Suchergebnisse

From 2004 Venezuela experiences the emergence of anti-Semitic incidents, that began with the harassment of institutions and people of the Jewish community of the country, first by the media and then by the government of Hugo Chavez. This situation was strengthened by deepening relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2005 under the government of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The following article analyzes the relationship between the rise and increase of anti-Semitism during the last two terms of Hugo Chávez and the deepening of relations between Venezuela and Iran in the period 2005-2013. The aim is to demonstrate how the ideological convergence –supported in anti-imperialism– between the governments of Chavez and Ahmadinejad explains the development and increment of anti-Semitism in the government of Hugo Chavez. To establish the causal relationship between the phenomena, we used a methodology of processtracing analysis, based on the empirical evidence provided by primary and secondary sources. Therefore, it is concluded that anti-imperialism caused Israel to be conceived as an enemy of both countries, owing to its historic alliance with the United States. This generated anti-Zionism in Chávez, his government and supporters of it, which led to blaming the Venezuelan Jewish community for the actions of Israel in the Middle East, which subsequently incurred anti-Semitic actions and attitudes, from harassment to physical violence against people in country's Jewish community ; A partir de 2004 Venezuela experimenta la emergencia de incidentes antisemitas que iniciaron con el hostigamiento a instituciones y personas de la comunidad judía del país, primero por parte de medios de comunicación y luego del Gobierno de Hugo Chávez. Esta situación se vio fortalecida por la profundización de relaciones con la República Islámica de Irán en 2005, bajo el Gobierno de Mahmud Ahmadineyad.El siguiente artículo analiza la relación entre la emergencia y el aumento del antisemitismo durante los últimos dos mandatos de Hugo Chávez y la profundización de las relaciones entre Venezuela e Irán en el periodo 2005-2013. El objetivo es demostrar cómo la convergencia ideológica ―sustentada en el antiimperialismo― entre los Gobiernos de Chávez y Ahmadinejad explica el desarrollo y aumento del antisemitismo en el Gobierno de Hugo Chávez.Para establecer la relación causal entre los fenómenos, se utilizó una metodología de análisis de seguimiento de procesos, con base en la evidencia empírica proporcionada por fuentes primarias y secundarias. Por consiguiente, se concluye que el antiimperialismo hizo que Israel fuera concebido como enemigo de ambos países, debido a su histórica alianza con Estados Unidos. Esto generó un anti-sionismo en Chávez, su gobierno y simpatizantes del mismo, que llevó a culpar a la comunidad judía venezolana por las acciones de Israel en Medio Oriente, y quienes posteriormente incurrieron en acciones y actitudes antisemitas, pasando desde el hostigamiento a la violencia física hacia personas de la comunidad judía del país. ; De 2004 a Venezuela experimentou o surgimento de incidentes anti-semitas, que começou com o assédio de instituições e pessoas da comunidade judaica no país, primeiro pela mídia e, em seguida, pelo governo de Hugo Chávez. Esta situação foi reforçada com o aprofundamento das relações com a República Islâmica do Irã em 2005, sob o governo de Mahmud Ahmadineyad. O seguinte artigo discute a relação entre a emergência e ascensão do anti-semitismo durante os dois últimos termos de Hugo Chávez e o aprofundamento das relações entre a Venezuela e o Irã no período 2005-2013. O objetivo é demonstrar como a convergência ideológica -sustained em anti-imperialismo- entre os governos de Chávez e Ahmadinejad explica o desenvolvimento e aumento do anti-semitismo no governo de Hugo Chávez. Para estabelecer a relação causal entre os eventos, foi utilizado um monitoramento do processo de metodologia de análise, com base em evidências empíricas fornecidas por fontes primárias e secundárias. Portanto, concluímos que o anti-imperialismo causou Israel foi concebido como um inimigo de ambos os países, por causa de sua aliança histórica com os Estados Unidos. Isso gerou um anti-sionismo em Chávez, seu governo e apoiantes do mesmo, o que levou a culpa da comunidade judaica venezuelana para as ações de Israel no Oriente Médio, e que age posteriormente cometidos e atitudes anti-semitas, passando de assédio a violência física contra as pessoas da comunidade judaica no país.

It has been four decades since the beginning of undergraduate medical education in Nepal and more than three decades of postgraduate medical education.1 Currently, Institute of Medicine of Tribhuwan University and Kathmandu University are major institutions providing medical education in Nepal with the help of their affiliated medical colleges. Two other deemed universities, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences and Patan Academy of Health Sciences also have major contributions in producing medical doctors in Nepal. National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) provides postgraduate and super specialty training for doctors. Nepal Medical Council is the regulatory body that lays down the guidelines, provides accreditation and supervises to ensure that the regulations are being followed.2 It also conducts licensing examination for medical doctors.Educationalists worldwide vary in their opinions on the aim of education3-8 but Salomon precisely includes almost all of them as "The aim (of education) is to equip the learner with portable chunks of knowledge, skill, and understandings that can serve in other contexts."9 Adkoli has analyzed migration of health workers in south Asia 10 and found that there was no systematically collected data regarding the extent of migration of healthcare workers and its possible impact on health care in Nepal. Nepal government spends a significant chunk of its financial resources to train doctors but many students who avail this benefit of 'scholarship' take part in the migration described in the article. Ironically, many doctors who are currently serving their motherland were either trained overseas or the ones who did study within Nepal but without availing any support from the government. When the first medical school was established in Nepal, the idea was to develop doctors who can prevent, diagnose and treat medical ailments prevalent in Nepal (Community based curriculum) and the career planning was designed in such a way that doctors were inevitably retained in Nepal. The philosophy of this system was contrary to the definition laid down by Salomon9 but it did benefit the society and the country in the long run11. Things changed gradually over time and currently the doctors produced by oldest and state funded medical colleges of Nepal are ideal for health job markets of first world countries. This suitability coupled with adverse socieo-economic and political factors of our country has led most students who become doctors by state funding opting to serve in first world countries like United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Canada.Brain drain in Health sector is a global phenomenon12, 13, but developing countries like Nepal receive maximum brunt. Lately, Nepalese medical education sector has been receiving a fair share of attention from all including media. However, it is saddening that this issue of 'brain drain' is something that had not gained any attention. Coming back to Adkoli's work, we don't even have a data on how many doctors we are losing every year?10 There have been certain restrictions and bondages but these sorts of legislations have been seen to work contrarily. What is found to be lacking is the sense of belonging and development of the feeling that 'I am important to this society and I must work for its betterment'. Most young doctors have a feeling that 'there is no one taking me seriously anyway and it doesn't really matter weather I stay or Leave'.It is high time policy makers ensure that the medical doctors that we produce from the common men's hard earned money serve the country. In addition to the legislations in the form of bondage, we should be able to install the feeling of belonging and sense of importance in the hearts and minds of these young doctors. To begin with, it would be a good idea if we start maintaining the database of the medical graduates that were and will be produced from Nepalese medical colleges; taking examples from many colleges from other countries that are doing it currently.14-16 Zimmerman's study cited earlier provides an interesting insight that medical students with pre-medical education as paramedics were twice as likely to be working in Nepal and 3.5 times as likely to be in rural Nepal, compared with students with a college science background.11 We can also include into the undergraduate medical curriculum the concepts of social ethics, moral values, social justice and the long-term benefits of serving the society and the country that has invested so much for their education.

Engineering was a recognized human activity at a certain period of the history (17th / 18th centuries) when some militaries designed, constructed, operated, and maintained fortifications and engines of war, and then those activities were transferred into non-military applications. Engineering has continued to change geographically and socially and presently is extremely broad and its relevance it's not solely technology based. However, its role in technology is decisive since is largely by technology that current society keeps its coherence. Philosophy of Technology has particularly attentive to the impact of technology on society and culture, rather than with technology itself. Actually, Philosophy has not paid adequate attention to engineering. On the contrary, at least since the 1960s, members of the philosophical community have been accusing engineers of polluting the natural world, transforming the climate, making useless consumer products, etc. Only in 1994 a new branch of Philosophy of Technology has emerged that is concerned with the technology itself, and may be called Engineering Philosophy of Technology or Philosophy and Ethics of Engineering. This is a new way of looking through engineering, that not only considers the ethical aspects but also many other modern issues that are being transformed by technical creations such as new existentialisms of risk projection, electronic networking, virtual reality, trans human and remote sensation and perception, graphic media presentations and probability analysis, interactive internet web sites, food, housing, transportation, communications, economics, etc. The present work starts with an expedition to the history of the Aeronautical Engineering in parallel with the Philosophy and Ethics in order to demonstrate the relationship between them. This thesis is intended to show the link between the aerospace/aeronautical engineering and world-wide economy growth (or lack of it!). This is done by analyzing some economic data in terms of world impact as well as the relevant social aspects such as the salaries of the airplane industry in the United States, France and Brazil, and their relation to the company income and country. These countries were selected due to their constant increase in state-of-the-art equipment proven in companies like Boeing, Airbus and Embraer. ; A Engenharia é uma atividade humana reconhecida num determinado período da história (séculos XVII e XVIII), quando alguns militares projetaram, construíram, operaram e mantiveram fortificações e máquinas de guerra e, em seguida, essas atividades foram transferidas para aplicações não militares. A Engenharia continuou a mudar geográfica e socialmente e atualmente tem uma abrangência extremamente ampla e a sua relevância não é apenas baseada em tecnologia. No entanto, o seu papel na tecnologia é decisivo, pois é em grande parte pela tecnologia que a sociedade atual mantém sua coerência. A Filosofia da Tecnologia tem estado particularmente atenta ao impacto da tecnologia na sociedade e na cultura, mas não na própria tecnologia. Na verdade, a Filosofia não deu uma atenção adequada à engenharia. Pelo contrário, ao menos desde a década de 1960, membros da comunidade filosófica têm acusado os engenheiros de poluir o mundo natural, transformando o clima, fazendo produtos de consumo inúteis, etc. Somente em 1994 surgiu um novo ramo da Filosofia da Tecnologia que é se preocupa, também, com a própria tecnologia, e pode ser chamado Filosofia de Engenharia da Tecnologia (por contraponto à Filosofia de Humanidades da Tecnologia, versando apenas os aspetos das Humanidades – Humanities Philosophy of Technology) ou Filosofia e Ética da Engenharia. Trata-se de uma nova forma de olhar através da Engenharia, que não só considera os aspetos éticos, mas também muitos outros temas modernos que estão sendo transformados por criações técnicas como os novos existencialismos de projeção de riscos, redes informáticas, realidade virtual, sensação e perceção transumana e remota, apresentações gráficas e análise de probabilidades, sítios de internet interativos, alimentação, alojamento, transporte, comunicações, economia, etc. O presente trabalho começa com uma expedição à história da Engenharia Aeronáutica em paralelo com a Filosofia e Ética, a fim de demonstrar a relação entre eles. Esta tese destina-se a mostrar a ligação entre a engenharia Aeroespacial / Aeronáutica e o crescimento da economia mundial (ou falta dela!). Isto é feito analisando alguns dados econômicos em termos de impacto mundial, bem como os aspetos sociais relevantes, tais como os salários da indústria de aviões nos Estados Unidos, França e Brasil, e sua relação com o rendimento da empresa e país. Estes países foram selecionados devido ao constante aumento de equipamentos de última geração comprovados em empresas como Boeing, Airbus e Embraer.

La Junta de Acción Comunal es un organismo de participación comunitaria que persiste en Colombia desde la segunda mitad del siglo xx en los pequeños territorios urbanos y rurales como son los barrios y las veredas. Su importancia radica en que es reconocido como el primer interlocutor del Estado con la ciudadanía en los territorios donde habita. Algunos estudios han identificado que estas organizaciones han funcionado sobre todo para resolver necesidades básicas de la población como los servicios públicos domiciliarios y equipamiento social en zonas que carecen de ellos, pero no se conoce su funcionamiento en barrios urbanos que ya cuentan con la infraestructura básica y cuyos residentes tienen un nivel medio o alto de capacidad adquisitiva y están conectados con circuitos económicos de cultura globalizada. Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender los factores poblacionales y territoriales, organizativos e institucionales que restringen la participación comunitaria de los habitantes de La Macarena, barrio bohemio de Bogotá, en la Junta de Acción Comunal. A través de una triangulación entre información recopilada con técnicas de investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa en un ejercicio de investigación social aplicada, se encontró que la relación entre el consumo cultural privatizado, el estilo de vida cada vez más individualizado de los habitantes del barrio, y las dinámicas urbanas de la ciudad latinoamericana, junto con la creciente deslegitimación de las organizaciones de acción comunal en el país y, en general, del ejercicio de la política tradicional, explican la reducida participación en organizaciones de acción colectiva local de ciudadanos de clase media. ; The Community Action Board is an organism of community participation that persists in Colombia since the second half of the 20th century in the small urban and rural territories such as neighborhoods and rural districts. Its importance is that it is recognized as the first interlocutor of the State with citizenship in the areas where it lives. Some studies have identified that these organizations have worked mainly to solve basic needs of the population such as home public services and social facilities in areas that lack them, but its functioning is unknown in urban neighborhoods that already have basic infrastructure and whose residents have a medium or high level of purchasing power and are connected to economic circuits of globalized culture. The objective of this article is to understand the population, territorial, organizational and institutional factors that restrict the community participation of the inhabitants of La Macarena, the Bohemian neighborhood of Bogotá, in the Community Action Board. Through a triangulation between information compiled with quantitative and qualitative research techniques in an applied social research exercise, it was found that the relationship between the privatized cultural consumption, the increasingly individualized lifestyle of the inhabitants of the neighborhood, and the Urban dynamics of the Latin American city, together with the growing delegitimization of community action organizations in the country and, in general, the exercise of traditional politics, explain the reduced participation in local collective action organizations of middle class citizens. ; A Junta de Ação Comunitária é um organismo de participação comunitária que persiste na Colômbia desde a segunda metade do século xx nos pequenos territórios urbanos e rurais como são os bairros e as veredas. Sua importância radica em que é reconhecido como o primeiro interlocutor do Estado com os cidadãos nos territórios onde mora. Alguns estudos têm identificado que estas organizações têm funcionado sobre todo para resolver as necessidades básicas da população como os serviços públicos domiciliários e equipamento social em zonas que não dispõem deles, mas não conhece-se seu funcionamento em bairros urbanos que já contam com a infraestrutura básica e cujos residentes têm um nível meio ou alto de capacidade de aquisição e estão conectados a circuitos econômicos de cultura globalizada. Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender os fatores populacionais e territoriais, organizativos e institucionais que restringem a participação comunitária dos habitantes de La Macarena, bairro boêmio de Bogotá, na Junta de Ação Comunal. Através de uma triangulação entre informação recopilada com técnicas de pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa em um exercício de investigação social aplicada, encontrou-se que a relação entre o consumo cultural privatizado, o estilo de vida cada vez mais individualizado dos habitantes do bairro e as dinâmicas urbanas da cidade latino-americana, junto com a crescente deslegitimação das organizações de ação comunal no país e em geral, do exercício da política tradicional, explicam a participação reduzida em organizações de ações coletivas locais de cidadãos de classe média.

The Community Action Board is an organism of community participation that persists in Colombia since the second half of the 20th century in the small urban and rural territories such as neighborhoods and rural districts. Its importance is that it is recognized as the first interlocutor of the State with citizenship in the areas where it lives. Some studies have identified that these organizations have worked mainly to solve basic needs of the population such as home public services and social facilities in areas that lack them, but its functioning is unknown in urban neighborhoods that already have basic infrastructure and whose residents have a medium or high level of purchasing power and are connected to economic circuits of globalized culture. The objective of this article is to understand the population, territorial, organizational and institutional factors that restrict the community participation of the inhabitants of La Macarena, the Bohemian neighborhood of Bogotá, in the Community Action Board. Through a triangulation between information compiled with quantitative and qualitative research techniques in an applied social research exercise, it was found that the relationship between the privatized cultural consumption, the increasingly individualized lifestyle of the inhabitants of the neighborhood, and the Urban dynamics of the Latin American city, together with the growing delegitimization of community action organizations in the country and, in general, the exercise of traditional politics, explain the reduced participation in local collective action organizations of middle class citizens. ; La Junta de Acción Comunal es un organismo de participación comunitaria que persiste en Colombia desde la segunda mitad del siglo xx en los pequeños territorios urbanos y rurales como son los barrios y las veredas. Su importancia radica en que es reconocido como el primer interlocutor del Estado con la ciudadanía en los territorios donde habita. Algunos estudios han identificado que estas organizaciones han funcionado sobre todo para resolver necesidades básicas de la población como los servicios públicos domiciliarios y equipamiento social en zonas que carecen de ellos, pero no se conoce su funcionamiento en barrios urbanos que ya cuentan con la infraestructura básica y cuyos residentes tienen un nivel medio o alto de capacidad adquisitiva y están conectados con circuitos económicos de cultura globalizada. Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender los factores poblacionales y territoriales, organizativos e institucionales que restringen la participación comunitaria de los habitantes de La Macarena, barrio bohemio de Bogotá, en la Junta de Acción Comunal. A través de una triangulación entre información recopilada con técnicas de investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa en un ejercicio de investigación social aplicada, se encontró que la relación entre el consumo cultural privatizado, el estilo de vida cada vez más individualizado de los habitantes del barrio, y las dinámicas urbanas de la ciudad latinoamericana, junto con la creciente deslegitimación de las organizaciones de acción comunal en el país y, en general, del ejercicio de la política tradicional, explican la reducida participación en organizaciones de acción colectiva local de ciudadanos de clase media. ; A Junta de Ação Comunitária é um organismo de participação comunitária que persiste na Colômbia desde a segunda metade do século xx nos pequenos territórios urbanos e rurais como são os bairros e as veredas. Sua importância radica em que é reconhecido como o primeiro interlocutor do Estado com os cidadãos nos territórios onde mora. Alguns estudos têm identificado que estas organizações têm funcionado sobre todo para resolver as necessidades básicas da população como os serviços públicos domiciliários e equipamento social em zonas que não dispõem deles, mas não conhece-se seu funcionamento em bairros urbanos que já contam com a infraestrutura básica e cujos residentes têm um nível meio ou alto de capacidade de aquisição e estão conectados a circuitos econômicos de cultura globalizada. Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender os fatores populacionais e territoriais, organizativos e institucionais que restringem a participação comunitária dos habitantes de La Macarena, bairro boêmio de Bogotá, na Junta de Ação Comunal. Através de uma triangulação entre informação recopilada com técnicas de pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa em um exercício de investigação social aplicada, encontrou-se que a relação entre o consumo cultural privatizado, o estilo de vida cada vez mais individualizado dos habitantes do bairro e as dinâmicas urbanas da cidade latino-americana, junto com a crescente deslegitimação das organizações de ação comunal no país e em geral, do exercício da política tradicional, explicam a participação reduzida em organizações de ações coletivas locais de cidadãos de classe média.

На основі розкриття змісту нормативного, інструментального (технократичного) та реалістичного (соціолого-культурологічного) підходів визначено, що ризиккомунікація відображує певний набір зв'язків, відносин і дій, що виникають у суспільстві під час сприйняття ризику, оцінки його людьми та необхідності діяти з метою мінімізації ризику або зменшення до прийнятного рівня негативних наслідків його впливу. Проведена демаркація ризик-комунікації з інформуванням про ризики, комунікативними ризиками, кризовою комунікацією. Показано, що ризик-комунікація спрямована на те, щоб переконати громадськість утриматись від ризикованої поведінки або обрати менш ризикований варіант дій. ; На основе раскрытия содержания нормативного, инструментального (технократического) и реалистического (социолого-культурологического) подходов определено, что риск-коммуникация отражает определенный набор связей, отношений и действий, возникающих в обществе при восприятии риска, оценки его людьми и необходимости действовать с целью минимизации риска или уменьшения до приемлемого уровня негативных последствий его влияния. Проведена демаркация рисккоммуникации с информированием о рисках, коммуникативными рисками, кризисной коммуникацией. Показано, что риск-коммуникация направлена на то, чтобы убедить общественность воздержаться от рискованного поведения или выбрать менее рискованный вариант действий. ; The content of the main approaches to risk communication is disclosed. In particular, according to the normative approach of risk communication is based on some of the significant ethical criteria and values, focused on ensuring the fundamental rights of civil society, build confidence and consensus. Instrumental (technocratic) approach focuses on the definition of risk communication as a kind of technology that can apply individual, group or organization to obtain advantages in achieving certain goals. Realistic (sociological and culturological) approach considers risk communication as a means of improving the quality of knowledge that is available when making decisions under uncertainty. It is emphasized that realistic imperative may be associated with pragmatic reasons, but it is aimed to achieve this result, which is consistent with common interests and values. Based on the disclosure of the content of these approaches, it is determined that risk communication reflects a certain set of contacts, relationships and actions that arise in society when perceiving risk, assessing it by people, and the need to act to minimize the risk or reduce to an acceptable level the negative consequences of its impact.Determined that risk communication is aimed at addressing the following main objectives: to make the message as accessible to all addressees could understand their meaning; provide an environment for discussion of risk issues involving all stakeholders in the democratic process aimed at resolving conflicts; create conditions in order to convince the message recipients to change their attitude to a particular type of risk. Successful risk communication depends on how the threat was identified for the implementation of communication activities. For this it is necessary to take the following steps: identification of possible collision situations; definition of situations that may trigger conflicts; determining the critical level of perception; determining the ability of information that serves an incentive for certain actions; determining the level of the motivational power of information provided; determining the level of conflict information provided; determining the level of psychological barriers of perception; determination of the ability to hear and understand information; determining the level of preparedness of criticism and black / gray PR; determining readiness to use methods of "pattern disruption"; determining the ability of media to modify and provoke opposing units; determination of a threat of lack of time mode; determining the level of professionalism and training of performers communicative action; determine the feasibility of using adequate methods, techniques, technologies.Demarcation of risk communication with information on risks, communicative risks, crisis communication was carried out. It is shown that risk communication is a purposeful process of exchanging different types of risk between the parties concerned. However this exchange is not one-sided and interactive process based on the existence and performance feedback, ensuring the mutual exchange of information. Proved that risk communication differs from communicative risks that are generated reality of risks intersection varied (permanent and temporary) factors of risks. In contrast, crisis communication, risk communication is establishing a dialogue between those at risk and those who are able to control or reduce their risk level associated with the determination of risk and is intended to convince the public to refrain from risky behavior. It was determined that the combined risk communication objective («threat») and subjective («outrage») elements.

ResumenEl artículo examina las consecuencias que para los países del Caribe, en especial para los Estados Miembros de la Comunidad del Caribe (CARICOM), tendría el proceso de normalización de relaciones entre Cuba y los Estados Unidos iniciado el 17 de diciembre de 2014 (17D). Sin agotar todos los posibles argumentos y posibilidades, el artículo analiza algunas de las transformaciones ya producidas y sus efectos, así como también se aventura en los impactos que pueden esperarse de este proceso –aún muy reciente y de avance mesurado– para las economías del resto de la región Caribe, en especial del Caribe de la CARICOM.La investigación se basó esencialmente en la revisión bibliográfica –en su mayoría de prensa cubana, estadounidense y caribeña– para la consulta de reportes noticiosos y artículos de opinión. Se consideraron ponencias presentadas por estudiosos del tema en eventos científicos así como las discusiones producidas en estos espacios y, en menor medida, se acudió a la consulta de material académico publicado pues, dada la naturaleza del fenómeno que se analiza –aún en pleno desarrollo- los libros y artículos que evalúan los impactos del 17D más allá de lo que sucede en Cuba y los Estados Unidos son relativamente escasos. Nuestro estudio se benefició además de datos estadísticos publicados en medios cubanos y estadounidenses y en información facilitada por las Embajadas de Cuba radicadas en las dos economías líderes de la CARICOM: Jamaica y Trinidad y Tobago, principales socios comerciales de Cuba dentro del espacio CARICOM.Palabras clave: Cuba, Estados Unidos, Caribe, CARICOMO Restabelecimento das Relações Diplomáticas entre Cuba e Estados Unidos: possibilidades para o Caribe da CARICOMResumoO artigo examina as consequencias para os países do Caribe, em especial para os Estados Membros da Comunidade do Caribe (CARICOM), do processo de normalização das relações entre Cuba e os EUA, iniciado em 17 de dezembro de 2014. Sem esgotar todos os possíveis argumentos e possibilidades, o artigo analisa algumas das transformações já produzidas e seus efeitos, assim como se aventura nos impactos que podem ser esperados desse processo – ainda muito recente e de avanços comedidos – para as economias do resto da região do Caribe, em especial da CARICOM.A pesquisa se baseou essencialmente em revisão bibliográfica – em sua maioria da imprensa cubana, estadunidense e caribenha – para a consulta de reportagens e artigos de opinião. Foram consideradas apresentações de estudiosos do tema em eventos científicos assim como as discussões produzidas em estes espaços e, em menor medida, foi feita consulta de material acadêmico publicado, pois, dada a natureza do fenômeno – ainda em pleno desenvolvimento – os livros e artigos que avaliam os impactos do 17D são relativamente escassos. Nosso estudo se beneficiou dos dados estatísticos publicados nos meios cubanos e estadunidenses e em informação facilitada pelas Embaixadas de Cuba radicadas nas economias líderes da CARICOM: Jamaica e Trinidad y Tobago, principais sócios comerciais de Cuba dentro do espaço CARICOM.Palabras chave: Cuba, Estados Unidos, Caribe, CARICOMThe Re-establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between Cuba and the United States: possibilities for the states Caribbean of CARICOMAbstractThe paper examines the implications the process of normalization of relations between Cuba and the United States, initiated on December 17, 2014 (17D), would have for the Caribbean countries, especially for the members of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Without exhausting all possible arguments and possibilities, the paper discusses some of the changes and their effects, but also explores the expected impacts of this process on the economies of the rest of the Caribbean region, especially the Caribbean CARICOM.The research was based on literature review, taking into consideration mostly Cuban, American and Caribbean press for the consultation of news reports and articles. The paper considered papers presented by scholars in scientific events as well as discussions produced in these spaces and, to a lesser extent, consulted academic publications, because, given the nature of the phenomenon being analysed, books and papers assessing the impacts of 17D beyond what happens in Cuba and the United States are relatively rare. Our study also benefited from statistics published in Cuban and US media and information provided by the embassies of Cuba filed in the two leading economies of CARICOM: Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba's main trading partners within the space of CARICOM.Keywords: Cuba, United States, Caribbean, CARICOM

This article is historico-analytical type concerning to the investigation of art basis for multimedia video design, particular research of the field of art – video art: it is origin, the main stages of development and modern aesthetic direction. In the work is analyzed the influence of video art on the process of formation and development of multimedia video design. The relevance of this theme is the need to in-depth study of the origins of modern art in design, including the study of philosophical and artistic background multimedia video design. In this case, video art is regarded as the one of origins of the art. Nam June Paik was one of the first artists who use the term "video art". Usually he is associated with the occurrence of this type of art. He was inspired by the composer John Cage and Fluxus founder George Maciunas. Fluxus is an international network of artists, composers and designers noted for blending different artistic media and disciplines in the 1960s. The artists tried to merge the art and life and achieve a more democratic approach to art. Pike was in a creative search for new artistic concepts and reconsidered the possibilities of the performance, electronic technologies and modern philosophy in the fine art. Nam June Paik used powerful magnets to create distortions of the television image and demonstrated the vulnerability of the video image to outside interference. By utilizing a magnetized ring, he interfered with the internal electronic circuitry of the device, and in turn, generated unique swirling vortexes. Pike called this invention "Demahnetayzer". Nam June Paik built a computer that could mix images, and he used Chromakey techniques (colour separation overlay) to superimpose parts of one image over another creating bizarre montages. Chromakey works by selecting a colour from the first image, usually blue, that is then replaced by an image from another source. The new waves of video artists, who were inspired of Nam June Paik, were proposed new format of traditional art – the video art. Seeing this methodology as essential for transfiguring social reality Nam June Paik, Wolf Vostell, and others developed programs centered on the electronic alteration of the standard television signal and or the physical manipulation of the TV set. Wolf Vostell was another pioneer of video art. He began to interfere with the television set itself. Vostell's strategical approach incorporated the decollage technique. Vostell noticed the word "Decollage" in the cover of the newspaper, where was posted an article about the crash, and used it to explain the concept of his works. He used fragments of reality such as torn posters and photographs to show the destructive aspect of life. Vostell looked at reality through the prism of the political press, magazine pictures and television, and projected it onto large screens. Since the 1970s, artists paid particular attention to optical devices and illuminators as integral imaging elements. The early works of American video artist Mary Lucier "Dawn Burn" (1975) and "Bird's Eye" (1978) demonstrated experiments with optical camera features. A famous American artist Bill Viola, skillfully showed in the video installation "Decay Time" (1974), how the video image had formed with the help of lighting. Video art artists of 80s are embodied in their works different kinds of music. For example, French video artist Robert Cahen experimented with electro-acoustic, noise and synthesized music. So at the initial stage of development video art is manifested as a complex phenomenon with different stylistic directions. Today there are three aesthetic areas of the modern video art: documentary, audio-visual and conceptual. We should also highlight to the development of video art in our country. In the early 90's of the 20th century post-Soviet community begins to discover the new genre of art – the video art. The early period of Ukrainian video art is called "Games with a camera". According Ukrainian art critic and curator Oleksandr Soloviov, this title is very accurate, because Ukrainian artists have know about video art for a long time, but did not have the basics of working with a camera as an artistic tool, and they were looking for their own "video expressiveness". ; Стаття має історико-аналітичний характер щодо дослідження мистецького підґрунтя му- льтимедійного відеодизайну, зокрема дослідження мистецької сфери відео-арту: його появи, основних етапів розвитку та сучасних естетичних напрямів. Аналізується характер впливу даного мистецького жанру на процес становлення та розвитку мультимедійного відеодизайну. Особлива увага приділяється розвитку відео-арту на вітчизняних теренах.

URL del artículo en la web de la Revista: https://www.upo.es/revistas/index.php/atrio/article/view/3069 ; Nella Siracusa tardo-medievale si rispecchiano gli usi, le tradizioni e lo stile architettonico dell'antica corona d'Aragona, cui appartenne il regno di Sicilia. Il governo delle regine si impone in particolare negli anni tra il 1420 e il 1530 in cui Siracusa diviene capitale della Camera Reginale e tra le più importanti città di Sicilia. In quest'epoca i porti di Siracusa, Catania e Agrigento, come già quelli di Palermo, Trapani e Messina, diventano meta privilegiata e approdo dei ricchi mercanti che dalla penisola iberica commerciano con i siciliani, a loro volta in contatto con Barcellona e altre città della Spagna. Sono gli stessi ufficiali al servizio delle regine a importare gli usi architettonici che riproducono a Siracusa la chiarezza palaziale delle dimore spagnole di Barcellona, Lleida, Girona, Valencia o Centelles. In tutta quest'area fiorisce il "gotico mediterraneo", con i suoi chiaroscuri, i ricami di pietra, le bifore e trifore che ingentiliscono le facciate dei palazzi. Questo articolo delinea i caratteri della città aragonese-catalana, rimasta in ombra e quasi del tutto da scoprire. Addentrarsi nei patii con scale a cielo aperto e loggiato di chiaro influsso catalano è un'esperienza unica che fa comprendere la ricchezza della storia urbana, intreccio di culture diverse ed espressione di una civiltà edilizia che è un unicum. ; En la Edad Media de Siracusa se reflejan las costumbres, tradiciones y el estilo arquitectónico de la antigua corona de Aragón, que pertenecía al reino de Sicilia. El gobierno de las reinas se impone en particular en los años entre 1420 y 1530 en que Syracuse se convierte en la capital de la Camera Reginale y una de las ciuda- des más importantes de Sicilia. En este momento los puertos de Siracusa, Catania y Agrigento, como ya los de Palermo, Trapani y Messina, se convierten en un destino privilegiado y puerto de ricos mercaderes que desde la Península Ibérica comercian con los sicilianos, a su vez en contacto con Barcelona y otras ciudades de España. Los mismos funcionarios sirven a las reinas para importar los usos arquitectónicos que reproducen en Siracusa la claridad palaciega de las residencias españolas de Barcelona, Lleida, Girona, Valencia o Centelles. En toda esta zona florece el "gótico mediterráneo", con su claroscuro, los bordados de piedra, las ventanas geminada y las ventanas de tres luces que refinano las fachadas de los edificios. Este artículo describe los personajes de la ciudad aragonesa-catalana, quedada en la oscuridad y casi completamente por descubrir. Entrar en los patios escaleras descubierta y una galería de arcos de clara influencia catalana es una experiencia única que nos hace comprender la riqueza de la historia urbana, el mezcla de diferentes culturas y la expresión de una civilización constructora que es única. ; In the late-medieval Syracuse customs, traditions and architectural style of the ancient Crown of Aragon, which belonged to the kingdom of Sicily, are reflected. The Government of the Queens is imposed, in particular in the years between 1420 and 1530, when Syracuse becomes the Capital of the Camera Reginale and one of the most important cities of Sicily. At that time, the ports of Syracuse, Catania and Agrigento, as already were those of Palermo, Trapani and Messina, became a privileged destination and port for rich merchants, who were trading from the Iberian Peninsula with the Sicilians, that in turn were in contact with Barcelona and other cities in Spain. The same officials who served the Queens imported the architectural uses that reproduce in Syracuse the palatial clarity of the Spanish residences of Barcelona, Lleida, Girona, Valencia or Centelles. In all this area the "Mediterranean Gothic" flourishes, with its chiaroscuro, the stone embroideries, and the two- or three-light windows that decorate the buildings' facades. This article outlines the characters of the Aragonese- Catalan city, so far left in the somewhat shade and almost entirely to be discovered. Entering the patios with their open-air stairs and loggias of clear Catalan influence is an extraordinary experience that makes us understand the richness of urban history, interweaving of different cultures and expression of a unique building civilization. ; Universidad Pablo de Olavide

The main element in shaping the outlook of future military professionals, their involvement in the values of military service is the creation of educational action throughout the educational process. In the basis of this system must be based on an effective impact on student motivation in his future professional self (in this case military-professional selfdetermination).The military education is not defined sustainable balance-centered and authoritarian theory-driven practice; system of training future officers in the military university education is not static but is in constant change under the influence of experience. Also note that at the moment the spiritual sphere of training of future officers is subject of negative processes (global deidealization, pragmatic practice of everyday life, the massive impact of the media and others).Reform of the liberal education of future officers in modern social and cultural contexts made from:– Enriching the content of modern liberal education in higher military school with new ideas, new experiences of practical activities of troops;– Implementation of a system of military education military specialist new type formed based on competent approach to humanitarian, moral, legal, aesthetic areas of training;– Careful attention to the development of innovative models, new technologies and forms of humanization and humanization of military-educational process;– Coordination of scientific and pedagogical military public universities, representatives of customers personnel (military command), institutions and organizations to provide quality humanitarian and development component of higher postgraduate and additional professional education;– Active cooperation of teachers of humanitarian and military-professional disciplines;Humanitarian future education officer, who is in the interest of the individual, society and the state appears as «eternal and universal value».Humanitarian consider military education in narrow and broad sense, namely:a) humanitarian education of future officers (in the narrow sense – is the purpose, content and outcome of humanization and humanization of the educational process, to form individual graduate military school, which has philosophical and attitudinal, social, pedagogical, the overall cultural, moral, existential, artistic aesthetic, cultural, religious, sociological, intellectual and other critical competencies that enable it to successfully carry out professional activities;humanitarian education of future officers (in the broad sense – is a multi purposeful and continuous educational process of the individual graduate military school, which provides maximum achievement of certain humanistic qualities which helps to solve military professional tasks (in the broad social and cultural contexts) and part of the intellectual and spiritual elite States Considerable potential in shaping the outlook soldier belongs moral and psychological support of military operations and psychological preparation of the Armed Forces directly in military units and formations// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "journals.uran.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "journals.uran.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e ; В статье делается попытка рассмотреть специфику формирования мировоззрения будущих военных специалистов в условиях глобальной деидеологизации. Приведены причины реформирования гуманитарного образования будущих офицеров в современных социокультурных контекстах. Обращается внимание на существенный потенциал в формировании мировоззрения военнослужащего, который относится к морально-психологическому обеспечению военной деятельности и психологической подготовке личного состава.// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "journals.uran.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e ; У статті робиться спроба розглянути специфіку формування світогляду майбутніх військових фахівців в умовах глобальної деідеологізації. Наведені причини реформування гуманітарної освіти майбутніх офіцерів у сучасних соціокультурних контекстах. Звертається увага на суттєвий потенціал у формуванні світогляду військовослужбовця, який належить морально-психологічному забезпеченню військової діяльності та психологічній підготовці особового складу.// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "journals.uran.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

This article is dedicated to identifying the main characteristics of the rational choice approach and its heuristic potential in the study of international relations. Determined that in a globalized one of the main tasks of political theory and practice is the search for patterns of political interaction, which would take into account the interests of regional, national and global actors and their actions effectively melted the rational global politics.Determined that the study of the mechanisms of self-regulation of the political system, the mutual influence of informed, rational and motivated individual and collective political actors at various levels and for determining the political economic failures is important areas of policy research.The objectives of political science in the study of international relations should include an analysis of the political transformation of the market (in three interrelated dimensions - global, national and regional), determining the boundaries of state influence on politics and development trends of democratic political regime.Argued that rationality is the one of the fundamentals of modern development, democratic political institutions. Without rationalizing is impossible to imagine the processes of secularization and liberalization of economic, political and media spaces, formation and development of the rule of law and civil society, professional management (bureaucracy), public policy, science and education, technological progress.Determined that the theory of rational choice refers to the sphere of values. The rationality of science, engineering and law, economic and political activities is the basis of European civilization.Argued that the rationality of the modern world accepts new challenges through the development process of mediatization, the emergence of new global economic and political actors, environmental problems.In studies of international relations and foreign policy process of rational choice theory rapidly developing areas such as the theory of negotiation to resolve conflicts and hostilities, combating the activities of international terrorist groups and organizations, international organizations functioning in the context of globalization.Determined that the rational actions of individual and collective political actors in international relations are based on the awareness and analyticity, the political situation is to actions of individuals as rational choice under conditions of globalization lies in assessing the cost and benefits of mandatory considering individual preferences and collective actors. That comes to understanding instrumental rationality, according to which individuals might balance their expected benefits and costs of trying to maximize the first and minimize the latter.Argued that globalization creates a number of challenges for the study of international relations through the prism of rational choice:- Definition of «global» interest, which allows to reconcile individual, group and national interests, problematic transformation of individual interest to the group, and national interests – to the global;- Temporal deficiency in the implementation of policy choices in the «fast» global world;- Dispersion of benefits. With the globalization of every actor gets a small share of the benefits in which he participates to meet the interest of the global community and therefore has no motive for entering the space of global interaction;- The need to find new forms of political participation and control over global actors, provide feedback and participation in shaping the global agenda.Argued that political theory formed quite skeptical of the theory of rational choice in the form in which it is represented in the model of «economic man». Talk about public choice theory with its inherent limited rationality. This approach allows for a more critical approach to understanding the principles of global economic and political market, which is interpreted not as a result of natural, free from interference structure as a result of planning and creating the appropriate legal framework and political institutions. ; Статья посвящена определению основных характеристик подхода рационального выбора и его эвристического потенциала в исследованиях международных отношений. Определено, что в условиях глобализации одной из основных задач политической теории и практики выступает поиск модели политического взаимодействия, которая бы учитывала интересы региональных, национальных и глобальных актеров в рациональной глобальной политике. ; Статтю присвячено визначенню основних характеристик підходу раціонального вибору та його евристичного потенціалу в дослідженнях міжнародних відносин. Визначено, що в умовах глобалізації одним із основних завдань політичної теорії та практики виступає пошук моделі політичної взаємодії, яка би враховувала інтереси регіональних, національних та глобальних акторів у раціональній глобальній політиці.

Accountability of the representatives to the represented is constrained by the heterogeneity in the issue positions of represented voters. Many gradations of homogeneity and heterogeneity can be distinguished. Accountability is almost trivial in the case of perfect homogeneity in which the represented voters agree on all issues (see Chapter 2). Accountability is relatively easy when the represented voters disagree with each other along one issue dimension, for example the socialeconomic left-right dimension, as was pointed out by Schattschneider (1960). An overarching dimension allows for a transparent political debate with opponents, who get the floor also to reframe their issue positions to increase electoral support. Giving an account of one's issue positions becomes less straightforward but remains still possible in the case of a limited number of independent overarching dimensions, for example an authoritarian-libertarian dimension in addition to a left-right dimension. A limited number of overarching issue dimensions enables the representatives to justify package deals in which political successes on one dimension are claimed in exchange for losses on another dimension. Without overarching issue dimensions in the electorate, there is no easy way to render concrete issues commensurable enough to deliver an account to defend why one would give in on any specific issue. In this chapter on the dimensionality of the European issue space we will encounter another type of heterogeneity that impedes accountability. Europeans do acknowledge basically the same underlying issue dimensions, such as leftright and Alternative/Libertarian vs. Traditional/Orthodox. The actual issue positions on these dimensions vary however systematically between Southern European, Northern European and Eastern European countries, which makes it virtually impossible to deliver one European policy that would be agreeable for all. Moreover the overarching issue dimensions depend on each other in different ways in Southern, Eastern and Northern European countries, which results in very different evaluations between countries of coalitions and package deals in which positions on for example the left-right dimension are exchanged for positions on the Alternative/Libertarian vs. Traditional/Orthodox dimension. In short, Europeans in Southern, Northern and Eastern European countries differ widely with regard to their evaluation of issue positions and their evaluation of political coalitions and political deals, although they share a common awareness of the underlying political antagonisms. The chapter is based on an assessment of the policy dimensions that underlie the specsfic issue positions of European voters with regard to 28 varied issues. We expect that the policy dimensions within European electorates are still structured by the social cleavages that originally shaped the European party landscapes. The politics of European states are the product of three revolutions: the Reformation and Counter-Reformation consolidating territorial boundaries of European states, the French Revolution causing profound separation of church and state, and finally the Industrial Revolution in which free enterprise (instead of economic protection) and workers' rights were at stake. These revolutions struck countries at different times and under different conditions causing variations among European party systems. For example, Dutch state formation in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was shaped by the power struggle between liberal, permissive Protestants and authoritarian, orthodox Calvinists ("rekkelijken" versus "preciezen"). Prolonged state formation in Southern Europe, for example, lead to generally weaker social cleavage articulation due to the overriding salience of the conflict about regime formation (Günther and Montero 2000). In Britain, the early resolution of state formation and the state-church conflict led to the predominance of the class cleavage. In other countries social class also remains important for voting behaviour (Nieuwbeerta 1996; Evans 1999). With the introduction of universal suffrage in the early twentieth century, existing cleavage structures durably froze electoral alignments and party alternatives (Lipset and Rokkan 1967: 50; Krouwel 2012). Hitherto, research into the dimensionality of issue spaces has focused on the dimensions that underlie issue positions of the European political parties, for example starting from expert surveys (Benoit 2006), roll-call votes in the European Parliament (His et al. 2006), party manifesto research (Klingemann et al. 1994; Pennings 2002), or from the media coverage of the issue positions of parties (Kriesi et al. 2006). Research that focused on the policy dimensions that underlie issue positions of European voters has usually started from a small number of issue positions about which questions are asked in national and European election surveys (Klingemann et al. 1994; Van der Brug et al. 2009 (the latter authors employ expert survey data in addition)).

Negli ultimi anni, la sanità è stata oggetto di importanti trasformazioni, che hanno reso necessario pensare ad una nuova dimensione di salute e creare un approccio moderno e innovativo dell'assistenza sanitaria, che permettesse la fusione del diritto alla salute con l'ottimizzazione delle risorse, promuovendo una cultura legata al miglioramento della qualità delle prestazioni unitamente ad un'attenzione crescente rivolta verso gli aspetti di efficienza, efficacia ed economicità. In Italia, così come in altri Paesi, si è assistito ad una riduzione della spesa sanitaria, dal momento che la minore disponibilità finanziaria da un lato e i costi insostenibili dall'altro hanno costretto i governi ad attuare manovre restrittive sulla spesa pubblica. Il contenimento dei finanziamenti destinati al servizio sanitario, la riduzione dei tassi di ospedalizzazione e la diminuzione del numero degli ospedali attivi sul territorio nazionale hanno favorito la diffusione di nuovi modelli organizzativi, che stanno rivoluzionando le strutture di ricovero tradizionali, generando modificazioni nella forma e nelle dimensioni. A tal riguardo, la day surgery rappresenta un modello clinico-organizzativo alternativo al ricovero ordinario, grazie al quale è possibile perseguire una diversificazione dell'offerta sanitaria per i cittadini e una maggiore appropriatezza nell'utilizzo delle tipologie di assistenza, contribuendo, altresì, ad apportare benefici in termini di contenimento dei costi di gestione e razionalizzazione nell'utilizzo delle risorse. La AOUP, quale ospedale di eccellenza nel panorama italiano, ha provveduto, nel 2014, alla creazione di un centro dedicato alle procedure chirurgiche a bassa e media complessità di cura (Polo Multidisciplinare di Ricovero Breve), con la finalità di ricercare sia una maggiore appropriatezza clinica nelle modalità di accesso che una maggiore appropriatezza organizzativa nell'utilizzo dei posti letto, favorendo un impiego efficiente dei blocchi operatori ed una riduzione delle liste di attesa. In questo contesto, si inserisce l'esigenza della Direzione aziendale di approfondire la conoscenza della nuova realtà, attraverso lo sviluppo di un'analisi di sostenibilità economica della configurazione organizzativa esistente, che, partendo dalla mappatura del processo di cura del paziente, consentisse di effettuare una valutazione dei risultati raggiunti dalla complessiva attività nel corso del 2015. L'elaborato di tesi, che nasce da un tirocinio svolto all'interno della AOUP, si suddivide in una prima parte di carattere generale, descritta nei primi tre capitoli, e in una seconda parte, inserita nel quarto capitolo, di tipo prettamente applicativo: • Nel capitolo 1, si è analizzata dapprima l'evoluzione normativa del sistema sanitario italiano, con particolare riferimento alla legge 833 del 1978, il decreto legislativo 502 del 1992 e la riforma Bindi del 1999, e sono stati approfonditi i modelli regionali, focalizzandosi sul modello toscano ed in particolar modo sulla legge 84 del 2015 di riforma dell'ordinamento sanitario regionale, la quale ha provocato un significativo ridisegno dell'assetto organizzativo del servizio sanitario toscano; infine sono stati descritti i meccanismi di finanziamento delle ASL e delle aziende ospedaliere; • Nel capitolo 2, si è affrontato il tema del controllo di gestione nelle aziende sanitarie, concentrando l'attenzione sugli strumenti e sulle metodologie necessarie per rilevare i costi e valutare le performance; tra i diversi strumenti analizzati, si è dato particolare rilievo alla contabilità analitica e alle metodologie per la ripartizione dei costi indiretti; infine, è stato trattato il concetto dell'appropriatezza, sia dal punto di vista clinico che organizzativo; • Nel capitolo 3, viene introdotto il modello della day surgery, fornendone una descrizione sintetica circa le finalità, i modelli organizzativi e le garanzie del percorso assistenziale, nonché rilevando i benefici derivanti dalla sua applicazione; inoltre sono stati analizzati i possibili benefici derivanti dalla progettazione di un sistema a breve ospedalizzazione che, attraverso la standardizzazione delle strutture e delle best practice, tende a creare catene di Day Surgery Unit, replicando gli aspetti praticati nel settore industriale e commerciale nella specificità dei servizi sanitari; • Nel capitolo 4 viene infine descritto il modello di analisi costruito per analizzare la sostenibilità del PMRB; a tal riguardo viene dapprima definita la metodologia di lavoro che ha guidato l'implementazione del progetto. Successivamente il lavoro si suddivide in tre fasi: la prima dedicata all'analisi dell'attività, la seconda alla rilevazione e quantificazione delle risorse impiegate nel PMRB, la terza ed ultima fase incentrata sull'analisi di sostenibilità economica, attraverso il calcolo del margine di contribuzione e del risultato netto a livello complessivo di struttura e a livello analitico e la costruzione del Break Even Point.

La famiglia è un campo di studio a cui è importante dedicare particolare attenzione, sia per l'importanza che ricopre ai fini della comprensione dei processi sociali, sia per i numerosi cambiamenti che stanno avvenendo al suo interno. Fattori di varia natura (culturali, demografici ed economici) stanno portando alla nascita di realtà familiari nuove. In particolar modo, a partire dagli anni Sessanta del secolo scorso, sono nati diversi tipi di forme familiari che, da manifestazioni marginali, sono diventate sempre più diffuse e concorrenziali al modello egemonico. Le persone omosessuali si sono inserite in questo processo di cambiamento, contribuendo alla trasformazione del modo di creare, vivere e identificare la famiglia, "sfidando" il modello eterosessuale dominante su uno dei suoi punti più saldi: la complementarietà dei sessi necessaria alla riproduzione e allo svolgimento del ruolo genitoriale. Le famiglie omogenitoriali si configurano come una realtà sociale in crescita a livello europeo. Il dibattito sul riconoscimento legale delle coppie omosessuali è acceso, sono sempre di più i paesi che stanno legiferando in materia di matrimonio, unioni civili, adozione congiunta o stepchild adoption. Altri elementi, come ad esempio lo sviluppo delle tecniche di procreazione assistita, stanno aprendo più possibilità agli omosessuali che manifestano il desiderio di avere figli, perciò le famiglie omogenitoriali possono non nascere più solo dalla rottura di precedenti unioni eterosessuali, ma anche come frutto della precisa scelta di coppia omosessuale di avere figli. La ricerca proposta è stata concepita in ottica comparativa tra due paesi, Italia e Spagna, che hanno una disciplina giuridica differente per quanto riguarda il riconoscimento delle coppie omosessuali e la loro possibilità di accesso alla genitorialità. La Spagna è in questo senso un paese precursore, che da più di dieci anni ha legalizzato il matrimonio egualitario, con possibilità di adozione singola, congiunta e stepchild adoption. L'Italia, al contrario, è una delle grandi eccezioni nel panorama europeo per quanto concerne il totale silenzio in merito al riconoscimento delle coppie di fatto, sia etero che omosessuali; negli anni sono state elaborate diverse proposte di legge (sinora mai promulgate), una delle quali al vaglio del parlamento proprio nel momento in cui si scrive. Il confronto tra questi due paesi permette di comparare situazioni completamente diverse sul piano dei diritti, ma in tessuti sociali tradizionalmente simili per modelli familiari e religiosi. Nello specifico, si vuole analizzare il modo in cui le famiglie omogenitoriali si confrontano con il contesto quotidiano, allo scopo di comprendere in che misura la società è in grado di accoglierle e accettarle e se la presenza o assenza di un riconoscimento formale può incidere sulla capacità di accettazione sociale. Per fare questo si è scelto di dare voce al loro vissuto. Un primo approccio all'oggetto di studio è consistito nell'approfondimento della tematica attraverso l'analisi di fonti secondarie, nello specifico di dati statistici, al fine di capire quanto fosse diffuso il fenomeno all'interno dei due contesti culturali presi in esame. Inoltre, dato che la famiglia, il matrimonio e le modalità di accesso alla genitorialità sono regolamentate dallo Stato, si è pensato che fosse fondamentale realizzare uno studio comparativo dei testi legali italiani e spagnoli in cui tali aspetti fossero definiti e legittimati, senza tralasciare la dimensione europea e gli indirizzi comunitari che orientano gli stati membri. Per la realizzazione della ricerca empirica è stata chiesta collaborazione all'associazionismo specificamente rivolto alla genitorialità omosessuale, gli strumenti utilizzati sono stati l'osservazione partecipante e le storie di vita. Le principali conclusioni tratte sono qui di seguito riportate:  la Spagna presenta un maggiore grado di apertura sociale nei confronti del riconoscimento delle coppie omosessuali e dell'omogenitorialità. Questo si riscontra non solo in confronto all'Italia, ma anche rispetto alla media europea.  Anche in Spagna si evidenziano carenze istituzionali, specialmente in ambito scolastico ed amministrativo.  É centrale il confronto con altre famiglie omogenitoriali, sia durante la fase della formazione della famiglia sia per la socializzazione successiva.  In entrambi i paesi si riscontra negli intervistati una tendenziale fiducia in un progressivo processo di normalizzazione, attraverso informazione e visibilità.  Sia in Italia che in Spagna i genitori omosessuali manifestano preoccupazione per una possibile mancata accettazione della loro configurazione familiare. Tuttavia, sono pochi gli episodi di rifiuto manifesto, specialmente nei confronti dei figli. La conoscenza diretta sembra facilitare l'accettazione sociale. Il presente lavoro vuole rivolgersi sia ai non addetti ai lavori che ai professionisti di settore, allo scopo di informare su una realtà sociale in crescita ed ispirare la creazione di buone pratiche di intervento e prevenzione di situazioni di disagio.

Purpose The purpose of this single abstract is to present and discuss results coming from a pilot study exploring how creative production can be used as a didactic framework for teaching theory of science at BA level at the university. The data consists of observations during talks and evaluations, log books of reflections, and the students' productions. Conceptual framework The BA in Communication and Digital Media at AAU is based on an interdisciplinary approach involving a wide range of scientific positions of communication. Hence, the teaching of theory of science plays a central role even from the first semester to support the students' development of not only theoretical, but also meta-theoretical awareness and agency. Further, the education is based on problem-based and project-organized learning, where the students' learn through applying theoretical concepts and perspectives on self- selected communication problems derived from real world practices. The problem-based approach requires the ability to construct relevant and scientific rationales through acknowledging and applying the meta-theoretical dimensions of their academic work. Theory of science as a discipline, then, becomes not only a matter of knowing, but also a matter of doing, as a tool for building reasonable, scientific optics for analyzing data. Previously, most meta-theoretical dimensions of the students' projects have consisted of static references of meta-theory with no deeper connection to or actual impact on the project. In this inactive form meta-theory becomes a meaningless and not a productive element of the students' academic practices, sometimes even counterproductive if it contradicts the concerns and conclusions of the project. Hence, new teaching strategies which can enhance the students' meta-theoretical agency are needed. As part of a new application-oriented strategy we use creative production in exchange for students passively listening and taking notes as the only mode of production during Theory of science classes. Through the making of small, digital productions the students gain personal and material experiences with meta-theoretical perspectives such as a hermeneutic notion of gaming, the phenomenological perceptions of things and social construction of meaning. Through this rather unorthodox approach to a classic, contemplative subject, Theory of Science is turned into an active and experience-oriented discipline. Theoretical framework We understand creative production in the light of design thinking (Ejsing-Duun & Skovbjerg, 2016). The production is a form given by using a digital tool, using text and theoretical concepts. Learning through production has an important functional aspect as it makes it possible to reflect upon one's own learning afterwards and to discuss it with others. This point of departure is based on a pragmatic learning perspective provided and inspired by Dewey (1976), Schön (1999) and by an understanding of learning design framed by Sørensen & Levinsen (2014). In a pragmatic understanding of learning the students must first and foremost do something with the concepts – in this perspective concepts coming from theory of science. In their forming a production the students are not only getting to know concepts of science, but they are applying them to a actual scientific practice. Results Our results show indications that production: 1) can facilitate knowledge sharing between students, 2) be a guide for reading and how making theoretical and abstract concepts understandable for students, when they are asked to work with them in a concrete and practical way. At the conference we would like to elaborate on these indications and, on that basis, discuss some of the main challenges for both students and teachers, when implementing a didactic of creative production in a context where creativity and productivity is least expected, for instance, how evaluation seems to be crucial for the students' acceptance of and ability to enter into this kind of creative and productive framework. References: Dewey J.(1976) Democracy and Education: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education (New York: Macmillan, 1916; New York: Free Press / London: Collier-Macmillan, 1944). Ejsing-Duun S. & Skovbjerg, H.M (2016) Copycat or Creative Innovator? Re-production as a Pedagogical Strategy in Schools. I: Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 2016. Schön, D. (1999) The Reflective Practitioner: How professionals think in action. London: Temple Smith. Sørensen, B.H & Levinsen, K. (2014) Digital Production and Students as Learning Designers. Designs for Learning, Vol. 7:1:54-73.