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Where does the WTO go from here?The WTO's 13th Ministerial Conference (MC13) in Abu Dhabi last February was a failure. It didn't deliver on several agreements that were within reach, like one on fisheries subsidies. And even the few success stories, such as the extension of the moratorium on e-commerce duties, might be overturned in two years at MC14. The meetings gave the impression that the WTO is now running just to stand still. MC13's agenda was less about moving forward than preventing countries from backsliding on obligations. So, what went wrong? One explanation is that domestic politics completely upended the meetings. Over 60 countries are in the thick of elections, making it nearly impossible for them to compromise. Yet most of MC13's negotiating items have been on the agenda for years. With only a few exceptions, like the US on digital trade and intellectual property, negotiating positions on most of these items have remained the same. Another explanation is that India is to blame for bringing down MC13. New Delhi refused to compromise on almost anything, even when it had few allies. But India, along with South Africa, did more to wreck the meetings in 2022 than in 2024. Heading into MC12, India and South Africa proposed the misguided TRIPS waiver, which caused a North-South rift; challenged the legality of Joint Statement Initiatives in the hopes of dooming "plurilaterals;" objected to the fisheries deal in a way that signaled recalcitrance; and came out against extending the moratorium on e-commerce duties as a wedge issue between developing versus developed countries. These proposals were meant to undermine MC12 and, left unresolved, they were bound to pose challenges at MC13.Though these obstacles should not be discounted, much of the blame for MC13's failure rests with the US. After decades as the world's foremost advocate for greater ambition at the WTO, the US regrettably has joined the group of countries obstructing outcomes and working to weaken WTO rules. For instance, the Biden Administration withdrew US support for key digital trade proposals ahead of MC13, arguing that foreign governments should have "policy space" to regulate US companies as they see fit. The Administration also reversed longstanding US policy by supporting a waiver of intellectual property rights under the TRIPS Agreement for COVID vaccines. These reversals stunned US allies and sent ambition on a downward spiral at the WTO.Indeed, the debacle in Abu Dhabi may have already doomed MC14. Analysts worry the moratorium on e-commerce duties will not be extended when the WTO next gathers in Cameroon. There's also the potential that the sponsors of an expanded TRIPS waiver will take another kick at the can at MC14, even though WTO members recognized that "there was no consensus" on the issue ahead of MC13 after years of deliberations.In fact, if the absence of US leadership at the WTO continues, other waivers could also be on the agenda for MC14. The WTO's Director General, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, has said she would be open to discussing an intellectual property waiver on green technology. This idea got considerable traction at the UN's COP27, where it was combined with a "peace clause" on litigation over subsidies to fight climate change.For its part, the African Group, comprised of 44 countries, has also submitted proposals on how intellectual property waivers and high tariffs can purportedly help developing countries more quickly meet their industrial policy goals.Buying into this waiver frenzy will not show that the WTO is relevant to solving the problems of the day. Waivers will not boost confidence in the rules-based global trading system. Rather, they'll be taken as proof that important public policy goals can only be met by working around the rules.The first Director General of the GATT, Eric White, is rumored to have called the institution "a collection of exceptions, strung together by loopholes." This wasn't meant as a compliment back then, and it's exactly what the WTO will become if MC14 attendees buy into a waiver frenzy. The US should be working to prevent this outcome – not encourage it.Instead of rushing to consider a waiver, MC12 should have addressed COVID as a thematic work program, like the one on small economies. These are more likely to direct attention to holistic solutions. COVID, for example, put the spotlight on tariffs on vaccine ingredients, export restrictions, and differences across regulatory approval processes for medicines. These are problems the WTO is good at solving, including by providing transparency. Inexplicably, the Biden Administration refused to join our closest allies—including Canada, the European Union and Japan—in supporting common-sense proposals to address these issues. Instead, India and South Africa got the WTO focused on one issue and one solution—a TRIPS waiver—and the US took the bait.When governments rightly followed the evidence and refused to expand the TRIPS waiver at MC13, South Africa spun the situation as evidence of the WTO's inability to help developing countries deal with a pandemic, even though Pretoria worked tirelessly to keep other more efficacious tools out of the conversation. Meanwhile, the US stayed silent at MC13, and disappointingly did not articulate opposition to expanding the TRIPS waiver. Instead, in a statement issued by US Trade Representative Katherine Tai regarding MC13, the Ambassador highlighted "the need for our trade policies to be flexible to allow Members to manage current global challenges." Along with putting more emphasis on thematic work programs, MC14 should take a lesson from MC1. The Singapore meetings had to take up big questions, including what countries wanted from the WTO. The Abu Dhabi Ministerial Declaration talks about the multilateral trading system "with the WTO at its core" without giving clues as to what this means in 2024. The US should reassert leadership at the WTO by pushing the organization to return to its core mission: reducing barriers to global trade and innovation. No country has more to lose if the WTO is allowed to turn into a collection of exceptions and loopholes.

Where does the WTO go from here?The WTO's 13th Ministerial Conference (MC13) in Abu Dhabi last February was a failure. It didn't deliver on several agreements that were within reach, like one on fisheries subsidies. And even the few success stories, such as the extension of the moratorium on e-commerce duties, might be overturned in two years at MC14. The meetings gave the impression that the WTO is now running just to stand still. MC13's agenda was less about moving forward than preventing countries from backsliding on obligations. So, what went wrong? One explanation is that domestic politics completely upended the meetings. Over 60 countries are in the thick of elections, making it nearly impossible for them to compromise. Yet most of MC13's negotiating items have been on the agenda for years. With only a few exceptions, like the US on digital trade and intellectual property, negotiating positions on most of these items have remained the same. Another explanation is that India is to blame for bringing down MC13. New Delhi refused to compromise on almost anything, even when it had few allies. But India, along with South Africa, did more to wreck the meetings in 2022 than in 2024. Heading into MC12, India and South Africa proposed the misguided TRIPS waiver, which caused a North-South rift; challenged the legality of Joint Statement Initiatives in the hopes of dooming "plurilaterals;" objected to the fisheries deal in a way that signaled recalcitrance; and came out against extending the moratorium on e-commerce duties as a wedge issue between developing versus developed countries. These proposals were meant to undermine MC12 and, left unresolved, they were bound to pose challenges at MC13.Though these obstacles should not be discounted, much of the blame for MC13's failure rests with the US. After decades as the world's foremost advocate for greater ambition at the WTO, the US regrettably has joined the group of countries obstructing outcomes and working to weaken WTO rules. For instance, the Biden Administration withdrew US support for key digital trade proposals ahead of MC13, arguing that foreign governments should have "policy space" to regulate US companies as they see fit. The Administration also reversed longstanding US policy by supporting a waiver of intellectual property rights under the TRIPS Agreement for COVID vaccines. These reversals stunned US allies and sent ambition on a downward spiral at the WTO.Indeed, the debacle in Abu Dhabi may have already doomed MC14. Analysts worry the moratorium on e-commerce duties will not be extended when the WTO next gathers in Cameroon. There's also the potential that the sponsors of an expanded TRIPS waiver will take another kick at the can at MC14, even though WTO members recognized that "there was no consensus" on the issue ahead of MC13 after years of deliberations.In fact, if the absence of US leadership at the WTO continues, other waivers could also be on the agenda for MC14. The WTO's Director General, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, has said she would be open to discussing an intellectual property waiver on green technology. This idea got considerable traction at the UN's COP27, where it was combined with a "peace clause" on litigation over subsidies to fight climate change.For its part, the African Group, comprised of 44 countries, has also submitted proposals on how intellectual property waivers and high tariffs can purportedly help developing countries more quickly meet their industrial policy goals.Buying into this waiver frenzy will not show that the WTO is relevant to solving the problems of the day. Waivers will not boost confidence in the rules-based global trading system. Rather, they'll be taken as proof that important public policy goals can only be met by working around the rules.The first Director General of the GATT, Eric White, is rumored to have called the institution "a collection of exceptions, strung together by loopholes." This wasn't meant as a compliment back then, and it's exactly what the WTO will become if MC14 attendees buy into a waiver frenzy. The US should be working to prevent this outcome – not encourage it.Instead of rushing to consider a waiver, MC12 should have addressed COVID as a thematic work program, like the one on small economies. These are more likely to direct attention to holistic solutions. COVID, for example, put the spotlight on tariffs on vaccine ingredients, export restrictions, and differences across regulatory approval processes for medicines. These are problems the WTO is good at solving, including by providing transparency. Inexplicably, the Biden Administration refused to join our closest allies—including Canada, the European Union and Japan—in supporting common-sense proposals to address these issues. Instead, India and South Africa got the WTO focused on one issue and one solution—a TRIPS waiver—and the US took the bait.When governments rightly followed the evidence and refused to expand the TRIPS waiver at MC13, South Africa spun the situation as evidence of the WTO's inability to help developing countries deal with a pandemic, even though Pretoria worked tirelessly to keep other more efficacious tools out of the conversation. Meanwhile, the US stayed silent at MC13, and disappointingly did not articulate opposition to expanding the TRIPS waiver. Instead, in a statement issued by US Trade Representative Katherine Tai regarding MC13, the Ambassador highlighted "the need for our trade policies to be flexible to allow Members to manage current global challenges." Along with putting more emphasis on thematic work programs, MC14 should take a lesson from MC1. The Singapore meetings had to take up big questions, including what countries wanted from the WTO. The Abu Dhabi Ministerial Declaration talks about the multilateral trading system "with the WTO at its core" without giving clues as to what this means in 2024. The US should reassert leadership at the WTO by pushing the organization to return to its core mission: reducing barriers to global trade and innovation. No country has more to lose if the WTO is allowed to turn into a collection of exceptions and loopholes.

Jennifer Huddleston


Meta launched a new text‐​based social media app called Threads on July 5. The app—which is connected to Instagram—has been referenced by both the media and users alike as an alternative to Twitter. There is much excitement about the latest social media app and Threads tells us a lot about the dynamic nature of the social media marketplace and the potential impact of regulations aimed at leading technology companies.
Threads Illustrates Social Media Remains Dynamic
There has been much handwringing about whether today's social media giants are monopolies. Threads illustrates that there are new entrants into the market and, at a minimum, that there is continued competition between even the most successful tech companies.
Elon Musk's takeover of Twitter was met with applause by some, but left others searching for alternatives following his changes to the product, including the loss of certain features without paying for a monthly subscription to Twitter Blue and changes to content moderation policies. To at least some users, Threads appears to provide an alternative with a similar text‐​focused experience. Some may have avoided leaving for new social media apps out of concerns about a steep learning curve or a requirement to rebuild one's connections on a new app. Threads' connection to Instagram allows existing Instagram users to port over their connections from a platform that they are already comfortable with.
Still, Threads and Twitter are not the only text‐​based social media apps available to consumers. New competitors, including Blue Sky and Mastodon, continue to emerge as alternatives for those dissatisfied with current social media options. While Threads may be tied to an existing social media giant, it is only one of many alternative platforms that are competing for popularity in this format. These platforms all benefit from the United States' light touch approach to regulating social media platforms, giving way to innovative and entrepreneurial efforts toward launching new social media products. This latest launch shows that social media remains dynamic not only with new ideas, but with new products that build on the popularity of certain formats.
What Threads Shows about How Regulation Can Prevent New Entrants
Generally, the European Union (EU) has taken a more stringent regulatory approach to a variety of technology policy issues. These regulations can stand in the way of new entrants being able to enter the market. Though over 30 million users downloaded Threads within a day of its launch, a considerable swath of consumers did not have access to the app.
Regulatory concerns have prevented Threads from currently being available in the EU, unlike its United Kingdom and United States counterparts. The Digital Markets Act (DMA) looms large in this decision, as there remains much uncertainty around its future impact on big tech companies like Meta. DMA restricts how data can be shared between platforms, having an immediate effect on an application like Threads that imports user data from Instagram. The vagueness of the DMA produces extra hurdles to entry that Meta may not want to jump over until the company has more clarity around how to comply with this recently enacted act and whether their adherence is worth the effort.
Unfortunately, the United States has considered similar policies that would change the existing consumer focus from antitrust to something that allows far more government intervention in competitive markets including social media. For example, had the Ending Platform Monopolies Act (H.R. 3825) passed in the last Congress, it could have complicated Meta's U.S. launch of Threads by limiting its integration with the already popular Instagram platform—a feature that gave rise to the instant popularity of Threads.
The FTC's aggressive antitrust scrutiny of tech companies could also deter those companies from launching new products or force them to focus on ongoing litigation instead. For example, the antitrust scrutiny of Microsoft in the late 1990s and early 2000s was a deterrent in its development of a mobile operating system. Microsoft co‐​founder Bill Gates said in 2019, "There's no doubt the antitrust lawsuit was bad for Microsoft, and we would have been more focused on creating the phone operating system, and so instead of using Android today, you would be using Windows Mobile if it hadn't been for the antitrust case." With the FTC engaged in multiple actions against Threads' parent company Meta, it's a relief that the company was still willing to launch this new product in the United States. One can't help but wonder what other products or services from various innovative companies might be waiting or lost out of wariness or the need for direct resources to ongoing litigation instead.
Is Threads the Next Twitter?
For all the excitement and optimism around the Threads launch, some solid caution is also needed. Given the wide array of social media options out there, Threads will have to solidify an audience of users after the immediate novelty of a new platform wears off. It is unclear how its use may fully evolve within Instagram or if ultimately the platform may become an entirely separate form of social media.
While much of Threads is Twitter‐​like, the platform also has unique features, namely the ability to post videos up to five minutes long. In addition, unlike Twitter after the launch of Twitter Blue, all users have access to a longer character count of 500 characters. This may attract a distinct type of content and conversation that separates Threads from other sites. While connection to an existing common tech company may help, as the case of Google's failed social network or Twitter's defunct Vine illustrates, it does not guarantee a home run.
Threads does, however, show that new social media platforms can quickly gather public excitement and consumers are not locked in to only the existing options. The question of if Threads becomes the next big social media app should stay firmly in the hands of consumers and not government regulators.

Since 1996 there have been a number of transgenic foods approved for human and animal consumption in the European Union. These foods, altered through genetic engineering, have been questioned as to the dimensions of their potential benefits and risks. This is especially relevant in the case of the nutritional dimension, where consumers are confronted with daily decisions about how to feed themselves. In this context, health professionals are called upon to intervene, sooner or later, and respond in the context of their clinical contact to questions of opinion, attitude, and science. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the knowledge and opinion of nutritionists and physicians on the subject of transgenic foods and their perception of training needs, in addition to presenting a proposal for teaching this subject matter. In this research a combination of methods was used. Data of a qualitative and quantitative (questionnaire, interview, and class) nature were combined in order to improve the breadth and depth of the study. A questionnaire was applied between March and July 2016 and 248 nutritionists and 278 physicians took part. The questionnaire was validated and additional statistically-based analyses were performed to gather respondent profiles according to the various issues surrounding genetically modified foods. Furthermore, a pilot study with the participation of 14 health professionals was carried out with the purpose of establishing and assessing a training module on transgenic foods for Nutritional Sciences and Medical Sciences higher education. Overall results showed nutritionists more unfavorable opinions regarding genetically modified foods whereas physicians tend towards a more neutral view. This characterization draws a detailed portrait of how these professionals perceive transgenic foods. Apparently age, gender, and level of education all influence both opinion and knowledge. Nutritionists and physicians have fairly low knowledge of transgenic foods. This situation can be better understood in the light of the virtual non¬existence of teaching modules on this topic in Portugal, either in undergraduate or postgraduate degrees, including continuing education. Both nutritionists and physicians considered it useful to have some kind of training on transgenic foods during university and professional education but their opinion differed on the format and type of program. As food experts, transgenic food studies could become a part of regular or optional courses. For physicians knowledge would desirably take shape through lesser offers, such as extra credit courses or workshops. The format of multidisciplinary teaching proposed in this research is based on the recognition that a complex web connects science and technology with society. This is an approach that develops much needed critical thinking skills when knowledge limitations are involved in decision making during times of uncertainty and an uneven risk distribution across society. Results of this research contribute to the current literature on the positioning of health professionals regarding transgenic foods, creating a reference point where now questions must now be equated and answered. ; Desde 1996 têm sido aprovados uma série de alimentos transgénicos para alimentação humana e animal na União Europeia. Estes alimentos, alterados através de engenharia genética, têm sido questionados quanto às dimensões dos seus potenciais benefícios e riscos. Isto é especialmente relevante no caso da dimensão nutricional, onde os consumidores são confrontados com as decisões diárias sobre a melhor maneira de se alimentar. Neste contexto os profissionais de saúde acabam por ser chamados a intervir, mais cedo ou mais tarde, e responder no âmbito do seu contacto clínico a questões de opinião, atitude e ciência. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o conhecimento e opinião dos nutricionistas e médicos sobre o tema dos alimentos transgénicos e a sua perceção de necessidades de formação, além de apresentar uma proposta de ensino desta temática. Nesta investigação foram utilizados métodos de diferentes naturezas. Combinaram-se dados de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa (questionário, entrevista, aula) a fim de possibilitar a compreensão e aprofundamento dos fenómenos envolvidos. Um questionário foi aplicado entre março e julho de 2016, com a participação de 248 nutricionistas e 278 médicos. O questionário foi validado e outras análises baseadas em estatísticas foram realizadas para obter perfis dos entrevistados em função das várias questões associadas aos alimentos geneticamente modificados. Foi também realizado um estudo piloto com a participação de 14 profissionais de saúde com o objetivo de estabelecer e avaliar um módulo de formação em alimentos transgénicos para o ensino superior de Ciências da Nutrição e Medicina. Os resultados mostraram diferenças entre nutricionistas e médicos: nutricionistas revelam opiniões mais desfavoráveis sobre alimentos transgénicos e médicos tendem para posições mais neutras. Esta caracterização permite retratar em detalhe como é que esses profissionais percebem a temática dos alimentos transgénicos. Parece existir influências de idade, género e nível de formação, seja nas opiniões seja no conhecimento. Tanto nutricionistas como médicos apresentam conhecimento fraco relativamente aos alimentos transgénicos. Estes dados podem ser compreendidos à luz da ausência generalizada de módulos de ensino desta temática, quer nos cursos de graduação, pós-graduação ou formação contínua. Nutricionistas e médicos consideraram útil ter algum tipo de treino em alimentos transgénicos durante a formação universitária e profissional, mas suas opiniões divergem quanto ao formato e tipo de oferta. Sendo os nutricionistas especialistas na área alimentar, a oferta pode ser tanto em disciplinas nucleares como optativas. Já para médicos a ampliação do conhecimento se daria de forma menos visível, como disciplinas suplementares ou workshops. O formato de ensino multidisciplinar proposto nesta investigação deriva do reconhecimento da teia complexa que liga ciência e tecnologia à sociedade. A formação por esta abordagem prepara os profissionais para ser mais críticos, aptos a raciocinar, pesquisar e questionar, reconhecendo os limites do conhecimento e suas implicações na tomada de decisão perante incertezas e riscos de distribuição social desigual. Os resultados deste trabalho contribuem para e acrescentam à literatura atual sobre o posicionamento dos profissionais de saúde face aos alimentos transgénicos, estabelecendo um referencial e abrindo a porta a questões adicionais a que importa responder.

Problem setting. The pace of reforms in Ukraine affects all state institutions through systemic changes in state regulation mechanisms. In terms of scope and content, the mechanisms of state regulation lead to profound social transformations, which allow us to assert that Ukraine is undergoing a new stage of qualitative changes that can produce other social practices, including in the field of nuclear energy. The responsibility for the successful implementation of these reforms is exacerbated by the fact that they occur against the background of the obvious crisis of the world order, systemic internal and external challenges - the need to counter hybrid terrorist threats to territorial integrity and sovereignty, economic and man-made society. which leads to a focus on profitable economic activity and disrupts the natural course of social development. Under the outlined conditions, the development of the nuclear industry is impossible without the effective application of methods of state regulation that fully take into account its features and specifics, which will comprehensively and timely ensure nuclear and radiation safety. In this regard, the existing regulatory framework, which is a hierarchical system of legal norms, becomes a priority for Ukraine in the development of the legal mechanism of state regulation of the safe use of nuclear energy. Therefore, the scientific search for existing ways to improve, as well as conceptualize and implement new for Ukraine mechanisms of state regulation in the field of nuclear energy, consistent with the approaches of the European Union (EU) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), become especially relevant and important. A special place in this process is occupied by the legal mechanism of state regulation in the field of nuclear energy use in Ukraine. Recent research and publications analysis. It should be noted that issues related to the study of management mechanisms in recent decades are in the field of scientific interests of many scientists, such as V. Averyanov, G. Atamanchuk, V. Afanasyev, V. Bakumenko, E. Grigonis, L. Grigoryan. , N. Yesypchuk, V. Knyazev, M. Koretsky, O. Korotych, M. Kruglov, P. Nadolishny, N. Nyzhnyk, O. Obolensky, G. Odintsova, Y. Tikhomirov, L. Yuzkov and a number of other scientists. However, despite the applicability of this definition, approaches, content and structure are interpreted differently: there is both identification with the mechanism of the state, economic or economic mechanism, and the opposition of the essence of the concept. A significant contribution to the development of certain legal aspects of the problem under study was made by legal scholars, in particular: H. Balyuk researched the formation and formation of nuclear law in Ukraine and conceptual and legal "reforms" in the field of ecology in Ukraine and modern challenges; S. Yershova researched legal regulation of economic relations (relations) of nuclear power plants of Ukraine; S. Plachkova studied the state regulation of nuclear and radiation safety in Ukraine. Analysis of recent research and publications shows that government regulation in the field of nuclear energy has been studied in part, from different scientific points of view. The paper objective – to carry out analysis of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the legal mechanism of state regulation of safe use of nuclear energy and identify factors that contribute to improving the efficiency of the process of targeted state influence in this area. Main material. State regulation in the field of nuclear energy can be defined as supporting and regulatory activities of the state, implemented on the basis of theoretical and methodological principles (doctrines, concepts, values, principles, guidelines, goals, objectives) through a system of organized, targeted, comprehensive actions (measures) and mechanisms for achieving them (means, methods, levers and tools of influence) and aimed at creating favorable conditions and environment for nuclear and radiation safety, human protection from radiation, through the priority of banning certain activities and state supervision in the field of use nuclear energy. Development and legal consolidation of norms and rules of relations of subjects of state regulation in the field of nuclear energy use, establishment of requirements to forms of legal regulation, gives to state regulation internal coherence which is provided by timeliness of their acceptance and application, completeness and stability. Direct influence is exercised through instruments of administrative and legal nature, which regulate the activities of the executive body. the functional sphere of state regulation in the field of nuclear energy use is manifested through the process of purposeful influence on facilities that are not necessarily subordinated to the relevant executive body. Accordingly, state regulation in the field of nuclear energy use is a dynamic process of state influence on facilities operating in the field of nuclear energy use and providing technical support to the executive branch. Conclusions of the research. The study found that government regulation in the field of nuclear energy is aimed at protecting life, health, property, length protection, as well as establishing ways to organize the organization of activities, licensing rules, location of activities and provision of services. In other words, state regulation in the use of nuclear energy involves organized systemic actions to ensure sustainable and balanced functioning of the economic, environmental, social subsystem, aimed at ensuring nuclear and radiation safety of the population and the environment. Approaches to understanding the essence of state regulation determine the ways of organizing relations between the state and the subjects of activity, the choice of which is based on the specifics of the sphere and the goals of the state that are implemented. ; У статті представлено теоретико-методологічний аналіз правового механізму державного регулювання у сфері використання ядерної енергії. Обґрунтовано, що в основі державного регулювання у сфері використання ядерної енергії є процес цілеспрямованого державного впливу, а саме: організуючі, регулюючі та контролюючі дії органу, що забезпечує ядерну та радіаційну безпеку. Пропонується вдосконалення й імплементація правового механізму державного регулювання у сфері використання ядерної енергії в Україні співвідносно до підходів Європейського Союзу (ЄС) та Міжнародного агентства з ядерної енергії (МАГАТЕ). Окреслено проблеми та питання подальших наукових розвідок.Ключові слова: державне регулювання; правовий механізм; ядерна енергія.

The urgency of the research. Within the framework of the State Target Program for the Development of Airports for the Period up to 2023 in Ukraine in accordance with the order of the State Aviation Service of Ukraine No. 582 dated 13.05.2019, new aviation regulations were introduced regarding aeronautical information services. Aviation regulations have been developed taking into account European Union legislation, Eurocontrol documents, ICAO standards and recommended practices.Target setting. Nowadays, specialized geographic information systems are being improved to operate with aeronautical information. They make it possible to increase the degree of automation of aeronautical data management in airport areas, to speed up the process of developing and issuing the necessary documents, to improve their quality and, as a result, to increase efficiency in decision-making and reduce the risk of emergencies.Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The latest publications in open access, devoted to the use of geographic information systems for handling aeronautical data were reviewed.An unexplored parts of a common problem. Analysis of publications allows us to conclude that it is necessary to take into account the ICAO requirements when developing air navigation geoinformation systems. According to the order of the State Aviation Service of Ukraine No. 582, the list of aeronautical maps to be published includes an electronic map of the terrain and obstacles in the airport areas and filling the GIS databases with relevant data on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of terrain and obstacles.The research objective. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the regulatory documents of ICAO and Eurocontrol regarding the characteristics of the terrain and obstacles in the airport areas, which data is entered into the specialized GIS database.The statement of basic materials. The division of the country's airspace into separate regions is considered: region 1 - the entire territory of the state: region 2 - the territory of the nodal control area, region 3 - the territory along the runway, territory 4 - the site at the end of the runway, equipped for precise approach for landing in category II or III. The requirements for quantitative characteristics and attributive information for terrain and obstacles in aeronautical data in accordance with the areas of the airport are given. The WGS-84 coordinate system according to version (G1150) and ITRF 2000 is used as a reference system for determining the latitudes and longitudes of obstacles or terrain objects in international air navigation, and mean sea level (MSL) is taken to determine the height. For the transition from geodetic heights to heights relative to mean sea level, the Earth gravity model EGM-96 is used, on which basis regional or local geoid models in the airport areas are developed and used, which refine the EGM-96 data.Conclusions. The analysis of the regulatory documents of ICAO and Eurocontrol was carried out regarding the qualitative and quantitative requirements for data on the terrain and obstacles that make up the databases of specialized GIS, depending on the areas of the airport, for the choice of methods for their mapping. To determine the planned position of obstacles or terrain objects in international air navigation, the WGS-84 coordinate system according to version (G1150) and ITRF 2000 is used, and the height is measured by the mean sea level. For this, the Earth's gravity model EGM-96 is used, updated which at the local level. ; Актуальність теми дослідження. У межах Державної цільової програми розвитку аеропортів на період до 2023 року в Україні згідно з наказом Державної авіаційної служби України № 582 від 13.05.2019 року введено нові авіаційні правила стосовно обслуговування аеронавігаційною інформацією. Авіаційні правила розроблено з урахуванням законодавства Європейського Союзу, документів Євроконтролю, Стандартів та рекомендованої практики ІСАО. Постановка проблеми. Нині для оперування аеронавігаційною інформацією удосконалюються спеціалізовані геоінформаційні системи. Вони дозволяють підвищити ступінь автоматизації управління аеронавігацією в районах аеропорту, прискорити процес розробки та випуску необхідних документів, підвищити їхню якість та, в підсумку, підвищити оперативність прийняття рішень та зменшити ризик позаштатних ситуацій. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Були розглянуті останні публікації у відкритому доступі, які присвячені використанню спеціалізованих геоінформаційних систем для оперування аеронавігаційними даними. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Аналіз публікацій дозволяє зробити висновок про необхідність підпорядкування документації для розробки сучасних еронавігаційних геоінформаційних систем вимогам ІКАО. Згідно з наказом Державної авіаційної служби України № 582 до переліку аеронавігаційних карт, що підлягають публікації, належать електронна карта місцевості та перешкод у районах аеропорту та наповнення баз даних ГІС актуальними даними про якісні та кількісні характеристики місцевості та перешкод. Мета статті. Головною метою статті є аналіз нормативних документів ІКАО та Евроконтролю стосовно характеристик місцевості та перешкод у районах аеропорту, дані про які комплектуються в базу даних спеціалізованих ГІС. Виклад основного матеріалу. Розглянуто поділ повітряного простору країни на окремі райони: район 1 – вся територія держави: район 2 – територія вузлового диспетчерського району, район 3 – територія обабіч злітнопосадкової смуги, територія 4 – майданчик на торці злітно-посадкової смуги, обладнаний для виконання точних за-ходів на посадку по категорії II або III. Наведено вимоги до кількісних характеристик та атрибутивної інформації для відображення місцевості та перешкод в аеронавігаційних даних відповідно до районів аеропорту. Як система відліку для визначення широт і довгот перешкод чи об'єктів місцевості в міжнародній аеронавігації використовується система координат WGS-84 за версією (G1150) та ITRF 2000, а для визначення висоти взято середній рівень моря (MSL). Для переходу від геодезичних висот до висот відносно середнього рівня моря використовується гравітаційна модель Землі EGM-96, на основі якої розробляються та використовуються регіональні або місцеві моделі геоїду в районах аеропорту, які уточнюють дані EGM-96. Висновки відповідно до статті. Виконано аналіз нормативних документів ІКАО та Евроконтролю стосовно якісних та кількісних вимог щодо даних про місцевість та перешкоди, що складають бази даних аеронавігаційних ГІС, залежно від районів аеропорту – для вибору методів їх картографування. Для визначення планового положення перешкод чи об'єктів місцевості в міжнародній аеронавігації застосовується система координат WGS-84 за версією (G1150) та ITRF 2000, а висота відраховується від середнього рівня моря. Для цього використовується гравітаційна модель Землі EGM-96, яка уточнюється на місцевому рівні.

The electrical power system is becoming increasingly dynamic and complex. Through the Green Deal, the European Union (EU) aims at decarbonizing the energy sector, shifting from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. This trend gives rise to unreliable power generation and unpredictable consumer patterns with larger loads. Combined with more frequent extreme weather conditions due to global warming more faults, disturbances, and stability issues in the power grid are predicted to happen. To prepare for this future, the Nordic Transmission System Operators (TSOs) have initiated the Nordic Early Warning Early Prevention System (NEWEPS) project. The project aims at creating a system that acts as a decision support tool for grid operators. The goal is to create a system that can give warnings about coming faults and disturbances, and stability issues in the grid before they appear. As this system will use data from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) as an information source, large amounts of data need to be analyzed in real-time. A data analysis method that could handle such large amounts of data is Machine Learning (ML). This master's thesis is a contribution to this project, as it will explore the possibility of using state-of-the-art ML models to predict faults and stability in the power grid. A literature review and a case study were performed. The literature search resulted in 16 articles that met the set limitations. These articles were categorized as either predicting power system stability in the post-fault timeframe or predicting faults and disturbances in the pre-fault timeframe. This produced a valuable overview of the most promising predictive ML models currently researched. The discussion resulted in a recommendation of the most relevant models for each category. For the post-fault timeframe, a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and a Feed-Forward Neural Network (FFNN) were recommended and for the pre-fault timeframe, a hybrid model using RNN with LSTM and a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier was recommended. The case study illustrates which patterns ML models can learn and detect to give accurate predictions. It is also found that some minor faults produce subtle anomalies in the waveforms before they evolve into major faults. These anomalies, oftentimes unnoticed by human grid operators, could be detected using trained ML models. Based on the results from the literature review, a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) evaluation of each category is carried out. Both categories have been evaluated to be between a TRL 3 and 4. A TRL evaluation of the current usage of such models by the Nordic TSOs is also performed. These TRLs are compared, and it is found that the research done on this topic by the Nordic TSOs is very limited. The results from this master's thesis could therefore prove to be a great starting point for this research. Based on the literature study and the case study done in this thesis it has been shown that predictive ML models can increase awareness in the power grid and assist grid operators in power grid management, by providing early warnings about faults and stability. ; Det elektriske kraftsystemet blir stadig mer dynamisk og komplekst. Gjennom Green Deal har EU som mål å avkarbonisere energisektoren, og skifte fra fossile brensler til fornybare energikilder. Denne trenden gir opphav til upålitelig kraftproduksjon og uforutsigbare forbrukermønstre med større belastning. Kombinert med hyppigere ekstreme værforhold på grunn av global oppvarming, forventes det at det i fremtiden vil oppstå flere feil, forstyrrelser og stabilitetsutfordringer i strømnettet. For å forberede seg på denne fremtiden har de nordiske transmisjonsnettoperatørene (TSOene) startet prosjektet Nordic Early Warning Early Prevention System (NEWEPS). Prosjektet har som mål å skape et system som fungerer som et beslutningsstøtteverktøy for nettoperatører. Målet er å lage et system som kan gi advarsler om kommende feil og forstyrrelser, og stabilitetsproblemer i nettet før de inntreffer. Ettersom dette systemet vil bruke data fra Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) som informasjonskilde, må store datamengder analyseres i sanntid. En dataanalysemetode som kan håndtere så store datamengder er Maskinlæring (ML). Denne masteroppgaven er et bidrag til dette prosjektet, da det vil utforske muligheten for å bruke state-of-the-art ML-modeller for å forutsi feil og stabilitet i strømnettet. Det ble utført en litteraturstudie og en casestudie. Litteratursøket resulterte i 16 artikler som oppfylte de angitte begrensningene. Disse artiklene er kategorisert til å enten forutsi nettstabilitet i tidsrammen rett etter at en feil har inntruffet eller forutsi feil og forstyrrelser i tidsrammen før feilen har inntruffet. En oversikt over de mets lovende prediktive ML-modellene har blitt presentert i form av tabeller. Diskusjonen resulterte i en anbefaling av de mest relevante modellene for hver kategori. I den første kategorien ble en RNN med LSTM og en FFNN anbefalt, og for den andre kategorien ble en hybridmodell basert på en RNN med LSTM og en SVM anbefalt. Casestudien illustrerer hvilke mønstre ML-modeller kan lære seg og oppdage for å gi nøyaktige prediksjoner. Det har også blitt funnet at noen feil produserer subtile uregelmessigheter i bølgeformene før de utvikler seg til større feil. Disse avvikene, ofte ubemerket av menneskelige nettoperatører, kan oppdages ved hjelp av trente MLmodeller. Basert på resultatene fra litteraturstudien, utføres en TRL-evaluering (Teknologimodenhet) av hver kategori. Begge kategoriene er evaluert til å være mellom TRL 3 og 4. En TRLevaluering av dagens bruk av slike modeller av de nordiske TSO-ene blir også utført. Disse TRL-ene blir sammenlignet, og det er funnet at forskningen som er gjort på dette emnet av de nordiske TSO-ene er svært begrenset. Resultatene fra denne masteroppgaven kan derfor vise seg å være et godt utgangspunkt for denne forskningen. Basert på litteraturstudien og casestudien gjennomført i denne masteroppgaven har det blitt vist at prediktive MLmodeller har evnen til å øke oversikten og kontrollen i kraftnettet, og dermed hjelpe nettoperatører med kraftnettadministrasjon ved å gi tidlige varsler om feil og stabilitet. ; M-MF

Problem setting. The pace of reforms in Ukraine affects all state institutions through systemic changes in state regulation mechanisms. In terms of scope and content, the mechanisms of state regulation lead to profound social transformations, which allow us to assert that Ukraine is undergoing a new stage of qualitative changes that can produce other social practices, including in the field of nuclear energy. The responsibility for the successful implementation of these reforms is exacerbated by the fact that they occur against the background of the obvious crisis of the world order, systemic internal and external challenges - the need to counter hybrid terrorist threats to territorial integrity and sovereignty, economic and man-made society. which leads to a focus on profitable economic activity and disrupts the natural course of social development. Under the outlined conditions, the development of the nuclear industry is impossible without the effective application of methods of state regulation that fully take into account its features and specifics, which will comprehensively and timely ensure nuclear and radiation safety. In this regard, the existing regulatory framework, which is a hierarchical system of legal norms, becomes a priority for Ukraine in the development of the legal mechanism of state regulation of the safe use of nuclear energy. Therefore, the scientific search for existing ways to improve, as well as conceptualize and implement new for Ukraine mechanisms of state regulation in the field of nuclear energy, consistent with the approaches of the European Union (EU) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), become especially relevant and important. A special place in this process is occupied by the legal mechanism of state regulation in the field of nuclear energy use in Ukraine. Recent research and publications analysis. It should be noted that issues related to the study of management mechanisms in recent decades are in the field of scientific interests of many scientists, such as V. Averyanov, G. Atamanchuk, V. Afanasyev, V. Bakumenko, E. Grigonis, L. Grigoryan. , N. Yesypchuk, V. Knyazev, M. Koretsky, O. Korotych, M. Kruglov, P. Nadolishny, N. Nyzhnyk, O. Obolensky, G. Odintsova, Y. Tikhomirov, L. Yuzkov and a number of other scientists. However, despite the applicability of this definition, approaches, content and structure are interpreted differently: there is both identification with the mechanism of the state, economic or economic mechanism, and the opposition of the essence of the concept. A significant contribution to the development of certain legal aspects of the problem under study was made by legal scholars, in particular: H. Balyuk researched the formation and formation of nuclear law in Ukraine and conceptual and legal "reforms" in the field of ecology in Ukraine and modern challenges; S. Yershova researched legal regulation of economic relations (relations) of nuclear power plants of Ukraine; S. Plachkova studied the state regulation of nuclear and radiation safety in Ukraine. Analysis of recent research and publications shows that government regulation in the field of nuclear energy has been studied in part, from different scientific points of view. The paper objective – to carry out analysis of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the legal mechanism of state regulation of safe use of nuclear energy and identify factors that contribute to improving the efficiency of the process of targeted state influence in this area. Main material. State regulation in the field of nuclear energy can be defined as supporting and regulatory activities of the state, implemented on the basis of theoretical and methodological principles (doctrines, concepts, values, principles, guidelines, goals, objectives) through a system of organized, targeted, comprehensive actions (measures) and mechanisms for achieving them (means, methods, levers and tools of influence) and aimed at creating favorable conditions and environment for nuclear and radiation safety, human protection from radiation, through the priority of banning certain activities and state supervision in the field of use nuclear energy. Development and legal consolidation of norms and rules of relations of subjects of state regulation in the field of nuclear energy use, establishment of requirements to forms of legal regulation, gives to state regulation internal coherence which is provided by timeliness of their acceptance and application, completeness and stability. Direct influence is exercised through instruments of administrative and legal nature, which regulate the activities of the executive body. the functional sphere of state regulation in the field of nuclear energy use is manifested through the process of purposeful influence on facilities that are not necessarily subordinated to the relevant executive body. Accordingly, state regulation in the field of nuclear energy use is a dynamic process of state influence on facilities operating in the field of nuclear energy use and providing technical support to the executive branch. Conclusions of the research. The study found that government regulation in the field of nuclear energy is aimed at protecting life, health, property, length protection, as well as establishing ways to organize the organization of activities, licensing rules, location of activities and provision of services. In other words, state regulation in the use of nuclear energy involves organized systemic actions to ensure sustainable and balanced functioning of the economic, environmental, social subsystem, aimed at ensuring nuclear and radiation safety of the population and the environment. Approaches to understanding the essence of state regulation determine the ways of organizing relations between the state and the subjects of activity, the choice of which is based on the specifics of the sphere and the goals of the state that are implemented. ; У статті представлено теоретико-методологічний аналіз правового механізму державного регулювання у сфері використання ядерної енергії. Обґрунтовано, що в основі державного регулювання у сфері використання ядерної енергії є процес цілеспрямованого державного впливу, а саме: організуючі, регулюючі та контролюючі дії органу, що забезпечує ядерну та радіаційну безпеку. Пропонується вдосконалення й імплементація правового механізму державного регулювання у сфері використання ядерної енергії в Україні співвідносно до підходів Європейського Союзу (ЄС) та Міжнародного агентства з ядерної енергії (МАГАТЕ). Окреслено проблеми та питання подальших наукових розвідок.Ключові слова: державне регулювання; правовий механізм; ядерна енергія.

The article analyzes the essence and perception of the global community of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, which was developed under the auspices of the UN and adopted by the member countries of this organization on December 10, 2018 in Marrakesh (Morocco). This was the first international compromise agreement between the donor and recipient countries. More than 160 states have signed the Compact, believing that it is long overdue for the international community to come to a more realistic understanding of global migration. Some countries refused to sign the Compact, including seven EU states and Ukraine. The content of the Compact is aimed at liberalizing the migration regime, which explains why it was rejected by many governments and political forces. Non -acceptance of the Compact by a number of countries that have accepted migrants reduces the potential effect of its application. However, it can be useful for improving the efficiency of legal migration, regulating the employment of skilled labor, which is of interest to the recipient countries. The crisis in the migration policy of some countries has shown that the low level of harmonization of national legislation on refugee shelter has signifi cantly contributed to the spread of the disaster and the increase in the number of asylum seekers that the countries had to accept on their territory. ; Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Ukraine ; Vira Burdiak – Doctor of Political Science, Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Faculty of Law, Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University (Ukraine). ; vira.burdjak@gmail.com ; 49 ; 62 ; 1 ; Австрія відмовилася підписати міграційний пакт ООН(Avstia vidmovilasia pidpisati migracionnyi pakt OON). URL: https://www.dw. com/uk/%D1%97a-44734380. ; Bauböck R. Refugee Protection and Burden- Sharingin the European Union "Journal of CommonMarket Studies" 2018, vol. 56, no. 1. ; Войников В.В., Европейское пространство свободы, безопасности и правосудия и миграционный кризис (Voinicov V.V., Evropieiskoie prostranstvo cvobody, bezopasnostii, pravosudia i migracionnyi krizis), "Современная Европа" ("Sovriemiennaia Evropa") 2017, no. 2. ; Евростат (Evrostat). URL: https//ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-exsplained/indeks.php/ Main_Page. ; Країни ООН погодили перший в історії глобальний договір про міграцію (Kraini OON pogodili pierszyi v istorii globalnyi dogovor pro migraciu). URL: https://www.dw.com/uk/%a-44671486. ; Макрон и Меркель наводнят Европу миллионами мигрантов (Macron i Merkel navodniat Evropu milionami migrantov). URL: https://tsargrad.tv/articles/makron-i-merkelnavodnjat-evropu-millionami-migrantov_172310. ; Марин Ле Пен: «Франция должна отказаться от Договора ООН о миграции» (Marin Le Pen: "Francia dolzna otkazatsia ot Dogovora OON o migracji). URL: https://regnum.ru/news/2530135.html. ; Марин Ле Пен: Во имя Французов! Против мигрантов, 12 февраля 2017 г. / Русское Агенство Новостей (Marin Le Pen: Vo imia Francuzov! Protiv migrantov, 12 fievrala 2017 g.). URL: http://новости-мира. ru-an.info/марин-ле-пен-во-имя-французов-против-мигрантов. ; Миграция (Migracia). URL: https://www.un.org/ru/sections/issues-depth/migration/ index.html. ; Migration in Europe – Statistics and Facts. URL: https://www. Statista.com.topics/4046/migration-in-europe. ; «Ми самі вирішимо, як контролювати наші кордони». Що відомо про Всесвітній пакт ООН про міграцію("My sami viriszimo, jak kontrolovati naszi kordony". Sztso vidomo pro Vsesvityinakt OON pro migraciu).URL: https://tyzhden.ua/News/223713. ; Могеріні попереджає ЄС, що гроші нарегулювання міграції закінчуються (Mogerini poperedzaie EC, sztso groszi na reguliuvania migracji zakinczuiutsia), URL: https://www.ukrinform .uarubric-world/ 2740863-mogerini-poperedzae-es-so-grosi-na-reguluvanna-migracii-zakincuutsa.html. ; Niemann A., Zaun N. EU Refugee Policies and Politics in Times of Crisis: Th eoretical and Empirical Perspectives, "Journal of Common Market Studies" 2018, vol. 56, no. 1. ; Пакт ООН о миграции: дебаты в бундестаге. Информационный портал Germania онлайн (Pakt OON o migracji: debaty v Bundestagie. Informacionnyi portal Germania onlain). URL: https://germania-online.diplo.de/rudz-ru/politik/-/2161318. ; Польша отказалась подписывать пакт ООН о миграции (Polsza otkazalas podpisat pakt OON o migracii). URL: https://iz.ru/814506/2018-11-20/polsha-otkazalas-podpisyvatpakt-oon-o-migratcii. ; Carrera S., KarelLannoo K., MarcoStefan M., Vosyliūtė L. Some EU governments leaving the UN Global Compact on Migration: A contradiction interms? "CEPS Policy Insights" 2018, no. 15. ; Спільний коментар МЗС України і ДМС України у зв'язку із проведенням Конференції ООН для прийняття Глобальної угоди про безпечну, впорядковану та законну міграцію (10-11 грудня 2018 р., м. Марракеш, Марокко) (Spilnyi komentar MZS Ukrainy i DMS Ukrainy u związku iz proviedieniam Konfi erencii OON dla priniatia Globalnoi ugody pro biezpiecznu, vporiadkovanu ta zakonnu migraciu /10-11 grudnia 2018 g., m. Marrakesz, Marokko). URL: https://dmsu.gov.ua/news/dms/spilnij-komentar-mzs-a-dms.html. ; Суворова В.А., Миграционный кризис в Европе: проблемы вынужденной миграции (Suvorova V.A., Migracionnyi krizis v Evropie: problemy vynuzdiennoi migracji), "Власть" (Vlast), 2018, № 1. ; Угорщина виступила проти глобального договору ООН щодо міграції (Ugorszczina priiednalasia protiv globalnomu dogovoru OON szodo migracji). URL: https://www.dw.com/uk/%D1%83%/ a-44734380. ; Українане приєдналася до Глобального Договору про міграцію – спочатку треба вирішити проблеми власних ВПО (Ukraina nie priednalasia do Globalnogo Dogovoru pro migraciu – spoczatku trieba virisziti problemy vlasnych VPO). URL: https://islam.in.ua/ua/novyny-u-sviti/ukrayina-ne-pryyednalasya-do-globalnogo-dogovoru-pro-migraciyu-spochatku-treba. ; UN General Assembly. Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration: Final Draft , 11 July 2018. URL: https:// refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180711_final_draft _0.pdf. ; U.S. Ends Participationin the Global Compacton Migration. Press Statement. Rex W. Tillerson Secretary of State. Washington, DC, December 3, 2017. ; Франція та Італія закликають створити нову систему автоматичного перерозподілу мігрантів у країнах ЄС (Francia ta Italia zaklikaiut stvoriti novu sistiemu avtomaticznogo piererozpodivu migrantov u krainach EC). URL: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric- 35world/2783918-italia-i-francia-zaavili-pro-neobhidnist-novoi-sistemi-rozpodilumigrantiv.html. ; Frontex new srelease. Migratory flows in October 2018. URL: https://frontex.europa.eu/media-centre/news-release/migratoryfl ows-in-october-down-by-a-third-spain-accounts-for-60-ofdetections-ppaQPH. ; 26

The urgency of the research. Within the framework of the State Target Program for the Development of Airports for the Period up to 2023 in Ukraine in accordance with the order of the State Aviation Service of Ukraine No. 582 dated 13.05.2019, new aviation regulations were introduced regarding aeronautical information services. Aviation regulations have been developed taking into account European Union legislation, Eurocontrol documents, ICAO standards and recommended practices.Target setting. Nowadays, specialized geographic information systems are being improved to operate with aeronautical information. They make it possible to increase the degree of automation of aeronautical data management in airport areas, to speed up the process of developing and issuing the necessary documents, to improve their quality and, as a result, to increase efficiency in decision-making and reduce the risk of emergencies.Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The latest publications in open access, devoted to the use of geographic information systems for handling aeronautical data were reviewed.An unexplored parts of a common problem. Analysis of publications allows us to conclude that it is necessary to take into account the ICAO requirements when developing air navigation geoinformation systems. According to the order of the State Aviation Service of Ukraine No. 582, the list of aeronautical maps to be published includes an electronic map of the terrain and obstacles in the airport areas and filling the GIS databases with relevant data on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of terrain and obstacles.The research objective. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the regulatory documents of ICAO and Eurocontrol regarding the characteristics of the terrain and obstacles in the airport areas, which data is entered into the specialized GIS database.The statement of basic materials. The division of the country's airspace into separate regions is considered: region 1 - the entire territory of the state: region 2 - the territory of the nodal control area, region 3 - the territory along the runway, territory 4 - the site at the end of the runway, equipped for precise approach for landing in category II or III. The requirements for quantitative characteristics and attributive information for terrain and obstacles in aeronautical data in accordance with the areas of the airport are given. The WGS-84 coordinate system according to version (G1150) and ITRF 2000 is used as a reference system for determining the latitudes and longitudes of obstacles or terrain objects in international air navigation, and mean sea level (MSL) is taken to determine the height. For the transition from geodetic heights to heights relative to mean sea level, the Earth gravity model EGM-96 is used, on which basis regional or local geoid models in the airport areas are developed and used, which refine the EGM-96 data.Conclusions. The analysis of the regulatory documents of ICAO and Eurocontrol was carried out regarding the qualitative and quantitative requirements for data on the terrain and obstacles that make up the databases of specialized GIS, depending on the areas of the airport, for the choice of methods for their mapping. To determine the planned position of obstacles or terrain objects in international air navigation, the WGS-84 coordinate system according to version (G1150) and ITRF 2000 is used, and the height is measured by the mean sea level. For this, the Earth's gravity model EGM-96 is used, updated which at the local level. ; Актуальність теми дослідження. У межах Державної цільової програми розвитку аеропортів на період до 2023 року в Україні згідно з наказом Державної авіаційної служби України № 582 від 13.05.2019 року введено нові авіаційні правила стосовно обслуговування аеронавігаційною інформацією. Авіаційні правила розроблено з урахуванням законодавства Європейського Союзу, документів Євроконтролю, Стандартів та рекомендованої практики ІСАО. Постановка проблеми. Нині для оперування аеронавігаційною інформацією удосконалюються спеціалізовані геоінформаційні системи. Вони дозволяють підвищити ступінь автоматизації управління аеронавігацією в районах аеропорту, прискорити процес розробки та випуску необхідних документів, підвищити їхню якість та, в підсумку, підвищити оперативність прийняття рішень та зменшити ризик позаштатних ситуацій. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Були розглянуті останні публікації у відкритому доступі, які присвячені використанню спеціалізованих геоінформаційних систем для оперування аеронавігаційними даними. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Аналіз публікацій дозволяє зробити висновок про необхідність підпорядкування документації для розробки сучасних еронавігаційних геоінформаційних систем вимогам ІКАО. Згідно з наказом Державної авіаційної служби України № 582 до переліку аеронавігаційних карт, що підлягають публікації, належать електронна карта місцевості та перешкод у районах аеропорту та наповнення баз даних ГІС актуальними даними про якісні та кількісні характеристики місцевості та перешкод. Мета статті. Головною метою статті є аналіз нормативних документів ІКАО та Евроконтролю стосовно характеристик місцевості та перешкод у районах аеропорту, дані про які комплектуються в базу даних спеціалізованих ГІС. Виклад основного матеріалу. Розглянуто поділ повітряного простору країни на окремі райони: район 1 – вся територія держави: район 2 – територія вузлового диспетчерського району, район 3 – територія обабіч злітнопосадкової смуги, територія 4 – майданчик на торці злітно-посадкової смуги, обладнаний для виконання точних за-ходів на посадку по категорії II або III. Наведено вимоги до кількісних характеристик та атрибутивної інформації для відображення місцевості та перешкод в аеронавігаційних даних відповідно до районів аеропорту. Як система відліку для визначення широт і довгот перешкод чи об'єктів місцевості в міжнародній аеронавігації використовується система координат WGS-84 за версією (G1150) та ITRF 2000, а для визначення висоти взято середній рівень моря (MSL). Для переходу від геодезичних висот до висот відносно середнього рівня моря використовується гравітаційна модель Землі EGM-96, на основі якої розробляються та використовуються регіональні або місцеві моделі геоїду в районах аеропорту, які уточнюють дані EGM-96. Висновки відповідно до статті. Виконано аналіз нормативних документів ІКАО та Евроконтролю стосовно якісних та кількісних вимог щодо даних про місцевість та перешкоди, що складають бази даних аеронавігаційних ГІС, залежно від районів аеропорту – для вибору методів їх картографування. Для визначення планового положення перешкод чи об'єктів місцевості в міжнародній аеронавігації застосовується система координат WGS-84 за версією (G1150) та ITRF 2000, а висота відраховується від середнього рівня моря. Для цього використовується гравітаційна модель Землі EGM-96, яка уточнюється на місцевому рівні.

The work was performed as part of the Crisis and Risks Engineering for Transport Services project of Erasmus+ program. Purpose. Nowadays the key role in ensuring business processes both within the state and in the performing of foreign economic activity belongs to the transport industry. Carriage of goods and passengers over relatively short distances is economically attractive for road transport, which has shown a significant increase of traffic volumes in recent years. At the same time, there are random factors and the resulting risks during international road transportation, which does not allow us to estimate the cost and duration of such delivery with sufficient accuracy. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to analyze the process of international cargo delivery by road and identify risks and reasons for their occurrence at each stage of transportation. Methodology. To achieve the goal of the work, the methods of statistical analysis were used to determine the volume and structure of foreign economic activity in the provision of transport services; methods of system analysis, including SWOT analysis, to determine the characteristic features and identify risks at the stages of international cargo transportation by road. Results. The analysis of the volume of foreign economic activity of Ukraine made it possible to establish that the European Union (EU) is its main foreign economic partner, and the transportation of 10% of goods by volume and 38% by value between that countries is carried out by road. Increasing the road transport part in foreign trade providing with the EU is also confirmed by the increase in the trucks number that crossing the western part of the Ukraine state border, especially the section adjacent to Poland. Using SWOT-analysis, the strengths and weaknesses, as well as risks and opportunities of international transportation of goods by road, are identified. Scientific novelty. It was found that the presence of a large number of participants in the transportation process and their possible incompetent actions lead to an increase in the number of random factors and the resulting risks. The authors identified transport risks and the reasons for their occurrence in the international road transportation. Practical significance. The obtained results can be used in the process of risk management to increase the efficiency of management of international cargo transportation by road. ; Работа выполнена в рамках проекта «Кризисы и риск-инжиниринг транспортных услуг» по программе Эразмус +. Цель. В современных условиях ключевая роль в обеспечении бизнес-процессов как внутри государства, так и при и осуществлении внешнеэкономической деятельности принадлежит транспортной отрасли. Перевозка грузов и пассажиров на относительно коротких расстояниях экономически привлекательна для автомобильного транспорта, который за последние годы демонстрирует значительный прирост объемов перевозок. В то же время при выполнении автомобильных перевозок в международном сообщении имеют место случайные факторы и вызванные этим риски, что не позволяет с достаточной точностью оценить стоимость и продолжительность такой доставки. Поэтому целью данной работы является анализ процесса международной доставки грузов автомобильным транспортом и идентификация рисков и причин их возникновения на каждом этапе перевозки. Методика. Для достижения поставленной в работе цели использованы методы статистического анализа для определения объемов и структуры внешнеэкономической деятельности в сфере предоставления транспортных услуг; методы системного анализа, в том числе SWOT-анализ, для определения характерных особенностей и идентификации рисков на этапах осуществления международной доставки грузов автомобильным транспортом. Результаты. Выполненный авторами анализ объемов внешнеэкономической деятельности Украины позволил установить, что Европейский Союз является основным её внешнеэкономическим партнером, а перевозка 10% товаров по объему и 38% по стоимости между указанными сторонами выполняется именно автомобильным транспортом. Увеличение доли автомобильных перевозок в обеспечении внешней торговли с ЕС также подтверждается ростом количества пересечений грузовыми автомобилями западной части государственной границы Украины, особенно смежного с Польшей участка. С использованием SWOT-анализа определены сильные и слабые стороны, а также риски и возможности при оказании услуг международной доставки грузов автомобильным транспортом. Научная новизна. Установлено, что наличие большого количества участников процесса перевозки и возможные их некомпетентные действия приводят к росту количества случайных факторов и вызванных этим рисков. Авторами выполнена идентификация транспортных рисков и причин их возникновения при осуществлении автомобильных перевозок грузов в международном сообщении. Практическая значимость. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы в процессе риск-менеджмента для повышения эффективности управления международными грузоперевозками автомобильным транспортом. ; Робота виконана в рамках проекту «Кризи і ризик-інжиніринг транспортних послуг» за програмою Еразмус+. Мета. В сучасних умовах ключова роль в забезпеченні бізнес-процесів як в середині держави, так і при здійсненні зовнішньоекономічної діяльності належить транспортній галузі. Перевезення вантажів і пасажирів на відносно коротких відстанях є економічно привабливим для автомобільного транспорту, який за останні роки демонструє значний приріст обсягів перевезень. В той же час при виконані автомобільних перевезень в міжнародному сполученні мають місце випадкові фактори та спричинені цим ризики, що не дозволяє з достатньою точністю оцінити вартість та тривалість такої доставки. Тому метою даної роботи є аналіз процесу міжнародної доставки вантажів автомобільним транспортом та ідентифікація ризиків і причин їх виникнення на кожному етапі перевезення. Методика. Для досягнення поставленої у роботі мети використані методи статистичного аналізу для визначення обсягів та структури зовнішньоекономічної діяльності в сфері надання транспортних послуг; методи системного аналізу, в тому числі SWOT-аналіз, для визначення характерних особливостей та ідентифікації ризиків на етапах здійснення міжнародної доставки вантажів автомобільним транспортом. Результати. Виконаний авторами аналіз обсягів зовнішньоекономічної діяльності України дозволив встановити, що Європейський Союз є основним її зовнішньоекономічним партнером, а перевезення 10 % товарів за обсягом та 38 % за вартістю між вказаними сторонами виконується саме автомобільним транспортом. Збільшення частки автомобільних перевезень в забезпеченні зовнішньої торгівлі з ЄС також підтверджується зростанням кількості перетинів вантажними автомобілями західної частини державного кордону України, особливо суміжною з Польщею ділянки. З використанням SWOT-аналізу визначені сильні і слабкі сторони, а також ризики і можливості при наданні послуг міжнародної доставки вантажів автомобільним транспортом. Наукова новизна. Встановлено, що наявність великої кількості учасників процесу перевезення та можливі їх некомпетентні дії призводять до зростання кількості випадкових факторів та спричинених цим ризиків. Авторами виконано ідентифікацію транспортних ризиків та причин їх виникнення при здійсненні автомобільних перевезень вантажів в міжнародному сполученні. Практична значимість. Отримані результати можуть бути використані в процесі ризик-менеджменту для підвищення ефективності управління міжнародними вантажними перевезеннями автомобільним транспортом.

It is alarming that hormonally active substances are regularly detected in surface waters worldwide. Until now, few studies have been conducted on the role of agriculture as a potential source for endocrine disrupting substances, such as the natural estrogens 17α-estradiol (E2α), 17β-estradiol (E2β), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3), in surface waters. This could be of particular concern because female livestock animals excrete natural estrogens during different stages of the estrous cycle and pregnancy through urine and feces. The majority of urinary and fecal livestock excretions are collected in the form of slurry. The fate of these estrogens in slurry is not yet fully understood. Slurries are applied in large amounts on agricultural areas as fertilizer. The export of slurry derived natural estrogens from agricultural areas is a potential source for estrogenic pollution in surface waters. Even at low nanograms per liter concentrations in surface waters, estrogens exert endocrine disrupting effects in fish – the most important, but not the only, recipient class of organisms. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to better understand the occurrence and fate of agriculturally derived natural estrogens in the environment and to evaluate their risk as pollutants for the aquatic environment. Specifically, the three main objectives were: 1) to determine concentrations of natural estrogens in slurry and to investigate their fate during slurry storage, 2) to quantify natural estrogen emissions to subsurface tile drains from agricultural areas fertilized with livestock slurry, and 3) to assess the prevalence of natural estrogens in surface waters with agriculturally dominated catchments. The occurrence and fate of natural estrogens was studied in cattle and pig slurries. The effect of on farm slurry storage on natural estrogen concentrations in cattle slurry was investigated first by collecting and analysing slurry samples in different compartments of a dairy housing over four months. This study was complemented with a nationwide cattle and pig slurry pit monitoring, which aimed to determine average natural estrogen concentrations in Swiss livestock slurries. Natural estrogens in slurry were extracted with an adapted QuEChERS method and quantified with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). During storage, natural estrogen concentrations remained relatively constant in different compartments of the dairy housing. Mean natural concentrations ranged from 138 to 861 ng/L and from 54 to 244 ng/L in Swiss cattle and pig slurries, respectively. 17α-Estradiol predominated in cattle slurries and E3 was most abundant in pig slurries. In Switzerland, the estimated annual load of total natural estrogens applied on agricultural areas through slurry applications was 36 mg/ha. The majority of the total natural estrogens (E2α+E2β+E1+E3) is emitted to the environment through wastewater treatment plant effluents (i.e., 68 %) and not through slurry applications. Natural estrogens were applied on tile-drained experimental fields in the form of cattle slurry, pig slurry or dissolved in water, and quantified in flow-proportionally collected drainage water. A liquid-liquid extraction followed by derivatization with dansyl chloride and the same LC-MS/MS method as for estrogens in slurry extracts were used for extraction and quantification of natural estrogens in drainage water. After pig and cattle slurry applications, concentration maxima in drainage water occurred immediately after rain events, with 73, 8, 37, and 60 ng/L for E2α, E2β, E1, and E3, respectively. The fractions of individual natural estrogens exported to tile drains after cattle and pig slurry applications were on average 0.26% and 0.18%, respectively. Lower exported fractions for estrogens applied in aqueous solution point at particle facilitated transport when applied in slurry. Preferential flow was proposed as main natural estrogen transport pathway to tile drains. Our estimation shows that in Switzerland annually 6.3 g of E2α, 0.6 g of E2β, 7.4 g of E1, and 7.7 g of E3 are emitted to surface waters through subsurface tile drains. Natural estrogen emissions from WWTPs were estimated to be three to four orders of magnitude higher than those from tile drains, i.e., 1.5 kg of E2β, 9.7 kg of E1, and 51.1 kg of E3. The prevalence of natural estrogens (derived from farming livestock) in streams and ponds was studied in the catchment of Lake Baldegg, which is a livestock farming dominated catchment in Switzerland. Passive samplers were deployed in one tributary, daily time-proportional water samples were collected in five tributaries for 30 days, and grab samples were taken in 12 ponds in the catchment. All monitoring campaigns were conducted at the beginning of the vegetation period, when slurry applications are most frequent. Aqueous samples were chemically analysed in the same way as drainage water samples and stream water samples additionally with ERα-CALUX – a bioassay for assessing total estrogenic activity. Certain natural estrogens were frequently detected and their mean concentrations were between below limit of detection (0.10 ng/L) and 0.55 ng/L for E2β and E1, respectively. Both passive sampling and bioassay results largely supported these findings. A Monte Carlo simulation underestimated measured mean natural estrogen concentrations by a factor of three to 11. Temporal estrogen occurrence patterns point to preferential flow from agricultural areas as the main emission process to surface waters. In ponds, natural estrogens were occasionally detected up to 8.6 ng/L for E2α. Overall, our results showed that agriculture is a source for natural estrogens in surface waters. Slurry derived estrogens caused temporarily elevated estrogen concentrations in drainage and stream water, but in streams the European Union environmental quality standards (EU EQS) (0.4 ng/L for E2β and 3.6 ng/L for E1) were never exceeded for longer than a day. Our estimation demonstrated however, that in a stream impacted by agriculture and an effluent of a WWTP estrogen concentrations that exceed the threshold values might occur and human derived estrogens were the predominating estrogen source. Critical E1 concentrations for aquatic organisms occurred in one pond. Consequently, the risk for estrogen concentrations above the EU EQS seems to be elevated in ponds surrounded by agricultural landscapes as well as in small and medium sized streams impacted by both agriculture and WWTP effluents.

OBJECTIVES: The GETAFIX trial will test the hypothesis that favipiravir is a more effective treatment for COVID-19 infection in patients who have early stage disease, compared to current standard of care. This study will also provide an important opportunity to investigate the safety and tolerability of favipiravir, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of this drug and mechanisms of resistance in the context of COVID-19 infection, as well as the effect of favipiravir on hospitalisation duration and the post COVID-19 health and psycho-social wellbeing of patients recruited to the study. TRIAL DESIGN: GETAFIX is an open label, parallel group, two arm phase II/III randomised trial with 1:1 treatment allocation ratio. Patients will be randomised to one of two arms and the primary endpoint will assess the superiority of favipiravir plus standard treatment compared to standard treatment alone. PARTICIPANTS: This trial will recruit adult patients with confirmed positive valid COVID-19 test, who are not pregnant or breastfeeding and have no prior major co-morbidities. This is a multi-centre trial, patients will be recruited from in-patients and outpatients from three Glasgow hospitals: Royal Alexandra Hospital; Queen Elizabeth University Hospital; and the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Patients must meet all of the following criteria: 1. Age 16 or over at time of consent 2. Exhibiting symptoms associated with COVID-19 3. Positive for SARS-CoV-2 on valid COVID-19 test 4. Point 1, 2, 3, or 4 on the WHO COVID-19 ordinal severity scale at time of randomisation. (Asymptomatic with positive valid COVID-19 test, Symptomatic Independent, Symptomatic assistance needed, Hospitalized, with no oxygen therapy) 5. Have >=10% risk of death should they be admitted to hospital as defined by the ISARIC4C risk index: https://isaric4c.net/risk 6. Able to provide written informed consent 7. Negative pregnancy test (women of childbearing potential*) 8. Able to swallow oral medication Patients will be excluded from the trial if they meet any of the following criteria: 1. Renal impairment requiring, or likely to require, dialysis or haemofiltration 2. Pregnant or breastfeeding 3. Of child bearing potential (women), or with female partners of child bearing potential (men) who do not agree to use adequate contraceptive measures for the duration of the study and for 3 months after the completion of study treatment 4. History of hereditary xanthinuria 5. Other patients judged unsuitable by the Principal Investigator or sub-Investigator 6. Known hypersensitivity to favipiravir, its metabolites or any excipients 7. Severe co-morbidities including: patients with severe hepatic impairment, defined as: • greater than Child-Pugh grade A • AST or ALT > 5 x ULN • AST or ALT >3 x ULN and Total Bilirubin > 2xULN 8. More than 96 hours since first positive COVID-19 test sample was taken 9. Unable to discontinue contra-indicated concomitant medications This is a multi-centre trial, patients will be recruited from in-patients and outpatients from three Glasgow hospitals: Royal Alexandra Hospital; Queen Elizabeth University Hospital; and the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: Patients randomised to the experimental arm of GETAFIX will receive standard treatment for COVID-19 at the discretion of the treating clinician plus favipiravir. These patients will receive a loading dose of favipiravir on day 1 of 3600mg (1800mg 12 hours apart). On days 2-10, patients in the experimental arm will receive a maintenance dose of favipiravir of 800mg 12 hours apart (total of 18 doses). Patients randomised to the control arm of the GETAFIX trial will receive standard treatment for COVID-19 at the discretion of the treating clinician. MAIN OUTCOMES: The primary outcome being assessed in the GETAFIX trial is the efficacy of favipiravir in addition to standard treatment in patients with COVID-19 in reducing the severity of disease compared to standard treatment alone. Disease severity will be assessed using WHO COVID 10 point ordinal severity scale at day 15 +/- 48 hours. All randomised participants will be followed up until death or 60 days post-randomisation (whichever is sooner). RANDOMISATION: Patients will be randomised 1:1 to the experimental versus control arm using computer generated random sequence allocation. A minimisation algorithm incorporating a random component will be used to allocate patients. The factors used in the minimisation will be: site, age (16-50/51-70/71+), history of hypertension or currently obsess (BMI>30 or obesity clinically evident; yes/no), 7 days duration of symptoms (yes/no/unknown), sex (male/female), WHO COVID-19 ordinal severity score at baseline (1/2or 3/4). BLINDING (MASKING): No blinding will be used in the GETAFIX trial. Both participants and those assessing outcomes will be aware of treatment allocation. NUMBERS TO BE RANDOMISED (SAMPLE SIZE): In total, 302 patients will be randomised to the GETAFIX trial: 151 to the control arm and 151 to the experimental arm. There will be an optional consent form for patients who may want to contribute to more frequent PK and PD sampling. The maximum number of patients who will undergo this testing will be sixteen, eight males and eight females. This option will be offered to all patients who are being treated in hospital at the time of taking informed consent, however only patients in the experimental arm of the trial will be able to undergo this testing. TRIAL STATUS: The current GETAFIX protocol is version 4.0 12th September 2020. GETAFIX opened to recruitment on 26th October 2020 and will recruit patients over a period of approximately six months. TRIAL REGISTRATION: GETAFIX was registered on the European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials (EudraCT) Database on 15th April 2020; Reference number 2020-001904-41 ( https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001904-41/GB ). GETAFIX was registered on ISRCTN on 7th September 2020; Reference number ISRCTN31062548 ( https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN31062548 ). FULL PROTOCOL: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol. The study protocol has been reported in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Clinical Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines (see Additional file 2).

Topicality. Preservation and increasing of soil fertility is the essential problem for the agricultural melioration. It was solved in the most intensive way during the period of 1960s-1980s within the framework of "Large-scale program of the melioration development". Poor technical condition of the internal economic network of Dnipropetrovsk Region is peculiar for more than 136 thous. ha being 68.6 % of the irrigation land area. That results in considerable filtration losses, which stipulates both increased prime cost of the irrigation water and deterioration of environmental and melioration conditions of the neighbouring territories. For a long time, reconstruction of the irrigation system has not been financed properly. Implementation of the measures aimed at restoration and development of irrigation is one of the priorities of the Agreement on the Association between Ukraine and the European Union. Nowadays, much attention is paid to diagnostics of technical state of hydroengineering structures (HES) in melioration systems of CC1 structure category (especially, to the retention basins of irrigation systems) involving non-destructive instrumental methods. According to the recommendations of normative documents, it is proposed to determine the zones of increased filtration within the earth dam body, protective dams, and reservoir beds using a system of geophysical methods including the following ones: vertical electric sounding (VES), microelectric sounding (MES), electric profiling (EP), and method of natural electric fields (NEF). Unfortunately, the mentioned methods are often rather cost- and labour-consuming ones. That emphasizes the topicality of developing and implementing the innovative methods for complex evaluation of technical condition and detection of hidden filtration zones within the bodies of earth HESs. That will help localize and maintain timely the identified site making it possible to prolong operation period of the object and prevent rise of ground water level within the neighbouring territories. Objective of the paper is experimental substantiation of the efficiency of using labour- and time-saving geophysical NPEMFE method to detect filtration and watering zones, being undetected visually, within the hydroengineering structures of melioration systems to improve their operational qualities, reduce their maintenance cost, and prevent deterioration of environmental and melioration conditions of the neighbouring territories. Research methodology. The following conventional methods were applied during the scientific and engineering survey activities: field – geophysical research methods NPEMFE and VES to determine filtration zones, which were not detected visually; experimental – involving odometer of standard modification to detect electromagnetic radiation during the loading of loose argillaceous soil samples; laboratory - standard techniques to specify physical and mechanical properties of soils before and after their compressive studies; computational-analytic – to determine dimensions of filtration water losses from the basin. Golden Software Surfer 8 and AutoCad 10 programme complexes were applied to process the obtained results. Scientific novelty of the research results. For the first time, it has been proved experimentally that electromagnetic radiation increases when loaded with loose argillaceous samples and decreases when the samples are moist. That makes it possible to apply the NPEMFE method to identify visually non-detected filtration zones within the body of hydroengineering structures of melioration systems. Practical value of the research: possibility to use time- and labour-saving NPEMFE method to identify visually non-detected zones of filtration and watering within the body of hydroengineering structures in melioration systems of CC1 structure category has been substantiated experimentally. ; В настоящее время диагностика технического состояния грунтовых гидротехнических сооружений (ГТС), также как и локализация участков, требующих первоочередного ремонта, и снижение фильтрационных потерь оросительной воды, являются достаточно актуальными научными и практическими задачами. Многолетние полевые исследования показали высокую эффективность применения геофизического метода естественного импульсного электромагнитного поля Земли (ЕИЭМПЗ) для обнаружения зон повышенной фильтрации и нарушения сложения в теле грунтовых ГТС. Впервые были проведены лабораторные исследования для анализа характера генерации электромагнитного излучения (ЭМИ) в образцах рыхлых грунтов при их нагрузке, чтобы экспериментально обосновать возможность использования быстрого и недорогого (с точки зрения времени и финансов) метода ЕИЭМПЗ для диагностики технического состояния грунтовых ГТС сельскохозяйственного назначения. Результаты экспериментальных исследований позволили определить основные закономерности развития колебаний ЭМИ в грунтовой толще при её сжатии и обводнении, что объясняет возможность определения зон фильтрации и обводнения в теле грунтовых ГТС. Эффективность применения геофизического метода ЕИЭМПЗ рассмотрена на примере регулирующего бассейна (РБ) Калиновской оросительной системы (ОС), исследование технического состояния которого было проведено в комплексе с «количественным» методом вертикального электрического зондирования (ВЭЗ), дополняющего данные съемки ЕИЭМПЗ. Достоверность результатов съемки методом подтверждается схожестью рисунка поля ЕИЭМПЗ, полученного в результате мониторинга состояния РБ в 2013 и 2017 годах. Экономическая целесообразность внедрения не разрушающих методов для диагностики технического состояния гидротехнических сооружений оросительных систем подчеркивается необходимостью улучшения эколого-мелиоративного состояния прилегающих территорий. ; В наш час діагностування технічного стану гідротехнічних споруд (ГТС),водогосподарського комплексу також як і локалізації ділянок, які потребують першочергового ремонту, є досить актуальними науково-практичними задачами. Багаторічні польові дослідження показали високу ефективність застосування геофізичного методу природного імпульсного електромагнітного поля Землі (ПІЕМПЗ) для виявлення зон підвищеної фільтрації і порушень в тілі ґрунтових ГТС. Вперше були проведені лабораторні дослідження для аналізу характеру генерації електромагнітного випромінювання (ЕМВ) в зразках пухких ґрунтів під час їх навантажень, щоб експериментально обґрунтувати можливість використання швидкого і маловитратного (за часом та фінансами) методу ПІЕМПЗ для діагностування технічного стану ґрунтових ГТС водогосподарського призначення. Результати експериментальних досліджень дозволили встановити основні закономірності розвитку коливань ЕМВ в ґрунтовій товщі під час її стиснення та обводнення, що пояснює можливість визначення зон фільтрації та замочування в тілі ґрунтових ГТС. Ефективність застосування геофізичного методу ПІЕМПЗ розглянута на прикладі регулюючого басейна (РБ) Калинівської зрошувальної системи, розташованого в Синельниківському районі Дніпропетровської області. Дослідження технічного стану регулюючого басейну проведено в комплексі з «кількісним» методом вертикального електричного зондування, який доповнив дані зйомки ПІЕМПЗ. Достовірність результатів зйомки підтверджується збіжністю рисунка поля ПІЕМПЗ, отриманого в результаті моніторингу РБ в 2013 р. і 2017 р. Економічна доцільність впровадження не руйнуючого методу для діагностики технічного стану гідротехнічних споруд зрошувальних систем підкреслюється необхідністю покращення еколого-меліоративного стану прилеглих територій.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the environmental policy of the EU countries on the regulation of public relations in the field of environmental safety. The article clarifies the legislative definition of environmental safety in Ukraine. It was found that the indicator that comprehensively reflects various aspects of the environment, the sustainability of ecological systems, as well as the effectiveness of state policy in the field of ecology is the index of environmental efficiency. The index of ecological efficiency in the context of the countries of the European Union is analyzed. The author calculates the dynamics of changes in the environmental performance index for EU countries. The division of EU countries by regions has been carried out. Summary of the main research results. The environmental legislation of the EU countries, in particular, Denmark, Slovakia, France and Malta, which have the highest indicators of the environmental efficiency index for 2018 in their region, is analyzed. The place of Ukraine in the specified rating is defined. It is determined that the environmental efficiency index for 2020 is calculated according to the new methodology, so it can no longer be used in retrospect.It is found that maintaining environmental safety is a complex concept that encompasses a wide range of measures, procedures and practices to maintain environmental safety and human security at the proper level of their existence, in order to protect them from anthropogenic impacts and natural changes. Conclusions.It is concluded that for the most part the structure and content of environmental legislation of the EU is similar to the Ukrainian, both in terms of specialization of laws and government agencies that ensure compliance with regulations. However, the low efficiency of our public services is still linked to the Soviet legacy (as in Slovakia). The need for a more detailed analysis and outline of prospects for the implementation of the Danish experience in Ukraine on the regulation of land relations, rules for the use of fertilizers, implementation of programs for the use of nitrates, opportunities for benefits for farmers. It is determined that the main leitmotif of EU environmental policies is the greening of the economy and large-scale use of renewable energy sources. Emphasis is placed on the urgent need for a comprehensive policy of environmental education of Ukrainian citizens, starting from school age. ; Статья посвящена анализу экологической политики стран ЕС по регулированию общественных отношений в сфере поддержания экологической безопасности. В статье определено законодательное закрепление понятия экологической безопасности в Украине. Выявлено, что показателем, который способен комплексно отразить различные аспекты состояния окружающей среды, устойчивости экологических систем, а также эффективность государственной политики в области экологии является индекс экологической эффективности. Проанализирован индекс экологической эффективности в разрезе стран Европейского Союза. Автором осуществлен расчет динамики изменений индекса экологической эффективности для стран ЕС. Проведено разделение стран ЕС по регионам. Проанализировано экологическое законодательство стран ЕС, в частности, Дании, Словакии, Франции и Мальты, которые имеют высокие показатели по индексу экологической эффективности за 2018 в своем регионе. Определено место Украины в указанном рейтинге. Определено, что индекс экологической эффективности за 2020 год рассчитывался по новой методике, поэтому его невозможно использовать в ретроспективе. Выяснено, что поддержание экологической безопасности является комплексным понятием, которое охватывает широкий перечень мероприятий, процедур и наработанных практик по обеспечению безопасности окружающей среды и безопасности человека на должном для их существования уровне, с целью защиты их от антропогенного воздействия и естественных изменений окружающей среды. Сделан вывод о том, что по большей части структура и содержание экологического законодательства стран ЕС схожа с украинской, как в плане специализации законов, так и государственными структурами, обеспечивающими выполнение нормативно-правовых актов. Однако, низкая результативность наших государственных служб все еще связана с советским наследием (как в Словакии). Выявлена потребность в более детальном анализе и определение перспектив внедрения в Украине опыта Дании по вопросам регулирования земельных правоотношений, правил использования удобрений, реализации программ по использованию нитратов, возможностей введения льгот для сельскохозяйственных производителей. Определено, что основным лейтмотивом экологических политик стран ЕС является озеленение экономики и масштабное использование возобновляемых источников энергии. Акцентировано внимание на необходимости в проведении полномасштабной политики экологического просвещения граждан Украины, начиная со школьного возраста. ; Вступ.СтаттяприсвяченааналізуекологічноїполітикикраїнЄСщодорегулюваннясуспільнихвідносинусферіпідтриманняекологічноїбезпеки. У статті з'ясовано законодавче визначення поняття екологічної безпеки в Україні. Виявлено, що показником, який комплексно відображає різні аспекти стану довкілля, стійкості екологічних систем, а також ефективність державної політики в області екології є індекс екологічної ефективності. Проаналізовано індекс екологічної ефективності в розрізі країн Європейського Союзу. Автором здійснено розрахунок динаміки змін індексу екологічної ефективності для країн ЄС. Проведено поділ країн ЄС за регіонами. Короткий зміст основних результатів дослідження. Проаналізовано екологічне законодавство країн ЄС, зокрема, Данії, Словаччини, Франції та Мальти, які мають найвищі показники за індексом екологічної ефективності за 2018 рік в своєму регіоні. Визначено місце України в зазначеному рейтингу. Визначено, що індекс екологічної ефективності за 2020 рік розраховується за новою методикою, тому його вже неможливо використати в ретроспективі. З'ясовано, що підтримання екологічної безпеки є комплексним поняттям, яке охоплює широкий перелік заходів, процедур та напрацьованих практик щодо підтримання безпеки довкілля та безпеки людини на належному їхнього існування рівні, з метою захисту їх від антропогенного впливу та природних змін навколишнього природного середовища. Висновки.Зроблено висновок про те, що по більшій частині структура та зміст екологічного законодавства країн ЄС схожа з українською, як в плані спеціалізації законів, так і державними структурами, які забезпечують виконання нормативно-правових актів. Однак, низька результативність наших державних служб все ще пов'язана з радянською спадщиною (як у Словаччині). Виокремлено потребу в більш детальному аналіз та окресленні перспектив впровадження в Україні досвіду Данії щодо питань регулювання земельних правовідносин, правил використання добрив, реалізації програм з використання нітратів, можливостей пільг для сільськогосподарських виробників. Визначено, що основним лейтмотивом екологічних політик країн ЄС є озеленення економіки та масштабне використання відновлювальних джерел енергії. Акцентовано увагу на нагальній потребі у проведенні загальномасштабної політики екологічної просвіти громадян України, починаючи зі шкільного віку.