followed by ragi (29.6 %) and areca nut (4.8 %).  In Nagenahalli micro-watershed, major soil series are Hallikere (HLK) soil series are having very deep soil depth cover around 27.7 % area. On this soil farmers are presently growing ragi. Jedigere (JDG) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 4.86 % area; the crops are coconut (90.4 %) ragi (9.5 %). Ranatur (RTR) soils are having very deep soil depth covered around 35.2 % areas; crops are areca nut (7.4 %), coconut (69.8 %) and ragi (22.7 %). Thondigere (TDG) soils are also having very deep soil depth covered around 5.36 % of area, crops are coconut.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs.246381/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs. 106004/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.29).  In ragi the cost of cultivation ranges between 73391/ha in JDG soil (with BCR of 1.04) and Rs.33907/ha in HLK soil (with BCR of 1.14).  In areca nut the cost of cultivation Rs.147210/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.54).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthens institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthens agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in coconut (32.5 to 49.8 %), ragi (37.7 to 68.2 %) and areca nut (77.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Post-positivism presents a materialist, holist, monist, cognitivist theory of law and justice. It argues that positivism and natural law are complementary, not conflicting, and that normative inference (is-to-ought) can be a valid form of logical reasoning. These are two key breaks from 20th Century legal theory, which wrongly assumed that normative inferencing was logically flawed and consequently that positivism and natural law were logically contradictory. David Hume never rejected normative inferencing. Hume's counsel was that whoever wishes to make a normative inference must express their implicit premises. Normative propositions can be recast as logical conditionals and thus be used as premises of syllogisms. Laws are best understood as logical conditionals (if-then statements). Logic consists of two branches, theoretical rationality and practical reasoning. The inadequacy of binary logic to accurately describe law is seen in several logical paradoxes about law, which can be avoided by multivariate logic.

У статті проаналізовано нормативну базу України з питань регулювання операцій між афілійованими (пов'язаними) суб'єктами господарювання, аргументовано важливість достовірного та неупередженого відображення у звітності операцій зі зв'язаними особами. Особливу увагу приділено дослідженню спільних тез та основних відмінностей між МСБО 24 «Розкриття інформації про зв'язані сторони» та П(С)БО 23 «Розкриття інформації щодо пов'язаних сторін». The article is a study of the major differences between domestic and foreign regulatory acts that provide state regulation affiliates relationship (dependency) between the entities. Affiliates (interest related) individuals as entities have a special legal status associated with Upholding the possibility of limiting their autonomy in management. As a result of the introduction of the category of «affiliates» also acute problem of state regulation of relations afiliyovanosti (dependence) between the entities. The article analyzes the regulatory framework of Ukraine on regulation of transactions between affiliated (related) entities argued the importance of fair and impartial in the reporting of transactions with related parties. Particular attention is given to joint research theses and major differences between IAS 24 Related Party Disclosures and Ukraine Regulation (Standard) of accounting 23 Related Party Disclosures. The main differences between the provisions of Regulation (Standard) of accounting 23 Related Party Disclosures and IAS 24 Related Party Disclosures is aiming at international legislation more detailed than the domestic, the list of businesses that owned and non- related parties; consideration situations where connectivity sides somehow can influence the business, which is a related party. It should also be noted that domestic Regulation (Standard) of accounting have the force of law and are binding. At the same time, IAS are advisоry in nature. Therefore we should expect appropriate amendments to the existing Regulation (Standard) of accounting and new standards in the future.

Breaching of contractual obligations may lead to certain negative consequences. Hence, this work analyzes the theoretical aspects of termination of contractual obligations in Ukraine's civil law. The article aims to study the obligation termination mechanism by determining the legal framework for its functioning. The author focuses on one of the forms of contractual obligation termination, more specifically, the start of cancellation and deferred status of a legal transaction. Using normative and protective functions in legislation, the author plans to determine specifics of legal facts of normative compensatory nature. It is established, that the condition for cancellation of a legal transaction, can be a direct or reverse mechanism for the termination of contractual obligations. A condition for cancellation of a legal transaction can be applied to the whole transaction or to its separate parts.

Breaching of contractual obligations may lead to certain negative consequences. Hence, this work analyzes the theoretical aspects of termination of contractual obligations in Ukraine's civil law. The article aims to study the obligation termination mechanism by determining the legal framework for its functioning. The author focuses on one of the forms of contractual obligation termination, more specifically, the start of cancellation and deferred status of a legal transaction. Using normative and protective functions in legislation, the author plans to determine specifics of legal facts of normative compensatory nature. It is established, that the condition for cancellation of a legal transaction, can be a direct or reverse mechanism for the termination of contractual obligations. A condition for cancellation of a legal transaction can be applied to the whole transaction or to its separate parts.

In the adopted at the 127th plenary session Opinion Venice Commission analyzed the objectives and rationale for the legislative amendments to the laws affecting "foreign agents"; expanding the range of individuals and legal entities that can be designated as "foreign agents"; expansion of administrative requirements and restrictions for "foreign agents"; expansion of sanctions for violation of these requirements and restrictions. The Commission concluded that the adoption of these amendments constitutes a serious violation of fundamental human rights, including freedom of association and expression, the right to privacy, the right to participate in public affairs, and the principle of non-discrimination and expressed especial concern about the cumulative impact of the latest amendments on organizations, individuals, the media and civil society in general.

La 4e de couverture indique : " Derived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this very useful analysis of constitutional law in Argentina provides essential information on the country's sources of constitutional law, its form of government, and its administrative structure. Lawyers who handle transnational matters will appreciate the clarifications of particular terminology and its application. Throughout the book, the treatment emphasizes the specific points at which constitutional law affects the interpretation of legal rules and procedure. Thorough coverage by a local expert fully describes the political system, the historical background, the role of treaties, legislation, jurisprudence, and administrative regulations. The discussion of the form and structure of government outlines its legal status, the jurisdiction and workings of the central state organs, the subdivisions of the state, its decentralized authorities, and concepts of citizenship. Special issues include the legal position of aliens, foreign relations, taxing and spending powers, emergency laws, the power of the military, and the constitutional relationship between church and state. Details are presented in such a way that readers who are unfamiliar with specific terms and concepts in varying contexts will fully grasp their meaning and significance. Its succinct yet scholarly nature, as well as the practical quality of the information it provides, make this book a valuable time-saving tool for both practising and academic jurists. Lawyers representing parties with interests in Argentina will welcome this guide, and academics and researchers will appreciate its value in the study of comparative constitutional law."

Zusammenfassung: La 4ème de couv. indique :"Derived from the renowned multi-volume 'International Encyclopaedia of Laws', this very useful analysis of constitutional law in Germany provides essential information on the country's sources of constitutional law, its form of government, and its administrative structure. Lawyers who handle transnational matters will appreciate the clarifications of particular terminology and its application. Throughout the book, the treatment emphasizes the specific points at which constitutional law affects the interpretation of legal rules and procedure.00Thorough coverage by a local expert fully describes the political system, the historical background, the role of treaties, legislation, jurisprudence, and administrative regulations. The discussion of the form and structure of government outlines its legal status, the jurisdiction and workings of the central state organs, the subdivisions of the state, its decentralized authorities, and concepts of citizenship. Special issues include the legal position of aliens, foreign relations, taxing and spending powers, emergency laws, the power of the military, and the constitutional relationship between church and state. Details are presented in such a way that readers who are unfamiliar with specific terms and concepts in varying contexts will fully grasp their meaning and significance. Its succinct yet scholarly nature, as well as the pratical quality of the information it provides, make this book a valuable time-saving tool for both practising and academic jurists. Lawyers representing parties with interests in Germany will welcome this guide, and academics and researchers will appreciate its value in the study of comparative constitutional law."

"Nationality and citizenship have been subjects of stormy policy debates in many EU countries in recent years. Concerns over the integration of immigrants, but also attempts to forge links with emigrants, have led to changes in the laws regulating loss and acquisition of nationality and citizenship. This title outlines the research conducted by a team of 30 researchers into the nationality laws and their implementation in 15 EU member states. Acquisition and Loss of Nationality - Volume 1 presents the results of a systematic comparative analysis. It uses a novel methodology that permits a detailed comparison how nationality can be acquired or lost across all 15 countries. The results show divergent trends towards liberalization in some countries and new restrictions of access to nationality in others. The book examines the impact of international and European law, presents statistical data on naturalization and assesses administrative practices. Although the European Union has no formal competence in regulating nationality, the nationality laws of member states are linked to each other via the common citizenship of the Union. Member States should therefore agree on common norms for their nationality laws. The book contains detailed policy recommendations based on the idea that stakeholders in the political community should be given access to nationality. Studies of each country's nationality law are published separately in "http://www.aup.nl/do.php?a=show_visitor_book&isbn=9789053569214"> Volume 2. Additional material including detailed statistics and further comparative analyses of legal regulations of nationality is available at "http://www.imiscoe.org">www.imiscoe.org. Volume 1 & 2 are also available as a set, "http://www.aup.nl/do.php?a=show_visitor_book&isbn=9789053569498&l=2">click here for more information. This is the most comprehensive comparative study of the legal status of nationality so far and it will become an indispensable source of reference for further research. For more information see: "http://www.imiscoe.org/natac/">http://www.imiscoe.org/natac/ "--Publisher's description

This article analyses juridical discourses about Medically Assisted Reproduction (MAR) in Portugal, focusing specifically on the access of lesbians to this type of intervention. Empirical data refer to an exploratory research that combined the analysis of legislation with non-directive interviews to five judges from Family and Juvenile Courts of Law of the Northern Region of Portugal. One argues that the representation of motherhood present in the law reinforces and reproduces normative sexuality and femininity while simultaneously justifies the exclusion of lesbians from MAR. As such, although Portuguese legislation emerges as a mechanism of partial deregulation of the gender regime since it appears to weaken the practical and causal association between sexuality and procreation, in fact, it ends up reinforcing dominant ideas of femininity and family. As for the judges who were interviewed, their representations of motherhood are broad enough to encompass medically assisted motherhood and/or motherhood accomplished within a lesbian couple. This is achieved through a process of normalisation of the lesbian and/or of lesbian motherhood, which may resort to five different assumptions: (i) parenthood as a desire inherent to every human being ; (ii) motherhood as a defining element of femininity ; (iii) motherhood as a project framed by a stable conjugal relationship ; (iv) lesbian motherhood as something that can be accomplished through "natural" means ; (v) parenthood as a mechanism of social reproduction of the gender regime. These assumptions are differently combined and support different positions regarding lesbian motherhood: although some judges seem to concur with the preservation of heteronormativity, most favour legal changes to encompass other models of sexuality and family.

Maritime and coastal tourism has become an important economic sector for the marine states of the world. The coasts and the Bay of Bengal are increasingly coveted spaces as strategic resources for Bangladesh. The coastal and maritime tourism are facing emerging challenges that deserve closer attention. The blue tourism depends on the beauty of the natural ecosystems, but at the same time, it contributes to its depletion and fragilization, and puts at risk its sustainability. The inter-linkage of marine tourism with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is highly essential. Governance, policy framework, institutional mechanism and legislative arrangements are considered as the cross-cutting issues for sustainable tourism. The study aims at analyzing the existing institutional, legal and policy frameworks of Bangladesh for sustainable blue tourism. Both primary and secondary data were used in this study. International regulatory frameworks and mandates were critically reviewed to analyze the national arrangements. It was found that no specific laws were enacted to cover sustainable blue tourism but few environmental laws support sustainability to some extents. Non-compliances with the existing laws, poor coordination and integration among different sectors, overlapping jurisdictions and conflict of interests are widespread. Sustainable tourism is embedded in many international frameworks which are not properly reflected in the national frameworks. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) emphasizes marine conservation and sustainable use of its resources. The national laws should be aligned to international regulatory frameworks like UNCLOS, SDGs and Paris Agreement (2017). The study recommends the integration of the legal and institutional frameworks governing the tourism, environment and biodiversity conservation.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ketanapura microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 599 ha in Ketanapura microwatershed in Chamarajnagar taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 769 mm, of which about 316 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 252 mm during north-east and the remaining 201 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm) soils, an area of 32 per cent has moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm) soils. An area of about 36 per cent is under moderately shallow (50-75 cm) soils and shallow (25-50 cm) soils occupy 27 per cent area in the microwatershed.  An area of about 5 per cent has clayey soils at the surface, 38 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and an area of about 53 per cent has sandy at the surface.  An area of about 3 per cent has non-gravelly (9.0) soils in the microwatershed.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in 85 per cent area in available phosphorus.  An area of about 12 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 26 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 15 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in 81 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 55 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5ppm) in the available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 31 per cent has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) and 65 per cent has soils are sufficient in available zinc.  The land suitability for 9 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crops Suitability area in ha (%) Highly Suitable (S1) Moderately Suitable (S2) Sorghum 59(10) 346(58) Maize 59(10) 346(58) Finger millet 59(10) 346(58) Red gram - 91(15) Groundnut 59(10) 346(58) Cotton - 371(62) Chilli 59(10) 346(58) Mango - 32(5) Sapota - 150(25)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kethanapura micro-watershed (Chamarajanagara taluk and district) is located in between 15018' – 15020' North latitudes and 7603' – 7605' East longitudes, covering an area of about 599.11 ha, bounded by Harave, Mukkadhalli, Govindawadi and Maliyur villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kethanapura Microwatershed in Chamarajanagara taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 53.8 to 46.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 71.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 40.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 36.4 per cent.  About 60.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (30.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among the all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 5.1 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 10 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 9.9 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.97 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 37.8 % and irrigated land 62.2 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 60 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 5.7 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 15838 per household. Mobile and television are popular most mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.2022 per household, about 30.0 per cent of sample farmers own plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.40625 per household; about 54.5 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 749 grams (1939 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827.7 gram. Around 70 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.74659 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1119. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.360 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.149262 per year for the total area of 599.11 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 51293/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 71534) followed by maize (Rs. 15241), horse gram (Rs. 4084), sorghum (Rs. 254) and cowpea (Rs. 24400), sunflower is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1572/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in horse gram (Rs. 2099) followed by maize (Rs. 1650) and sorghum (Rs. 968).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. Per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 126417) followed by sorghum (Rs. 43928), maize (Rs. 35648), horse gram (Rs. 23639), sunflower (Rs. 16628) and cowpea (Rs. 9797). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is horse gram (41.9 %) followed by maize (29.3 %), sorghum (18.6 %), coconut (7.5 %), sunflower (1.4 %) and cowpea (1.4 %).  In Ketanapura micro-watershed, major soils are alluvial landscape of Harve (HRV) soil series is having shallow soil depth cover around 25.99 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cowpea (50 %) and sunflower (50 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Lakkur (LKR) are also having moderately shallow soil depth cover 22.25 % of area; crops are coconut (13.9 %), horse gram and maize (43.1 %) each. Hooradahalli (HDH) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 9.66 % of area. Crops are horse gram (48 %), maize (18.4 %) and sorghum (33.5). Kengaki (KGK) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 1.16 % of area, crops are horse gram and sorghum.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sunflower ranges between Rs. 48471 /ha in HRV soil (with BCR of 1.16).  In cowpea the cost of cultivation Rs. 64960 /ha in HRV soil (with BCR of 0.62).  In coconut the cost of cultivation Rs. 13152 /ha in HRV soil (with BCR of 6.48).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 26637/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.85) and Rs. 12160/ha in KGK soil (with BCR of 1.40).  In maize the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 68431/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.84) and Rs. 33997/ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 1.32).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 28048/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.48) and Rs. 26732/ha in KGK soil (with BCR of 1.20).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in horse gram (30.4 to 16.2 %), coconut (74.2 %), maize (57.3 to 72.7 %), sorghum (47.2 to 51.6 %), sunflower (69.6 %) and cowpea (36.1%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Guddanahalli microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 418 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soils and 3 per cent by water bodies and settlements, 150 cm).  An area of about 20 per cent has sandy (loamy sand) surface, 59 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) surface and 16 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 53 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m).  An area of about 8 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 86 per cent very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 36 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 58 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 19 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 61 per cent and high(>57 kg/ha) in 32 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 79 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 15 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 39 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 81 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 17 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 56(13) 77(19) Pomegranate 36(9) 132(32) Maize 1(<1) 133(32) Guava 1(<1) 111(27) Bajra 2(<1) 205(49) Jackfruit 36(9) 77(19) Redgram 1(<1) 117(28) Jamun - 145(35) Bengalgram 54(13) 103(25) Musambi 68(16) 99(24) Groundnut 2(<1) 290(69) Lime 68(16) 99(24) Sunflower 34(8) 85(20) Cashew 1(<1) 110(26) Cotton 54(13) 79(19) Custard apple 107(26) 280(67) Chilli 1(<1) 69(17) Amla 36(9) 351(84) Tomato 1(<1) 69(17) Tamarind - 79(19) Drumstick 36(9) 300(63) Marigold 1(<1) 133(32) Mulberry 36(9) 312(75) Chrysanthemum 1(<1) 133(32) Mango - 46(11) Jasmine 1(<1) 78(19) Sapota 36(9) 77(19) Crossandra 1(<1) 102(25) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Drainage line treatment and Soil and Water Conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project