Suchergebnisse

In order to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHG) from landfills, European Union (EU) Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC requires a progressive reduction of the municipal biodegradable waste disposal. The main problem of the waste management system in Latvia is a heavy dependence from the waste disposal at landfills. An insufficient separate waste collection system and a promotion of the landfilling as a major treatment option, leaded to the disposal of 84% of the total collected municipal waste in 2012 with a high share of the biodegradable waste. Therefore, in Latvia, the volume of emissions due to the activities of the waste management branch was 5.23% (632.6 CO2 eq.) of the total GHG emissions produced in the national economy in 2010 (12 097 Gg CO2 eq., except the land use, land-use change and forestry). The aim of this research is to revise the current situation of the management of biodegradable waste in Latvia, and to propose the future activities for the practical improvements dealing with biodegradable waste. The Waste Management Planning System (WAMPS) software has been used as an environmental impact analysis tool for the modelling waste management scenarios. The WAMPS software calculates emissions, energy and turnover of waste streams for processes within the waste management system, e.g., waste collection and transportation, composting, anaerobic digestion, and final disposal – landfilling or incineration. The obtained results are presented in four environmental impact categories: acidification, global warming, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation, which are characterised by a certain emission. It covers an integrated waste management system starting with the activities where products become waste and have been put into the waste bin at waste generation source to the last point, where the waste becomes either useful material (recycled material, biogas or compost) or becomes part of emissions in the environment after its final disposal at landfill or incineration plant. ; In order to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHG) from landfills, European Union (EU) Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC requires a progressive reduction of the municipal biodegradable waste disposal. The main problem of the waste management system in Latvia is a heavy dependence from the waste disposal at landfills. An insufficient separate waste collection system and a promotion of the landfilling as a major treatment option, leaded to the disposal of 84% of the total collected municipal waste in 2012 with a high share of the biodegradable waste. Therefore, in Latvia, the volume of emissions due to the activities of the waste management branch was 5.23% (632.6 CO2 eq.) of the total GHG emissions produced in the national economy in 2010 (12 097 Gg CO2 eq., except the land use, land-use change and forestry). The aim of this research is to revise the current situation of the management of biodegradable waste in Latvia, and to propose the future activities for the practical improvements dealing with biodegradable waste. The Waste Management Planning System (WAMPS) software has been used as an environmental impact analysis tool for the modelling waste management scenarios. The WAMPS software calculates emissions, energy and turnover of waste streams for processes within the waste management system, e.g., waste collection and transportation, composting, anaerobic digestion, and final disposal – landfilling or incineration. The obtained results are presented in four environmental impact categories: acidification, global warming, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation, which are characterised by a certain emission. It covers an integrated waste management system starting with the activities where products become waste and have been put into the waste bin at waste generation source to the last point, where the waste becomes either useful material (recycled material, biogas or compost) or becomes part of emissions in the environment after its final disposal at landfill or incineration plant.

The JIHI has begun its ninth year of publications and it is now ten years since we started the project of the Journal in the Spring of 2010. It is still hosted by the University of Turin, and can be reached there through the address http://www.jihi.eu, but since August 1st 2020 it is also being hosted in OpenEdition's Journals platform: https://journals.openedition.org/jihi/. During the first 8 years we have published 70 articles, among which 15 methodological research reports and discussions. We have launched three CFPs (on 'Erasmian science', 'Gastronomy and Revolution', 'Philosophy and Geography'), and dedicated two other issues to monographic themes ('Luther, la Reforme, la modernité', 'Representation of Natural Entities'). During the last two years we have been consistently publishing contributions on 'digital scholarship' in intellectual history and the history of ideas, especially in the history of philosophy. We have been accepted in the DOAJ and ERIH PLUS directories, have initiated the process for being indexed by Scopus, and have recently been evaluated by the Italian Research Evaluation Agency with positive results ('recognized scientific journal' in the areas of the Historical and Social Sciences, 'top-tier journal' for Medieval, Modern, and Contemporary History, and for the History of Philosophy). Although we have strong reservations concerning the Italian evaluation exercise, we appreciate their appreciation. We hope that you as well may appreciate the work done in the Journal. We have recently built a new editorial staff, with scholars from a more diverse disciplinary background, age and position, and we are widening our network of collaborators around the world. Thus, if you want, consider the possibility to get more involved with the Journal of Interdisciplinary History of Ideas. On another note, we have recently launched another CFP, a rather short-term one: 'Epidemics and Regulations in the History of Ideas and Intellectual History'. The call is mainly centered on the intersection of law history and history of medicine (with strong connections to the history of moral thought, as well as to the history of political thought and institutions), but we are open to other approaches to the historical crossing of disciplines. The CFP can be found through the JIHI site or directly at https://zenodo.org/record/3785392. We count on your interest and support.

The JIHI has begun its ninth year of publications and it is now ten years since we started the project of the Journal in the Spring of 2010. It is still hosted by the University of Turin, and can be reached there through the address http://www.jihi.eu, but since August 1st 2020 it is also being hosted in OpenEdition's Journals platform: https://journals.openedition.org/jihi/. During the first 8 years we have published 70 articles, among which 15 methodological research reports and discussions. We have launched three CFPs (on 'Erasmian science', 'Gastronomy and Revolution', 'Philosophy and Geography'), and dedicated two other issues to monographic themes ('Luther, la Reforme, la modernité', 'Representation of Natural Entities'). During the last two years we have been consistently publishing contributions on 'digital scholarship' in intellectual history and the history of ideas, especially in the history of philosophy. We have been accepted in the DOAJ and ERIH PLUS directories, have initiated the process for being indexed by Scopus, and have recently been evaluated by the Italian Research Evaluation Agency with positive results ('recognized scientific journal' in the areas of the Historical and Social Sciences, 'top-tier journal' for Medieval, Modern, and Contemporary History, and for the History of Philosophy). Although we have strong reservations concerning the Italian evaluation exercise, we appreciate their appreciation. We hope that you as well may appreciate the work done in the Journal. We have recently built a new editorial staff, with scholars from a more diverse disciplinary background, age and position, and we are widening our network of collaborators around the world. Thus, if you want, consider the possibility to get more involved with the Journal of Interdisciplinary History of Ideas. On another note, we have recently launched another CFP, a rather short-term one: 'Epidemics and Regulations in the History of Ideas and Intellectual History'. The call is mainly centered on the intersection of law history and history of medicine (with strong connections to the history of moral thought, as well as to the history of political thought and institutions), but we are open to other approaches to the historical crossing of disciplines. The CFP can be found through the JIHI site or directly at https://zenodo.org/record/3785392. We count on your interest and support.

In Argentina, as in the rest of Latin America, the growing conflict around the dispute forcommon property does not cease, while global environmental degradation is impossible tohide in the face of scientific evidence. The article focuses on the lack of coherence betweenthe devastating effects of our system of life and the absence of a pedagogical counterpartin the Argentinean educational system. The purpose is to integrate theoretical foundationsfor a proposal of political and conceptual guidelines, in terms of critical environmentaleducation. Such foundations are formed from a bibliographic compilation based on theenvironmental and pedagogical critical thinking of Latin America. The text consists of anintroduction and three sections: (1) the state of the art in terms of policy; (2) the authors' position on what environmental education is proposed; and (3) some urgent grammars topervade the education system. It closes with the emerging challenges in the current context. ; En Argentina, al igual que en el resto de América Latina, no cesa el conflicto creciente en torno a la disputa por los bienes comunes, mientras que la degradación ambiental global resulta imposible de ocultar ante las evidencias científicas. El artículo se enfoca en la falta de coherencia entre los efectos devastadores de nuestro sistema de vida y la ausencia de un correlato pedagógico en el sistema educativo argentino. El propósito es integrar fundamentos teóricos destinados a una propuesta de lineamientos políticos y conceptuales, en clave de una educación ambiental crítica. Tales fundamentos se conforman a partir de una recopilación bibliográfica proveniente del pensamiento ambiental y pedagógico crítico de Latinoamérica. El texto está compuesto por una introducción y tres apartados: (1) el estado de la cuestión en materia de políticas; (2) la posición de los autores en torno a qué educación ambiental se propone; y (3) algunas gramáticas urgentes para permear el sistema educativo. Se cierra con los retos emergentes frente al contexto actual. ; Na Argentina, como no resto da América Latina, o conflito crescente sobre a disputapelos bens comuns não cessa, enquanto é impossível esconder a degradação ambientalglobal diante das evidências científicas. O artigo enfoca a falta de correspondência entreos efeitos devastadores do nosso sistema de vida e a ausência de um correlato pedagógicono sistema educacional argentino. A finalidade da integração dos fundamentos teóricosé fazer uma proposta de diretrizes políticas e conceituais, em termos de uma educaçãoambiental crítica. Tais fundamentos são formados a partir de uma compilação bibliográficado pensamento crítico ambiental e pedagógico da América Latina. O texto consiste de umaintrodução e três secções: (1) o estado da arte em matéria de política; (2) a posição dosautores sobre as propostas de educação ambiental; e (3) algumas gramáticas urgentes parapermear o sistema educativo. Termina com os desafios emergentes no contexto actual.

El artículo analiza el concepto de conformidad en la propuesta de anteproyecto de modernización del Código civil preparada por la Comisión General de Codificación y la compara con el proyecto de Marco Común de Referencia, la legislación comunitaria y el soft law. Sobre la base de un concepto general y unitario de incumplimiento (art. 1188), la conformidad se erige en concepto clave de un moderno derecho de obligaciones y contratos en España. Con todo, la conformidad sólo se regula en sede de contrato de compraventa, mientras que para otros contratos –el arrendamiento y la donación– simplemente se incluye una disposición que sustituye el concepto de saneamiento por el de conformidad. Por otra parte, no se propone una regulación actualizada del contrato de servicios, que permanece ajeno al concepto de conformidad. La propuesta de la Comisión General de Codificación sigue la senda correcta, pero es parcial e incompleta, por lo que todavía no cubre todas las necesidades de un derecho de obligaciones y contratos moderno. ; This essay analyses the concept of conformity in the proposal of a bill modernising the Spanish contract law prepared by the General Commission of Codification and compares it with the DCFR, European legislation and soft law. On the basis of a general and unitary notion of non-performance (art. 1188), conformity becomes a core concept for a modern contract law in Spain. However, conformity is only dealt with in the sales chapter. For other contracts such as lease or donation, a disposition only establishes the substitution of the Roman idea of «saneamiento» (the edilitian remedies) for the new one of conformity without any further adjustment. In addition, the current regulation of services remains unmodified. Les proposal of the General Commission of Codification takes the right way, but it is partial and incomplete, and therefore it does not still fulfil all the requirements of a modern contract law. ; Texto íntegro con aparato bibliográfico de la ponencia pronunciada en las «Jornadas sobre el Derecho Privado Europeo y la Modernización del Derecho de Obligaciones en España», organizadas en la Universidad de Granada por el Grupo de Investigación de derecho civil «Ossorio Morales», por gentil invitación del profesor Klaus Jochen Albiez Dohrmann. Este trabajo se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación «El Proyecto de Marco Común de Referencia (Libros II y IV): Comentario Académico desde el Derecho Contractual Español» financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN DER2009- 13269-C03-01), así como en las actividades del Grupo de Investigación consolidado de la Generalidad de Cataluña 2009SGR689.

The thesis studies the application of humanitarian interventions that are based on Responsibility to Protect (R2P) framework. Based on preliminary research and literature review, the study established the sovereignty of State should and must be protected. However, the R2P framework clearly assigned the State the responsibility to protect the human right of its citizen. When a State is unable, unwilling or directly engages in the violation of its citizen's human rights, the framework provides mechanism that can be used to intervene in the domestic affairs of that State. Critics however argue that great powers use the framework as an excuse for interfering with sovereignty of less powerful States. The legitimacy and legality of the framework has thus been questioned. Another strand of literature however provided compelling evidence indicating the model is effective, but its application is questionable since the applying nation adopts a realism approach. The thesis therefore adopts a multiple-case study approach to study the above concerns. The case of Syrian and Libyan was studied and analysed using a thematic data analysis strategy. By answering the appropriate research question, it was established that the model is effective, but its application is arbitrary due to the ulterior motives held by key members of the international community. It was thus recommended for the United Nation to adopt another model that will check the ulterior motives of its member's States when it comes to the implementation of appropriate strategy. ; Bu tezde koruma sorumluluğu çerçevesine dayanan insani müdahale uygulamaları çalışılmıştır.Ön hazırlık ve literatür taramasına dayanarak, bu çalışma devlet egemenliğinin korunması gerektiğini kabul eder. Bununla birlikte, Koruma Sorumluluğu'nun yapısı devlete kendi vatandaşlarının insan haklarını korumasının sorumluluğunu açıkca yükler. Devlet vatandaşlarını korumada aciz ya da isteksiz olduğunda veya kendi vatandaşlarının insan haklarını doğrudan kendi ihlal ettiğinde, Koruma Sorumluluğu yapısı ihlalden etkilenen milletlerin içişlerine karışılmasında kullanılacak mekanizmayı sağlar.Bunun yanı sıra, eleştiriler güçlü olan uluslararası toplumun bu yapıyı nispeten gücü daha az olan devletin egemenliğine müdahale için bahane olarak kullandığını ileri sürer.Bu nedenle, bu yapının meşruiyeti ve yasallığı şüphelidir. Bununla birlikte, literatürün başka bir kolu modeli işe yarar ancak uygulamayı tartışmalı gösteren ikna edici bir delil sunar.Bundan dolayı, yukarıda sayılan endişeler nedeni ile bu tezde birden çok örnek içeren çalışma yaklaşımı uygulanmıştır.Libya ve Suriye örnekleri tematik veri analizi stratejisi kullanılarak çalışılmış ve analiz edilmiştir.Gerekli araştırma soruları yanıtlanarak, modelin etkili ancak uluslararası toplumun asli üyelerinin art niyetinden dolayı uygulanmasının ihtiyari olduğu ortaya konmuştur.Dolayısıyla, uygun stratejiyi uygulama söz konusu olduğunda, Birleşmiş Milletler'e üye devletlerin art niyetlerine karşı koyan bir başka modeli kabulü tavsiye edilir.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der steuerlichen Behandlung der Gemeindeverbände. Der Gemeindeverband ist in der Verfassung explizit geregelt. Er ist eine juristische Person des öffentlichen Rechts und besitzt Rechtspersönlichkeit. Steuerrechtlich ist der Gemeindeverband nach hA wie eine Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts zu beurteilen. Ist der Gemeindeverband hoheitlich tätig, unterliegt er nur der beschränkten Körperschaftsteuerpflicht. Ist der Gemeindeverband privatwirtschaftlich tätig, unterhält er unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen einen oder mehrere Betrieb(e) gewerblicher Art (BgA). Dieser BgA ist als eigenes Körperschaftsteuersubjekt unbeschränkt körperschaftsteuerpflichtig. Der BgA eines Gemeindeverbandes unterliegt zwingend der Voranschlags- und Rechnungslegungsverordnung, sodass er auch über der Umsatzgrenze des UGB nicht rechnungslegungspflichtig ist. Da ein BgA nicht gewinnorientiert handeln muss, kann er auch dauerhaft Verluste erzielen. Zwar ist jeder BgA für sich ein eigenes Körperschaftsteuersubjekt, doch können unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen mehrere BgA zusammengefasst werden, um Verluste mit Gewinnen auszugleichen. Weiters stellt sich die Frage der verdeckten Ausschüttung, wenn die Mitgliedsgemeinden dem BgA des Gemeindeverbandes eine Leistung erbringen, die nicht den Grundsätzen des Fremdvergleichs entspricht. Im Bereich der Umsatzsteuer wird auf das Körperschaftsteuerrecht verwiesen und gleichfalls an den Begriff des BgA angeknüpft. Dies widerspricht jedoch der MwSt-System-RL und der Judikatur des EuGH, da im Unionsrecht nur auf das mögliche Wettbewerbsverhältnis zu privaten Unternehmen abgestellt wird. Der Gemeindeverband kann daher das Unionsrecht zu seinen Gunsten geltend machen. Mit dem Kapitel Vermögenstransfers werden schließlich die Beziehungen zwischen dem Gemeindeverband und seinen verbandsangehörigen Gemeinden steuerlich näher beleuchtet. ; The present thesis focuses on the taxation of municipality associations. Municipality associations are explicitly regulated in the Austrian constitution. They are legal persons under public law with legal personality. In the matter of taxation, the municipality association is treated under prevailing opinion such as a public- law body. If the municipality association participates in the exercise of official authority, it will only have limited tax liability. In case the municipality association operates in the private sector however, it maintains under certain conditions a so called ?Betrieb gewerblicher Art?, a commercial institution established under public law and 100% owned by the national or local authorities (hereinafter BgA). This BgA is its own subject of corporate taxation and falls under the unlimited taxation. Due to the fact that the BgA of a municipality association is subject to the Budgeting and Accounts regulation, the accounting standards of the Austrian commercial code are not relevant, even if the BgA exceeds the turnover limit of ? 700.000,--. As BgAs are not profit- orientated, they have the possibility to record continual losses. Altough each BgA is its own subject of corporate taxation, several BgA can be combined to one BgA, so that losses can be offset with future profits. In case the associated communes provide a service to the BgA of the municipality association which is not based on the arms length principle, the question of covert distribution of profits arises. In value added taxation BgA are treated similar as in corporation tax law. However, this approach does not conform to the directive on the VAT system and the jurisdiction of the ECJ, as the European Union law focuses in general on the potential competition with private entrepreneurs. Finally this thesis demonstrates possible relationships between the municipality association and its associated communes. ; eingereicht von Claudia Slawitsch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2014 ; (VLID)240030

O mogno brasileiro (Swietenia macrophylla) é uma espécie florestal de importância para o comércio madeireiro. No entanto, para que se tenha um plantio com árvores produzindo madeira de qualidade, é necessário que se conheça a dose de nitrogênio (N) adequada para o o crescimento das mudas. Para tanto, estabeleceu-se o experimento com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de mogno brasileiro, morfológico e fisiológico, em solo com diferentes doses de nitrogênio (N). As mudas de mogno brasileiro foram produzidas em tubetes preenchidos com solo e, ao atingirem cerca de 10 cm de altura, foram transplantadas para os tratamentos testados. O solo utilizado no experimento foi calcareado e incubado, em seguida, foi utilizado para preencher as sacolas plásticas para as quais as mudas foram transplantadas. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo: T0 – sem adubação; T1 – 50 mg dm-3; T2 – 100 mg dm-3; T3 – 150 mg dm-3; T4 – 200 mg dm-3. Após transplante, o solo recebeu a adubação nitrogenada, conforme as doses testadas e, a complementação com os demais nutrientes. Essas mudas passaram por período de adaptação e, ao final de 90 dias, realizou-se as medições. O maior crescimento e produção de massa seca foi observado na dose de 150 mg dm-3 de N. Esse resultado está relacionado com o aumento na taxa líquida fotossintética, condutância estomática, transpiração e concentração de CO2, em condições adequadas, para as mudas dessa espécie.
Palavras-chaves: Ureia. Fertilização. Produção de Mudas. Swietenia macrophylla.
AbstractThe brazilian mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) is an important forest species for the timber trade. However, in order to plant trees producing quality wood, it is necessary to know the dose of nitrogen (N) adequate to the seedling growth. For this, the experiment was established with the objective of evaluating the initial development of brazilian mahogany seedlings, morphological and physiological, in soil with different N doses. The brazilian mahogany seedlings were produced in tubete with soil and, when they reached about 10 cm in height, they were transplanted for the treatments tested. The soil used in the experiment was limed and incubated, then used to fill the plastic bags into which the seedlings were transplanted. The design used was completely randomized with five treatments and five replications, as follows: T0 – no fertilization; T1 – 50 mg dm-3; T2 – 100 mg dm-3; T3 – 150 mg dm-3; T4 – 200 mg dm-3. After transplanting, the soil received nitrogen fertilization, according to the doses tested, and supplementation with other nutrients. These seedlings underwent an adaptation period, and at the end of 90 days, measurements were performed. The greatest growth and production of dry mass was observed at the dose of 150 mg dm-3 of N. This result is related to the increase in the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration and CO2 concentration, under suitable conditions, for the seedlings of this species.
Keywords: Urea. Fertilization. Seedling Production. Swietenia macrophylla.

This open access book offers a selection of research papers and case studies presented at the 3rd international conference "Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions", held in December 2019 in Bolzano, Italy, and explores the concept of smart and sustainable planning, including top contributions from academics, policy makers, consultants and other professionals. Innovation processes such as co-design and co-creation help establish collaborations that engage with stakeholders in a trustworthy and transparent environment while answering the need for new value propositions. The importance of an integrated, holistic approach is widely recognized to break down silos in local government, in particular, when aimed at achieving a better integration of climate-energy planning. Despite the ongoing urbanization and polarization processes, new synergies between urban and rural areas emerge, linking development opportunities to intrinsic cultural, natural and man-made landscape values. The increasing availability of big, real-time urban data and advanced ICT facilitates frequent assessment and continuous monitoring of performances, while allowing fine-tuning as needed. This is valid not only for individual projects but also on a wider scale. In addition, and circling back to the first point, (big) urban data and ICT can be of enormous help in facilitating engagement and co-creation by raising awareness and by providing insight into the local consequences of specific plans. However, this potential is not yet fully exploited in standard processes and procedures, which can therefore lack the agility and flexibility to keep up with the pulse of the city and dynamics of society. The book provides a multi-disciplinary outlook based on experience to orient the reader in the giant galaxy of smart and sustainable planning, support the transposition of research into practice, scale up visionary approaches and design groundbreaking planning policies and tools

This open access book offers a selection of research papers and case studies presented at the 3rd international conference "Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions", held in December 2019 in Bolzano, Italy, and explores the concept of smart and sustainable planning, including top contributions from academics, policy makers, consultants and other professionals. Innovation processes such as co-design and co-creation help establish collaborations that engage with stakeholders in a trustworthy and transparent environment while answering the need for new value propositions. The importance of an integrated, holistic approach is widely recognized to break down silos in local government, in particular, when aimed at achieving a better integration of climate-energy planning. Despite the ongoing urbanization and polarization processes, new synergies between urban and rural areas emerge, linking development opportunities to intrinsic cultural, natural and man-made landscape values. The increasing availability of big, real-time urban data and advanced ICT facilitates frequent assessment and continuous monitoring of performances, while allowing fine-tuning as needed. This is valid not only for individual projects but also on a wider scale. In addition, and circling back to the first point, (big) urban data and ICT can be of enormous help in facilitating engagement and co-creation by raising awareness and by providing insight into the local consequences of specific plans. However, this potential is not yet fully exploited in standard processes and procedures, which can therefore lack the agility and flexibility to keep up with the pulse of the city and dynamics of society. The book provides a multi-disciplinary outlook based on experience to orient the reader in the giant galaxy of smart and sustainable planning, support the transposition of research into practice, scale up visionary approaches and design groundbreaking planning policies and tools.

Using an elite consensus/conflict analytical frame, this book examines why some majority Muslim countries perform so much better at democracy and/or development than others, questioning received wisdoms that Islam, authoritarianism, and underdevelopment go together. Identifying four distinct democracy and development outcomes in the Muslim world, four case studies are interrogated to show that there is more variability in democracy and development outcomes in Muslim majority countries than macro-historical studies and aggregate data have shown. By demonstrating that democracy and development outcomes in Muslim countries are the consequence of elite conflict and elite consensus, rather than the precepts or institutions of Islam, the book places the competition for power among contending elites, rather than Islam, at the center of the story of democracy and development in the Muslim world. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of political development/development studies, democratization and autocratization studies, democracy promotion, and more broadly comparative politics.

Envy is almost universally condemned and feared. But is its bad reputation always warranted? In this book, Sara Protasi argues that envy is more multifaceted than it seems, and that some varieties of it can be productive and even virtuous. Protasi brings together empirical evidence and philosophical research to generate a novel view according to which there are four kinds of envy: emulative, inert, aggressive, and spiteful. For each kind, she individuates different situational antecedents, phenomenological expressions, motivational tendencies, and behavioral outputs. She then develops the normative implications of this taxonomy from a moral and prudential perspective, in the domain of personal loving relationships, and in the political sphere. A historical appendix completes the book. Through a careful and comprehensive investigation of envy's complexity, and its multifarious implications for human relations and human value, The Philosophy of Envy surprisingly reveals that envy plays a crucial role in safeguarding our happiness.

The long eighteenth century is a crucial period in the history of ethics, when our moral relations to God, ourselves and others were minutely examined and our duties, rights and virtues systematically and powerfully presented. Colin Heydt charts the history of practical morality - what we ought to do and to be - from the 1670s, when practical ethics arising from Protestant natural law gained an institutional foothold in England, to early British responses to the French Revolution around 1790. He examines the conventional philosophical positions concerning the content of morality, and utilizes those conventions to reinterpret the work of key figures including Locke, Hume, and Smith. Situating these positions in their thematic and historical contexts, he shows how studying them challenges our assumptions about the originality, intended audience, and aims of philosophical argument during this period. His rich and readable book will appeal to a range of scholars and students

This book forges a new approach to historical and geographical change by asking how gender arrangements and dynamics influence the evolution of institutions and environments. This new theoretical approach is applied via mixed methods and a multi-scale framework to bring together unusually diverse phenomena. Regional trends demonstrated with quantitative data include the massive incorporation of women into paid work, demographic masculinization of the countryside and feminization of cities, rapidly increasing gaps that favor women over men in education and life expectancy, and extraordinarily high levels of violence against men. Case studies in Mexico, Chile and Bolivia explore changes influenced by gender practices and expectations that involve men in different ways than women; they also highlight dissimilarities and power relations between differently positioned masculine groups. Ethnographic studies of culturally diverse arrangements, together with particular attention to subordinate versus dominant masculinities, complicate the gender binaries that circumscribe so much research and policy

What does it mean to say that it is 'We the People' who 'ordain and establish' a constitution? Who are those sovereign people, and how can they do so? Interweaving history and theory, constitutional scholar Chaihark Hahm and political theorist Sung Ho Kim attempt to answer these perennial questions by revisiting the constitutional politics of postwar Japan and Korea. Together, these experiences demonstrate the infeasibility of the conventional assumption that there is a clearly bounded sovereign 'people' prior to constitution-making that stands apart from both outside influence and troubled historical legacies. The authors argue that 'We the People' only emerges through a deeply transformative politics of constitutional founding and, as such, a democratic constitution and its putative author are mutually constitutive. Highly original and genuinely multidisciplinary, this book will be of interest to democratic theorists and scholars of comparative constitutionalism as well as observers of ongoing constitutional debates in Japan and Korea