Suchergebnisse

pt. 1. Recent developments in the South China Sea -- pt. 2. Legal context of joint development in the South China Sea : legal framework, key issues, case studies, experiences and lessons -- pt. 3. Joint development in the South China Sea : challenges and prospects -- pt. 4. Towards the future.

Проаналізовано деякі аспекти політико-правового статусу та повноважень волосних посадовців на Правобережжі пореформеного періоду. Вони визначалися низкою нормативно-правових документів, насамперед положеннями Великої реформи 1861 р. Доведено, що характерним для них було збереження й навіть посилення клановості, що в свою чергу суттєво модифікувало місцеві традиції, мінімізувало ефективність самоврядування як такого. Встановлено, що посадові особи волосної адміністрації здебільшого були виборними (за винятком волосних писарів). Проте між юридичним та фактичним станом речей існували серйозні відмінності. Вони були зумовлені як традиційними відносинами на селі, де панувало звичаєве право, усілякі задобрювання, так і недосконалістю новоприйнятого законодавства. Часто влада перебувала в руках місцевих кланів, на які вказують усі дослідники, включно з радянськими. Крім того, особливістю Правобережжя було те, що в підборі посадовців для волосного правління в цьому регіоні важливим лишався етнічний (національний) чинник. Роль поляків у формуванні місцевих органів, зокрема й волосних, залишалася значною. Усе це відгороджувало сільських людей від «своїх» волосних урядовців, бюрократизувало й формалізувало діяльність останніх. ; Проанализировано некоторые аспекты политико-правового статуса и полномочий волостных должностных лиц на Правобережье пореформенного периода. Они определялись рядом нормативно-правовых документов, прежде всего положениями Великой реформы 1861 г. Доведено, что характерным для них было сохранение и даже усиление клановости, что, в свою очередь, существенно модифицировало местные традиции, минимизировало эффективность самоуправления. Установлено, что должностные лица волостной администрации в основном были выборными (за исключением волостных писарей). Однако между юридическим и фактическим состоянием вещей существовали глубокие отличия. Они были обусловлены как традиционными отношениями на селе, где господствовало обычное право, разнообразные задабривания, так и несовершенством принятого законодательства. Часто власть пребывала в руках местных кланов, на которые указывают все исследователи, включительно с советскими. Кроме того, особенностью Правобережья было то, что в подборе должностных лиц для волостного правления в этом регионе важным оставался этнический (национальный) фактор. Роль поляков в формировании местных органов, в частности волостных, оставалась значительной. Все это ограждало сельских людей от «своих» волостных урядников, бюрократизировало и формализовало деятельность последних. ; The Great Reform of 1861 radically changed the administrative divisions of the traditional Ukrainian village. True, it had to influence on the regional peculiarities of the latter which formed historically. One of the innovations was the introduction of peasant (local) self-government, which spread at the village and volost level. As this problem was already highlighted in historical scholarship, the author focused on the anthropological aspect. Because there were considerable differences between the juridically determined norms of volost government and the real state of things. As a rule, Ukrainian, Belorussian and Russian historians did not pay attention to them, in particular because the theoretical basis from which they took guidance in the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries did not anticipate being deep in the problems of commonness. The author tried to remedy this deficit. He focused his research on the political and legal status and powers of the volost officials in «Polish» Right bank Ukraine in the post-reform period paying attention to their real introduction. That is the statements of the Great Reform of 1861 were the background, starting lit from which the author showed the real situation in the sphere of state government on the local level. He demonstrated that it was characteristic to preserve and even strengthen the clan system, which in turn significantly modified local traditions and minimized the effectiveness of self-government as such. To prove the difference between the juridical statements and the real situation, the author used the methodological principles of the Ukrainian researchers Yu. Prysiazhniuk, О. Mykhailiuk, А. Zaiarniuk and others. This gave the opportunity to use in scientific research the main characteristics of the traditional peasant way of life, the patriarch agrarian society proper. So, the rule of customary law was reflected in the character of introduction of new laws. It was proven that power was often in the hands of local clans. All researchers, including Soviet ones, stress this point. Besides, the peculiarity of Right bank Ukraine was that while choosing officials for volost government in this region the national factor remained important: the role of Poles in the formation of local organs, particularly volost officials, remained significant. Together with the problems of transformation into market relations this created a mental barrier between peasants and own/non-local volost officials.

AbstractNatural disasters, particularly those related to climate change, are fast becoming a leading cause of forced displacement although conceptual, normative and institutional frameworks to provide human rights protection to the environmentally displaced are not yet in place. This article discusses the human rights and protection dimensions of disaster-induced displacement, identifies the major challenges to protecting disaster victims, and proposes ways forward. The authors argue that while most environmentally displaced persons are expected to remain within their own countries, there is a lack of clarity about the status and protection needs of those uprooted by environmental degradation and other 'slow-onset' disasters as opposed to those displaced by 'sudden-onset' disasters. By far the biggest protection gap exists for those who cross borders. These individuals do not generally qualify as refugees under the 1951 Refugee Convention, there is no normative framework to address their specific needs and vulnerabilities and States have not been willing to commit to more than temporary protection on an ad hoc basis. The need is now critical for new approaches to be developed for the environmentally displaced, including expanded normative and institutional frameworks, comprehensive national policies, national and international monitoring, rights training, and more effective ways of dealing with governments that fail to protect their populations.

This article provides a comparative approach to laws that interfere directly with the free expression of historians, that is, with respect to what they say and write. This body of international law is gathered together into four groups: memory laws, blasphemy laws, hate speech laws, and laws against genocide denial. To examine each group, the article provides a definition and identifies how standards overlap. Finally, the most relevant debates are summarized with respect to their consequences for practicing history ; Este artículo muestra una perspectiva comparativa de las leyes que interfieren directamente con la libertad de expresión de los historiadores, es decir, con lo que cuentan y escriben. Este corpus de legislación internacional se agrupa en cuatro grupos: leyes de memoria, leyes contra la blasfemia, leyes contra las expresiones de odio, y leyes contra la negación del genocidio. Para estudiar cadagrupo, el artículo propone una definición e identifica la manera enque las normas se superponen entre sí. Finalmente, se sintetizan los debates más relevantes en relación con las consecuencias para la práctica de la historia. ; Este artigo propôs uma perspectiva comparativa das leis que interferem diretamente com a liberdade de expressão dos historiadores, além do seu ofício, ou seja: com aquilo que contam e escrevem. Esta tipologia da legislação internacional agrupa-se em quatro conjuntos: leis de memoria, leis contra á blasfêmia, leis contra as expressões de ódio e leis contra á negação do genocídio. Para estudar cada conjunto, o artigo propôs uma definição e identifica a maneira em que estas leis se superpõem entre sim. Finalmente, sintetizam-se os debates mais importantes sobre as consequências da aplicação dessas leis para á prática da Historia.

Implementation of environmental legislation can be supported by the production of maps with two information levels, one which identifies areas where a legal rule is enforced and another which identifies areas where there is an infringement of that rule. This paper investigates the efficiency of remote sensing methods and techniques for the production of such a map regarding a specific law case, the Greek Forest Law. To do this, we identified, with the use of KVR-1000 very high resolution imagery, potential illegal buildings in forests and forest areas, which were mapped at a scale of 1:5000. For this purpose, an image processing method was developed which integrates spectral and first-order texture signatures, detects disturbances in forest environment, and classifies them in order for the buildings to be identified among other disturbances. The texture signatures were selected after an investigation of the performance of first- and second-order statistical texture methods in detecting disturbances in forest environment. By the method developed, buildings are mapped by segmented parts of their edges. Based on a sample of 163 buildings, the accuracy of the method was calculated at approximately 89%, i.e. 11% of the buildings included in the sample were not detected. The map produced would probably not be acceptable in court, however it can adequately support administrative procedures in ministries, forest services, etc., regarding identification of illegal building, incorporation of forest areas in an existing city plan, organization of the forest and forest area register book, etc.

"This inquiry deals with a classical question of European succession law, if a testamentary disposition appointing a beneficiary is to be taken as a designation of a universal legal successor (testamentary heir) or merely a legatee (successor in respect of a single item of property). Wills prepared without the employment of a succession law specialist often contain designations of heir in respect of a single piece of property (heredis institutio ex re certa), which raises the question of the legal status of such a testamentary beneficiary (heir or legatee). Following the German and Italian models, the new succession law contained in the Moldovan Civil Code applies the test of the practical intent of the testator (mens testantis): whether he or she intended the beneficiary to merely receive a net financial advantage (i.e. institution of legatee) or to replace the testator in all of his or her legal positions (i.e. institution of heir)."

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bandehalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 1015 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 883 ha (87%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 58 ha (6%) by rock outcrops and about 73 ha (7%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 87 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 38 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), 26 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and about 14 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 26 per cent area of the microwatershed is medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 23 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%), about 68 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 17 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 11 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in an area of about 2 per cent, about 45 per cent is medium (10-20 ppm) and about 40 per cent is low (1.0 ppm) in about 4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  An area of about 83 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 286(28) 305(37) Guava - 261(26) Maize 252(25) 410(40) Sapota - 261(26) Bajra 252(25) 410(40) Pomegranate - 395(39) Groundnut - 335(33) Musambi 35(3) 360(35) Sunflower 35(3) 360(35) Lime 35(3) 360(35) Redgram - 588(57) Amla 252(25) 118(12) Bengal gram 35(3) 99(10) Cashew - - Cotton 35(3) 359(35) Jackfruit - 261(26) Chilli 126(12) 342(34) Jamun - 35(3) Tomato 126(12) 208(20) Custard apple 35(3) 433(43) Brinjal 126(12) 208(20) Tamarind - 35(3) Onion 126(12) 208(20) Mulberry - 261(26) Bhendi 126(12) 342(34) Marigold 126(12) 342(34) Drumstick - 296(29) Chrysanthemum 126(12) 342(34) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bandehalli-2 is located at North latitude 160 50' 6.06" and 160 46' 4.614" and East longitude 770 8' 20.378'' and 770 6' 35.654" covering an area of about 1014.53 ha coming under Bheemanagara, Chamanahalli. Yadhagiri. B and Horunacha villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Bandehalli-2 micro watersheds of Yadgiri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Bandehalli-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 2 (5.71%) were marginal, 23 (65.71%) were small and 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (56.21%) men and 67 (43.79 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.2, marginal farmers were 4, small farmers were 4.7 and semi medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (33.33%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 40.52 per cent illiterates, 49.02 per cent pre university education and 7.84 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 56.86 per cent of the household members.  In the study area and 94.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.00 per cent possess TV, 54.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.43, women available in the micro watershed was 1.48, hired labour (men) available was 14.5 and hired labour (women) available was 10.83.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (43.62 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Sorghum, Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. 2  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Sorghum and Groundnut was Rs.24826.29, 23996.08, 17039.52 and 43988.83 and with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.90 and 1: 0.90 respectively.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 70237.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 48865.71 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 164 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1257.14 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.57 per cent depends on own funds and 22.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (34.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 94.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (65.71%) and oilseeds (2.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (2.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.00%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

The paper analyzes the characteristics of the territorial organization of power in cities with special status. Attention is paid not only to the territorial features which receives territory in the case giving it a special status, as well as organizational and systemic-structural limitations of the public authorities, which are formed in these areas. Highlighted the specificity of functioning of public authorities in the capital of the state whose territory is, as a rule, has a special status. At the same time considered the competence of the authorities in Ukraine, due to the possibility of influence on determining the appropriate status of the territory, and in particular the city. The analysis of the relevant preferences which acquires territory and controls territory in connection with the provision of special status. Among them are named material financial, organizational, of competency , fiscal and other opportunities. In order to acquire and improve the domestic experience of urban development with special status analysis of the European experience of the functioning of cities and territories of European legislation on these issues. Identifies the main trends in the functioning of cities with special status in Europe, the criteria that are taken into account in decision-making. In an aspect of the functioning of the national experience of cities with special status clarified specifics of these cities territorial divisions of central executive bodies. Are the features of the interaction of independent subsystems government – local self-government and the government, the limits of their intersection. Conclusions about the need to improve certain legal provisions. In particular, it is proposed to extend the terms of reference and interoperability community organizations with the regional offices of central executive bodies; order interaction citywide issues of local government with executive authorities. Proposed options to improve the territorial organization of public authorities in the cities with special status in Ukraine. ; В статье проанализированы особенности территориальной организации власти в городах со специальным статусом. Рассмотрена компетенция органов власти в Украине, связанная с возможностью влияния на определение соответствующего статуса города. Осуществлен анализ соответствующих преференций, которые в приобретает территория и органы управления территорией в связи с предоставлением специального статуса. С целью приобретения и улучшения отечественного опыта развития городов со специальным статусом проведен анализ европейского опыта функционирования таких городов и европейского законодательства, посвященного этим вопросам. Выяснена специфика функционирования в этих городах территориальных подразделений центральных органов исполнительной власти. Приведены особенности взаимодействия самостоятельных подсистем власти – местного самоуправления и государственной власти, пределы их пересечения. Сделаны выводы о необходимости совершенствования определенных законодательных положений. Предложены варианты для совершенствования территориальной организации публичной власти в городах со специальным статусом в Украине ; Проаналізовано особливості територіальної організації влади в містах із спеціальним статусом, зокрема компетенцію органів влади в Україні щодо впливу на визначення відповідного статусу міста, відповідних преференцій, яких набувають територія та органи управління територією у зв'язку з наданням спеціального статусу. З метою набуття та покращення вітчизняного досвіду розвитку міст із спеціальним статусом розглянуто європейський досвід функціонування таких міст і європейського законодавства, присвяченого цим питанням. З'ясовано специфіку функціонування в цих містах територіальних підрозділів центральних органів виконавчої влади, розкрито особливості взаємодії самостійних підсистем влади – місцевого самоврядування та державної влади, межі їх перетинання. Зроблено висновки про необхідність удосконалення певних законодавчих положень. Запропоновано варіанти для вдосконалення територіальної організації публічної влади в містах із спеціальним статусом в Україні

The paper analyzes the characteristics of the territorial organization of power in cities with special status. Attention is paid not only to the territorial features which receives territory in the case giving it a special status, as well as organizational and systemic-structural limitations of the public authorities, which are formed in these areas. Highlighted the specificity of functioning of public authorities in the capital of the state whose territory is, as a rule, has a special status. At the same time considered the competence of the authorities in Ukraine, due to the possibility of influence on determining the appropriate status of the territory, and in particular the city. The analysis of the relevant preferences which acquires territory and controls territory in connection with the provision of special status. Among them are named material financial, organizational, of competency , fiscal and other opportunities. In order to acquire and improve the domestic experience of urban development with special status analysis of the European experience of the functioning of cities and territories of European legislation on these issues. Identifies the main trends in the functioning of cities with special status in Europe, the criteria that are taken into account in decision-making. In an aspect of the functioning of the national experience of cities with special status clarified specifics of these cities territorial divisions of central executive bodies. Are the features of the interaction of independent subsystems government – local self-government and the government, the limits of their intersection. Conclusions about the need to improve certain legal provisions. In particular, it is proposed to extend the terms of reference and interoperability community organizations with the regional offices of central executive bodies; order interaction citywide issues of local government with executive authorities. Proposed options to improve the territorial organization of public authorities in the cities with special status in Ukraine. ; В статье проанализированы особенности территориальной организации власти в городах со специальным статусом. Рассмотрена компетенция органов власти в Украине, связанная с возможностью влияния на определение соответствующего статуса города. Осуществлен анализ соответствующих преференций, которые в приобретает территория и органы управления территорией в связи с предоставлением специального статуса. С целью приобретения и улучшения отечественного опыта развития городов со специальным статусом проведен анализ европейского опыта функционирования таких городов и европейского законодательства, посвященного этим вопросам. Выяснена специфика функционирования в этих городах территориальных подразделений центральных органов исполнительной власти. Приведены особенности взаимодействия самостоятельных подсистем власти – местного самоуправления и государственной власти, пределы их пересечения. Сделаны выводы о необходимости совершенствования определенных законодательных положений. Предложены варианты для совершенствования территориальной организации публичной власти в городах со специальным статусом в Украине ; Проаналізовано особливості територіальної організації влади в містах із спеціальним статусом, зокрема компетенцію органів влади в Україні щодо впливу на визначення відповідного статусу міста, відповідних преференцій, яких набувають територія та органи управління територією у зв'язку з наданням спеціального статусу. З метою набуття та покращення вітчизняного досвіду розвитку міст із спеціальним статусом розглянуто європейський досвід функціонування таких міст і європейського законодавства, присвяченого цим питанням. З'ясовано специфіку функціонування в цих містах територіальних підрозділів центральних органів виконавчої влади, розкрито особливості взаємодії самостійних підсистем влади – місцевого самоврядування та державної влади, межі їх перетинання. Зроблено висновки про необхідність удосконалення певних законодавчих положень. Запропоновано варіанти для вдосконалення територіальної організації публічної влади в містах із спеціальним статусом в Україні

The paper analyzes the characteristics of the territorial organization of power in cities with special status. Attention is paid not only to the territorial features which receives territory in the case giving it a special status, as well as organizational and systemic-structural limitations of the public authorities, which are formed in these areas. Highlighted the specificity of functioning of public authorities in the capital of the state whose territory is, as a rule, has a special status. At the same time considered the competence of the authorities in Ukraine, due to the possibility of influence on determining the appropriate status of the territory, and in particular the city. The analysis of the relevant preferences which acquires territory and controls territory in connection with the provision of special status. Among them are named material financial, organizational, of competency , fiscal and other opportunities. In order to acquire and improve the domestic experience of urban development with special status analysis of the European experience of the functioning of cities and territories of European legislation on these issues. Identifies the main trends in the functioning of cities with special status in Europe, the criteria that are taken into account in decision-making. In an aspect of the functioning of the national experience of cities with special status clarified specifics of these cities territorial divisions of central executive bodies. Are the features of the interaction of independent subsystems government – local self-government and the government, the limits of their intersection. Conclusions about the need to improve certain legal provisions. In particular, it is proposed to extend the terms of reference and interoperability community organizations with the regional offices of central executive bodies; order interaction citywide issues of local government with executive authorities. Proposed options to improve the territorial organization of public authorities in the cities with special status in Ukraine. ; В статье проанализированы особенности территориальной организации власти в городах со специальным статусом. Рассмотрена компетенция органов власти в Украине, связанная с возможностью влияния на определение соответствующего статуса города. Осуществлен анализ соответствующих преференций, которые в приобретает территория и органы управления территорией в связи с предоставлением специального статуса. С целью приобретения и улучшения отечественного опыта развития городов со специальным статусом проведен анализ европейского опыта функционирования таких городов и европейского законодательства, посвященного этим вопросам. Выяснена специфика функционирования в этих городах территориальных подразделений центральных органов исполнительной власти. Приведены особенности взаимодействия самостоятельных подсистем власти – местного самоуправления и государственной власти, пределы их пересечения. Сделаны выводы о необходимости совершенствования определенных законодательных положений. Предложены варианты для совершенствования территориальной организации публичной власти в городах со специальным статусом в Украине ; Проаналізовано особливості територіальної організації влади в містах із спеціальним статусом, зокрема компетенцію органів влади в Україні щодо впливу на визначення відповідного статусу міста, відповідних преференцій, яких набувають територія та органи управління територією у зв'язку з наданням спеціального статусу. З метою набуття та покращення вітчизняного досвіду розвитку міст із спеціальним статусом розглянуто європейський досвід функціонування таких міст і європейського законодавства, присвяченого цим питанням. З'ясовано специфіку функціонування в цих містах територіальних підрозділів центральних органів виконавчої влади, розкрито особливості взаємодії самостійних підсистем влади – місцевого самоврядування та державної влади, межі їх перетинання. Зроблено висновки про необхідність удосконалення певних законодавчих положень. Запропоновано варіанти для вдосконалення територіальної організації публічної влади в містах із спеціальним статусом в Україні

Why people conform to social norms? Answering this question has important implications for economic development and institutional reforms. Posner (2000a, p. 3) argue that law and economics have no compelling answers. In this paper, we investigate the role of social norms in shaping people's law abiding behavior. We analyze foreign diplomats' compliance with local parking laws while they are stationed in Washington D.C. This is a natural setting to investigate people conformity to social norms since diplomatic immunity gives ample leeway to foreign diplomats to out their host countries' laws. Our empirical results are consistent with the recent literature indicating that the extent to which diplomats' fellow citizens in their home countries observe the rule of law signi cantly a ects diplomat's conformity to social norms abroad. We contribute to the literature by highlighting three additional impor- tant factors that explain diplomat's social norm conformity: i) the legal origin of legal system prevailing in diplomats' home countries, ii) their colonial heritage, and iv) the a nity among diplomats' home and host countries|measured using geographical proximity and military alliances with the U.S. .

The legislator considers the term "educational system" as one of the basic education laws. The legal term (included in the Education Law Act) "the educational system covers" lists its elements. They include, for example, various types of schools, kindergartens, alternative forms of preschool education, children's holiday homes, centers of education. This system realizes recognized values, principles, as well as certain postulates and guidelines contained in the law. In essence, it is a collection of organizational units, whose activity is regulated by the Education Law Act. The majority of these activities are addressed to pupils. Some elements are also addressed to teachers and serve to develop them. Colleges of Social Service Workers do not fit in with the rest of the educational system.