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"A memorial volume for the late Professor Keith Thurley, dedicated to Mrs. Elizabeth Thurley."--P. facing t.p ; Includes bibliographical references and index ; This is a memorial volume which pays tribute to the late Professor Keith Thurley. It collects a number of critical and insightful essays which discuss some of the key issues affecting corporate management, human resource development and the workplace in the current context of East Asian societies, to which Professor Thurley was closely linked in his scholarly career at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). The perspectives which are canvassed in these writings are diverse but well integrated, introducing the readers to how work and society in this dynamic part of the world can be viewed from a mix of academic disciplines including management and organizational studies, sociology, psychology, political economy, international studies, history, industrial relations and labour law ; This book is an important piece of benchmark reference for academics, students, managers and other practising specialists who wish to update their understanding and knowledge about people in work and business in East Asia today ; published_or_final_version ; Contributors ; Foreword ; Prologue ; Appendix p325 ; Index p327 ; Memorial Essay: Professor Keith Thurley and an Intellectual Appreciation / David E. Guest p1 ; Ch. 1 Introduction The Editors p11 ; Ch. 2 Enterprise, Its Management and Culture: A Comparative Reflection in a Transnational Context The Editors / Terry W. Casey p21 ; Ch. 3 Adaptation Issues in the Internationalization of Business: The Experience of Japanese Managers Overseas / K. John Fukuda p41 ; Ch. 4 Directors and Boards: The East Asian Experience / R. I. Tricker p55 ; Ch. 5 Corporate Information Strategy: Some Key Issues in the Hong Kong Context / Ivy Hsu-hwa Tao p77 ; Ch. 6 Three Chinese Sages and Modern Theories of Human Resource Management / Sally Stewart p87 ; Ch. 7 Work Values and Organizations: A Glimpse of the Asian Syndrome / Ng Sek-hong p101 ; Ch. 8 Capitalism and Civil Society in China, and the Role of Hong Kong / S. Gordon Redding p119 ; Ch. 9 The Hong Kong Work Ethic / David A. Levin p135 ; Ch. 10 Management Education in Hong Kong: Issues and Strategies / Ng Sek-hong p155 ; Ch. 11 The Role of the State and Labour's Response to Industrial Development: An Asian 'Drama' of Three New Industrial Economies / Masahiro Maeda p167 ; Ch. 12 Quality of Working Life and Employee Participation in Singapore / Cheng Soo-may p199 ; Ch. 13 The Japanese Labour Movement Under Rengo Leadership / Solomon B. Levine p221 ; Ch. 14 Japanese Industrial Practices and the Employment Contract / Joju Akita p241 ; Ch. 15 Legal Problems With Multiple Labour Unions in a Japanese Company / Kozo Kagawa p253 ; Ch. 16 Industrial Harmony, the Trade Union Movement and Labour Administration in Hong Kong The Editors The Labour Department of the Hong Kong Government / Tam Yiu- chung p271 ; Ch. 17 The Development of Labour Relations in Hong Kong and Some Implications for the Future / Ng Sek-hong p289 ; Ch. 18 Recent Developments in Australian Industrial Relations: Their Relevance to the Asian Region / Russell D. Lansbury p301 ; Epilogue: Hong Kong and Asia at the Crossroads: A Note on Remembrance for Keith Thurley / Ian Nish p317

Book reviewed in this article:ESSAYS IN THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF AUSTRALIAN CAPITALISM. Edited by E.L. Wheelwright and Ken Buckley.PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND SOCIAL POLICY IN AUSTRALIA. Edited by R.B. Scotton and Helen FerberSIR ROBERT MENZIES. By Paul Hasluck.INTEREST GROUPS AND PUBLIC POLICY: Case Studies from the Australian States. Edited by Roger Scott.THE AUSTRALIAN ENVIRONMENT: 12 Controversial Issues. By Alan Gilpin.THE GOVERNMENT OF QUEENSLAND. By Colin A. Hughes.AUSTRALIA AND THE INDONESIAN REVOLUTION. By Margaret George.WELFARE POLITICS IN AUSTRALIA: A Study in Policy Analysis. By Adam Graycar.LAND OF A THOUSAND SORROWS: The Australian Prison Journal, 1840–1842, of the Exiled Canadian Patriote, Francois‐Maurice Lepailleur. Translated and edited by F. Murray Greenwood.AUSTRALIA: The Asia Connection. By Jim Hyde.MIRROR OF FTHE NATION's MIND: Australia's Electoral Experiments. By J.F.H. Wright.A SHORT HISTORY OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS IN WESTERN EUROPE. By Andrew McLaren Carstairs.A MODERN LEGAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND AND WALES 1750–1950. By A. H. Manchester.A SOURCE BOOK OF AUSTRALIAN LEGAL HISTORY: Source Materials from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries. Edited by J. M. Bennett and Alex C. Castles.AUSTRALIANS AND EGYPT 1914–1919. By Suzanne Brugger.A SETTLEMENT AMPLY SUPPLIED:Food Technology in Nineteenth Century Australia. By K.T.H. Farrer.PROVINCIAL PERSPECTIVES: Essays in Honour of W.J. Gardener. Edited by Len Richerdson and W. David McIntyre.THE JOURNAL OF HENRY SEWELL 1853–7. (Vol. 1: February 1853–May 1854; Vol. II: May 1854–May 1857). Edited by W. David McIntyre.PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Early Lessons from Chimbu. By Bill Standish.DAY OF SHINING RED: An Essay on Understanding Ritual. By Gilbert Lewis.THE BLOOD OF THE PEOPLE: Revolution and the End of Traditional Rule in Northern Sumatra. By Anthony Reid.THE SHAPING OF CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY. By Greg O'Leary.THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMIES: THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOVIET AND CHINESE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMIES. By Jonathan R. AdelmanDECOLONISATION AND AFTER: The British and French Experience. Edited by W. H. Morris‐Jones and Georges Fisher.THE FRENCH ENCOUNTER WITH AFRICANS: White Response to Blacks, 1530–1880. By William B. Cohen.THE TRANSFER OF POWER, 1942–7. Vol. IX, THE FIXING OF A TIME LIMIT. Edited by Nicholas Monsergh and Penderel Moon.PUBLIC SECTOR BARGAINING: A study of Relative Gain. By A.W.J. Thomson and P.B. Beaumont.THE VICTORIAN CONSTITUTION: Conventions, Usages and Contingencies. By G.H.L. Le MayBRITAIN'S FIRST SOCIALISTS: The Levellers, Agitators and Diggers of the English Revolution. By Fenner Brockway.DAS DEUTSCHE REICH UND DER ZWEITE WELTKRIEG. Band 2: Die Errichtung der Hegemonie auf dem europaischen Knontinent. Von Klaus A. Marier, Horst Rohde, Bernd Stegemann und Hans Umbriet.BULOWS WELTMACHTKONZEPT: Untersuchungen zur fruhphase seiner Aussenpolitik 1897–1901. By Peter WinzenADMINSISTERED POLITICS: Elite Political Culture in Sweden. By Thomas J. Anton.SOCIALIST POPULATION POLITICS: The political Implications of Demographic Trends in theUSSR and Eastern Europe. By John F. Besemeres.SOVIET POLITICS, Political Science and Reform. By Ronald J. Hill.THE HISTORY OF POLAND SINCE 1863. Edited by R.F. Leslie.THE POST‐DARWINIAN CONTROVERSIES: A Study of the protestant struggle to come to terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America 1870–1900. By James R. Moore.MY APPRENTICESHIP. By Beatrice Webb.INTELLECTUALS AND REVOLUTION: Socialism and the Experience of 1848. Edited by Eugene Kamenka and F. B. Smith.JUSTICE. Edited by Eugene Kamenka and Alice Erh‐Soon Tay.BUREAUCRACY: The Career of a Concept. Edited by Eugene Kamenka and Martin Krygier.THE INTELLECTUALS ON THE ROAD TO CLASS POWER. A Socialogical Study of the Role of the Intelligentsia in Socialism. By George Konrad and Ivan Szelenyi.POLITICAL OBLIGATION IN ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT: Essays in Poliitical Theory. By John Dunn.A DISCOURSE ON PROPERTY: John Locke and his Adversaries. By James Tully.NATURAL RIGHTS THEORIES: Their Origin and Development. By Richard Tuck.MARXISM AND INDIVIDUALISM. By D.F.B. Tucker.POWER POLITICS. By Martin Wight. Edited by Hedley Bull and Carsten Holbraad.THE GROWTH OF CRIME The International Experience. By Leon Radzinowicz and Joan King.MARXIAN ECONOMICS. By Meghnad Desai.MARX UND MOSES: Karl Marx zur 'Judenfrage' und zu Juden. By Helmut Hirsch.REFORM AND RESISTANCE IN THE INTERNATIONAL ORDER. By Ian Clark.THE GOLDEN PENINSULA: Culture and Adaptation in Mninland Soathenst Asia. By Charles F. Keyes.MELANESUN CARGO CULTS: New Salvation Movements in the South Pacific. By Friedrich Steinbauer.ALGERIA 1968. By Pierre Bourdieu.MENDE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS UNDER COLONIAL RULE: A Historical Study of Political Change in Sierra Leone 1890–1937. By Arthur Abraham.GERTRUDE BELL. By H.V.F. Winstone.THE IRISH CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. By Brendan Bradshaw.STATES AND SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. By Theda Skocpol.THE KINGDOM OF VALENCIA IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. By James Casey.DANIELE MANIN AND THE VENETIAN REVOLUTION OF 1848–49. By Paul Ginsborg.AMERICA AND WESTERN EUROPE: Probkms a d Prospects. Edited by Karl Kaiser and Hans‐Peter Schwarz.A SOCIOECONOMIC HISTORY OF ARGENTINA, 1776–1860. By Jonathan C. Brown.PUBLIC AND PRIVATE MORALITY Edited by Stuart Hampshire.

The glitter of techtransfer agreements often tends to be a camouflage and the number of trainees is no substitute for genuine techtransfer: the self‐sustained duplication of foreign technology. We study techtransfer in Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore to develop the ethos of successful IT techtransfer. (1) Taiwan: In 1976 a US technology company, RCA, transferred CMOS technology which is foundational to semiconductors, not to a private company in Taiwan, but a public government agency. RCA could not trust Taiwan to honor Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) because of its piracy image. At home, RCA was accustomed to America's respect of its public institutions to do the honorable thing. So, RCA opted for a private‐to‐public techtransfer. Even after 16 years, another private company would not trust Taiwan private sector; General Physics of Columbia, Maryland, would transfer nuclear reactor simulation technology not to a private company, but to a government support organization, Institute for Information Industry. (2) South Korea: In the mid‐60s, US firms (Motorola, Signetics, Fairchild) began to assemble chips, followed by Japanese firms and 27 Japanese‐Korean Joint ventures (Samsung‐Sanyo; Crown Radio; Toshiba and Goldstar‐Alps Electronics). In 1975, Samsung acquired the only locally‐owned chip company (Korea Semiconductor) which manu‐factured CMOS chips for watches. (We recall that Taiwan imported CMOS technology from RCA in 1976). During 1983–84 Samsung ac‐quired DRAM technology and the ethnic Korean and Chinese employees succeeded in producing 64 and 256 k‐bit chips. CEO Lee took significant risks, time and again, to let Samsung join the race to design and manufacture successive generations of semiconductor technology. Much of the cumulative US$800 million investment in semiconductors was recouped in 1987 with the market upturn, and higher prices for 256 k‐bit chips. From 1989 onwards, Samsung pushed ahead to achieve design leadership by aggressively involving engineers in all phases of technology transfer and application, as well as by forging new joint ventures with foreign industry leaders which gave Samsung a more dominant role. 3. Singapore: Contrary to the leapfrogging advanced in the litera‐ture since 1982, suggesting that NICs leap over technology generations, Singapore electronics industry supports a model of incremental learning under which TNCs [Trans‐National Corporations] transferred technology gradually. Much of the advance was in pre‐electronic activities such as mechanical, electro‐mechanical and precision engineering, rather than in software or R&D, as would be expected under leapfrogging. As the subsidiaries advanced technologically, they formed forward links with customers, and backward links with local suppliers of capital goods. The government built up the appropriate infrastructure. We develop three Desiderata (desired conditions) for techtransfer: (1) A Pre‐determined Sequence of Technology by Type and Level, (2) A Pre‐determined Sequence of Intellectual Property Rights Protection, and (3) A Pre‐determined Sequence of Upgrading of Transferee's Technical Skills. Why should the transferor engage in any techtransfer? Because leading US corporations use only about 5 percent of their process inventions (Rank 100, 99,…,96) to improve/invent products. To protect the market of these five products, process inventions with Ranks 95, 94,…, 1 have to be denied to competition; they have to be literally locked up. If any NIC is at technology level say, 15, techtransfer of technology level 45 would instantaneously increase the transferee's technology level by (45–15÷15 =) 200% with no risks of R&D, no investment in facilities, no investment in personnel. That transfer would not threaten the transferor's latest products embodying Ranks 100, 99,…, 96. However, it would threaten the transferor's products embodying Rank 45. New technology leadtime is 6–18 months. If the transferee stays out of the main markets of the transferor (e.g. USA, Europe) for that leadtime, the transferee can sell in say, Asia and the Middle East, Africa and Australia. The transferee could offer the transferor two types of revenue: (1) licensing fee which is usually about 1–3% of gross revenue generated from products which could not have been produced without the transferred technology; and (2) 1% of revenue from new markets created by the technology. If the transferee observes the letter and the spirit of techtransfer for six months, a higher level technology, say level 60 could be transferred, instantly raising the transferee's technology level by (60–15÷15 =) 300%. This pre‐determined sequence of techtransfer is a win‐win situation. The transferor receives revenue from what is currently frozen assets; the transferee systematically raises its level of technology by 200%, 300%, etc. without having to risk a single dollar on uncertain R&D.

1. Introduction / Erik S. Reinert, Rainer Kattel and Jayati Ghosh -- Part I development thinking across history and geography -- 2. Giovanni Botero (1588) and Antonio Serra (1613): Italy and the birth of development economics / Erik S. Reinert -- 3. Economic emulation and the politics of international trade in early modern Europe / Sophus A. Reinert -- 4. Cameralism and the German tradition of development economics / Erik S. Reinert and Philipp R. Rössner -- 5. Friedrich List: from "spiritual" and competitive power to collaboration / Arno Mong Daastøl -- 6. Kathedersozialismus and the German historical school / Wolfgang Drechsler -- 7. Chinese development thinking / Ting Xu -- 8. The economic cycle of imperial China and its development / Xuan Zhao -- 9. The Islamic world and capitalism / Ali Kadri -- 10. Unity and diversity in the Ottoman school of national economy: a reappraisal of Ziya Gökalp and Ethem Nejat / Eyüp Özveren, Mehmet Salih Erkek and Hüseyin Safa Ünal -- 11. Development thinking in India / Goddanti Omkarnath -- 12. Latin american structuralism: the co-evolution of technology, structural change and economic growth / Mario Cimoli and Gabriel Porcile -- 13. Revisiting the debate on national autonomous development in Africa / Issa G. Shivji -- 14. Development as the struggle for liberation from hegemonic structure of domination and control / Yash Tandon -- 15. The League of Nations and alternative economic perspectives / Carolyn N. Biltoft -- 16. The Havana charter: when state and market shake hands / Jean-Christophe Graz -- 17. The UNCTAD system of political economy / Ricardo Bielschowsky and Antonio Carlos Macedo E Silva -- Part II approaches to understanding development -- 18. Marxist theory and the "underdeveloped economies" / Prabhat Patnaik -- 19. Economic development as an evolutionary process / Richard B. Nelson -- 20. Classical development economists of the mid-20th century / Rainer Kattel, Jan A. Kregel and Erik S. Reinert -- 21. Development and régulation theory / Robert Boyer -- 22. The "dependency school" and its aftermath: why Latin America's critical thinking switched from one type of "absolute certainties" to another / José Palma -- 23. Feminist approaches to development / Maria Sangrario Floro -- 24. Reading Freeman when ladders for development are gone / Rodrigo Arocena and Judith Sutz -- 25. Albert O. Hirschman / Michele Alacevich -- 26. Michal Kalecki / Jayati Ghosh -- Part III issues in development -- 27. The agrarian question and trajectories of economic transformation: a perspective from agrarian south / Sam Moyo, Praveen Jha and Paris Yeros -- 28. The effective demand approach to economic development / Jan A. Kregel -- 29. Development planning / C.p. Chandrasekhar -- 30. The Nordic route to development / Lars Mjøset -- 31. Competitiveness and development: a Schumpeterian approach / Mehdi Shafaeddin -- 32. Innovation systems and development: history, theory and challenges / Bengt-Åke Lundvall -- 33. Latecomer industrialisation / John A. Mathews -- 34. The developmental state in the late 20th century / Elizabeth Thurbon and Linda Weiss -- 35. Development, ecology and the environment / Edward B. Barbier and Jacob P. Hochard -- 36. Competition, competition policy, competitiveness, globalisation and development / Ajit Singh -- 37. Knowledge governance: intellectual property management for development and the public interest / Leonardo Burlamaqui -- 38. Legal structures and economic development / Jürgen G. Backhaus -- 39. Deindustrialisation and premature deindustrialisation / Fiona Tregenna -- 40. The post-Soviet industrial extinctions and the rise of jihadi terrorism in the north Caucasus / Georgi Derluguian -- 41. Epilogue: the future of economic development between utopias and dystopias / Sylvi Endresen, Ioan Ianos, Erik S. Reinert and Andrea Saltelli.

The article examines the current socio-economic situation in China, analyzes the process of economic development of the country in the context of historical and political processes of the past, including those that took place in the country during the second half of XX century and the first decades of the current century. The reasons for the success of economic reforms in China, which led to the social modernization of the country and turned it into a powerful economic state, are revealed in the article. Since China's accession to the WTO in 2001, the leadership of China, realizing the benefits of free trade and openness policy, is actively offering the world new ideas and projects that should contribute to the harmonization of international economic relations and sustainable global development, strengthening China's positions in the world. The idea of "One Belt, One Road", proposed by the President of People's Republic of China Xi Jinping in 2010, was positively received by the world community. Developing this concept, in 2013 the Chinese leader proposed the new projects to implement the idea of "One Belt, One Road". In particular, these were two large-scale projects: the "Silk Road Economic Belt" and "XXI century Maritime Silk Road". The projects are aimed at building the new trans-Eurasian economic corridors and new sea routes, which should expand China's ability to interact with other countries and strengthen its presence around the world. Considerable attention in the article has also been paid to the analysis of the results and prospects of Ukrainian-Chinese cooperation over the last decades since the establishment of diplomatic relations, which have been transformed into a strategic partnership. The paper presents the importance and role of the active involvement of Ukraine in such a global project as the concept of "One Belt, One Road", which would allow the realization of the geopolitical, scientific, technical, intellectual and economic potential of Ukraine on a fuller scale. The deepening of cooperation between Ukraine and China would lead two sides on the path of sustainable, long-term development and would contribute to the prosperity of the two countries. ; В статье рассматривается современное социально-экономическое положение Китая, анализируется процесс экономического развития страны с учетом исторических и политических процессов прошлого, в частности события второй половины XX века и первых десятилетий нынешнего. Раскрыты причины успеха экономических реформ в КНР, приведшие к общественной модернизации страны и превратившие ее в мощную экономическую державу.После вступления Китая в ВТО в 2001 г. руководство КНР, почувствовав преимущества свободной торговли и политики открытости, активно предлагает миру новые идеи и проекты мирового уровня, что, по его мнению, должно способствовать гармонизации международных экономических отношений и устойчивому глобальному развитию, а также укреплению позиций Китая в мире. Так, предложенная в 2010 г. Председателем КНР Си Цзиньпином идея «Один пояс, один путь» была положительно воспринята мировым сообществом. Развивая эту концепцию, китайский лидер уже в 2013 году предложил новые проекты по воплощению идеи «Один пояс, один путь». В частности, это были два крупномасштабных проекта: «Экономический пояс шелкового пути» и «Морской Шелковый путь XXI века». Проекты направлены на строительство новых трансевразийских экономических коридоров и новых морских маршрутов, которые должны расширить возможности Китая по взаимодействию с другими странами и усилить его присутствие во всем мире.Проанализированы результаты и перспективы украинского-китайского сотрудничества за последние десятилетия со времени установления дипломатических отношений, трансформировавшиеся в отношения стратегического партнерства. Представлены значения и роль активного привлечения Украины к участию в таком глобальном проекте, как концепция «Один пояс, один путь», что позволит полнее реализовывать геополитический, научно-технический, интеллектуальный и экономический потенциал Украины. Углубление сотрудничества между Украиной и Китаем выведет стороны на путь устойчивого, долговременного развития и будет способствовать процветанию двух государств. ; У статті розглядається сучасне соціально-економічне становище Китаю, аналізується процес економічного розвитку країни з огляду на історичні та політичні процеси минулого, зокрема ті, що відбувались у країні протягом другої половини XX сторіччя та перших десятиліть нинішнього. Розкрито причини успіху економічних реформ в КНР, які призвели до суспільної модернізації країни та перетворили її на потужну економічну державу. Після вступу Китаю до СОТ у 2001 р., керівництво КНР, відчувши переваги вільної торгівлі та політики відкритості, активно пропонує світу нові ідеї та проєкти світового рівня, що, на його думку, мають сприяти гармонізації міжнародних економічних відносин та стійкому глобальному розвитку й тим самим зміцнювати позиції Китаю у світі. Так, запропонована у 2010 р. Головою КНР Сі Цзіньпіном ідея «Один пояс, один шлях» була позитивно сприйнята світовою спільнотою. Розвиваючи цю концепцію, китайський лідер вже у 2013 р. запропонував нові проєкти щодо втілення ідеї «Один пояс, один шлях». Зокрема, це були два крупномасштабні проєкти: «Економічний пояс шовкового шляху» та «Морський Шовковий шлях XXI століття». Проєкти спрямовані на будівництво нових трансєвразійських економічних коридорів та нових морських маршрутів, що мають розширити можливості Китаю щодо взаємодії з іншими країнами та посилити його присутність в усьому світі. Проаналізовано результати та перспективи українсько-китайського співробітництва за останні десятиліття із часу встановлення дипломатичних відносин, які трансформувались у відносини стратегічного партнерства. Представлено значення та роль активного залучення України до участі у такому глобальному проєкті, як концепція «Один пояс, один шлях», що дозволить значно повніше реалізувати геополітичний, науково-технічний, інтелектуальний та економічний потенціал України. Поглиблення співпраці між Україною та Китаєм виведе сторони на шлях сталого, довготривалого розвитку та сприятиме процвітанню двох держав.

The article examines the current socio-economic situation in China, analyzes the process of economic development of the country in the context of historical and political processes of the past, including those that took place in the country during the second half of XX century and the first decades of the current century. The reasons for the success of economic reforms in China, which led to the social modernization of the country and turned it into a powerful economic state, are revealed in the article. Since China's accession to the WTO in 2001, the leadership of China, realizing the benefits of free trade and openness policy, is actively offering the world new ideas and projects that should contribute to the harmonization of international economic relations and sustainable global development, strengthening China's positions in the world. The idea of "One Belt, One Road", proposed by the President of People's Republic of China Xi Jinping in 2010, was positively received by the world community. Developing this concept, in 2013 the Chinese leader proposed the new projects to implement the idea of "One Belt, One Road". In particular, these were two large-scale projects: the "Silk Road Economic Belt" and "XXI century Maritime Silk Road". The projects are aimed at building the new trans-Eurasian economic corridors and new sea routes, which should expand China's ability to interact with other countries and strengthen its presence around the world. Considerable attention in the article has also been paid to the analysis of the results and prospects of Ukrainian-Chinese cooperation over the last decades since the establishment of diplomatic relations, which have been transformed into a strategic partnership. The paper presents the importance and role of the active involvement of Ukraine in such a global project as the concept of "One Belt, One Road", which would allow the realization of the geopolitical, scientific, technical, intellectual and economic potential of Ukraine on a fuller scale. The deepening of cooperation between Ukraine and China would lead two sides on the path of sustainable, long-term development and would contribute to the prosperity of the two countries. ; В статье рассматривается современное социально-экономическое положение Китая, анализируется процесс экономического развития страны с учетом исторических и политических процессов прошлого, в частности события второй половины XX века и первых десятилетий нынешнего. Раскрыты причины успеха экономических реформ в КНР, приведшие к общественной модернизации страны и превратившие ее в мощную экономическую державу.После вступления Китая в ВТО в 2001 г. руководство КНР, почувствовав преимущества свободной торговли и политики открытости, активно предлагает миру новые идеи и проекты мирового уровня, что, по его мнению, должно способствовать гармонизации международных экономических отношений и устойчивому глобальному развитию, а также укреплению позиций Китая в мире. Так, предложенная в 2010 г. Председателем КНР Си Цзиньпином идея «Один пояс, один путь» была положительно воспринята мировым сообществом. Развивая эту концепцию, китайский лидер уже в 2013 году предложил новые проекты по воплощению идеи «Один пояс, один путь». В частности, это были два крупномасштабных проекта: «Экономический пояс шелкового пути» и «Морской Шелковый путь XXI века». Проекты направлены на строительство новых трансевразийских экономических коридоров и новых морских маршрутов, которые должны расширить возможности Китая по взаимодействию с другими странами и усилить его присутствие во всем мире.Проанализированы результаты и перспективы украинского-китайского сотрудничества за последние десятилетия со времени установления дипломатических отношений, трансформировавшиеся в отношения стратегического партнерства. Представлены значения и роль активного привлечения Украины к участию в таком глобальном проекте, как концепция «Один пояс, один путь», что позволит полнее реализовывать геополитический, научно-технический, интеллектуальный и экономический потенциал Украины. Углубление сотрудничества между Украиной и Китаем выведет стороны на путь устойчивого, долговременного развития и будет способствовать процветанию двух государств. ; У статті розглядається сучасне соціально-економічне становище Китаю, аналізується процес економічного розвитку країни з огляду на історичні та політичні процеси минулого, зокрема ті, що відбувались у країні протягом другої половини XX сторіччя та перших десятиліть нинішнього. Розкрито причини успіху економічних реформ в КНР, які призвели до суспільної модернізації країни та перетворили її на потужну економічну державу. Після вступу Китаю до СОТ у 2001 р., керівництво КНР, відчувши переваги вільної торгівлі та політики відкритості, активно пропонує світу нові ідеї та проєкти світового рівня, що, на його думку, мають сприяти гармонізації міжнародних економічних відносин та стійкому глобальному розвитку й тим самим зміцнювати позиції Китаю у світі. Так, запропонована у 2010 р. Головою КНР Сі Цзіньпіном ідея «Один пояс, один шлях» була позитивно сприйнята світовою спільнотою. Розвиваючи цю концепцію, китайський лідер вже у 2013 р. запропонував нові проєкти щодо втілення ідеї «Один пояс, один шлях». Зокрема, це були два крупномасштабні проєкти: «Економічний пояс шовкового шляху» та «Морський Шовковий шлях XXI століття». Проєкти спрямовані на будівництво нових трансєвразійських економічних коридорів та нових морських маршрутів, що мають розширити можливості Китаю щодо взаємодії з іншими країнами та посилити його присутність в усьому світі. Проаналізовано результати та перспективи українсько-китайського співробітництва за останні десятиліття із часу встановлення дипломатичних відносин, які трансформувались у відносини стратегічного партнерства. Представлено значення та роль активного залучення України до участі у такому глобальному проєкті, як концепція «Один пояс, один шлях», що дозволить значно повніше реалізувати геополітичний, науково-технічний, інтелектуальний та економічний потенціал України. Поглиблення співпраці між Україною та Китаєм виведе сторони на шлях сталого, довготривалого розвитку та сприятиме процвітанню двох держав.

Books reviewed:Aragon, Lorraine V., Fields of the lord: animism, Christian minorities, and state development in IndonesiaBurdick, John, Blessed Anastácia: women, race, and popular Christianity in BrazilGifford, Paul, African Christianity: its public roleGlucklich, Ariel, The end of magicHarding, Rachel E., A refuge in thunder: Candomblé and alternative spaces of blacknessHicks, David, Ritual and belief: readings in the anthropology of religionParkin, David & Stephen Headley, (eds) Islamic prayer across the Indian Ocean: inside and outside the mosqueSchnell, Scott, The rousing drum: ritual practice in a Japanese communityBarnard, Alan, History and theory in anthropologyBell, Sandra & Simon Coleman, The anthropology of friendshipBernard, H. Russell (ed.), Handbook of methods in cultural anthropologyBonte, Pierre & Michel Izard, Dictionnaire de l'ethnologie et de l'anthropologieFabian, Johannes, Out of our minds: reason and madness in the exploration of Central AfricaCole. Douglas, Franz Boas: the early years, 1858‐1906Goody, Jack, The power of the written traditionGuha, Ranajit, Dominance without hegemony: history and power in colonial IndiaHumphrey, Caroline & David Sneath, The end of nomadism? society, state and the environment in Inner AsiaJaarsma, Sjoerd R. & Marta A. Rohatynskyj (eds), Ethnographic artifacts: challenges to a reflexive anthropologyLoizos, Peter & Patrick Heady (eds), Conceiving persons: ethnographies of procreation, fertility and growthRuby, Jay, Picturing culture: explorations of film and anthropologyStrathern, Andrew & Pamela J. Stewart (eds), Identity work: constructing Pacific livesStrathern, Marilyn (ed.), Audit cultures: anthropological studies in accountability, ethics and the academyThomas, Nicholas & Diane Losche (eds), Double vision: art histories and colonial histories in the PacificYoung, Michael W, Malinowski's Kiriwina: fieldwork photography, 1915‐1918Albrecht, Gary, L., Ray Fitzpatrick & Susan C. Scrimshaw, (eds) The handbook of social studies in health and medicineBastos, Cristiana, Global responses to AIDS: science in emergencyHacking, Ian, Mad travellers: reflections on the reality of transient mental illnessesHeath, Dwight B., Drinking occasions: comparative perspectives on alcohol and cultureJenkins, Richard, (ed.) Questions of competence: culture, classification and intellectual disabilityKohn, Tamara & Rosemary Mckechnie, (eds) Extending the boundaries of care: medical ethics & caring practicesMohatt, Gerald & Joseph Eagle Elk, The price of a gift: a Lakota healer's storypound;20.00 (cloth)Ram, Kalpana & Margaret Jolly, (eds.) Maternities and modernities: colonial and post‐colonial experiences in Asia and the PacificTraphagan, John W., Taming oblivion: aging bodies and the fear of senility in JapanBaumann, Gerd, The multicultural riddle: rethinking national, ethnic, and religious identitiesBillings, Dwight B. & Kathleen M. Blee, The road to poverty: the making of wealth and hardship in AppalachiaFuchs, Martin, Kampf um Differenz: Repräsentation, Subjektivität und soziale Bewegungen: das Beispiel IndienGamage, Siri & I.B. Watson, (eds) Conflict and community in contemporary Sri Lanka: 'Pearl of the East' or the 'Island of tears'Shore, Cris, Building Europe: the cultural politics of European integrationViti, Fabio, II potere debole: antropologia politica dell'Aitu nvle (Baule, Costa d'Avorio)Alter, Joseph S., Knowing Dil Das: stories of a Himalayan hunterColloredo‐Mansfeld, Rudi, The native leisure class: consumption and cultural creativity in the AndesFreeman, Carla, High tech and high heels in the global economy: women, work, and pink‐collar identities in the CaribbeanJacobson‐Widding, Anita, Chapungu: the bird that never drops a feather: male and female identities in an African societyLiu, Xin, In one's own shadow: an ethnographic account of the condition of post‐reform rural ChinaRobson, Garry, 'No one likes us, we don't care': the myth and reality of Millwall fandomSaouter, Anne, Être rugby: jeux du masculin et du fémininVan Esterik, Penny, Materializing ThailandWade, Peter, Music, race, and nation: música tropical in ColombiaWong, Heung Wah, Japanese bosses, Chinese workers: power and control in a Hong Kong megastoreWardle, Huon, An ethnography of cosmopolitanism in Kingston, Jamaica

Xiao Hong (1911-1942) il cui vero nome era Zhang Naiying, attraversa il primo novecento cinese lasciando inizialmente le tracce riconosciute di scrittrice impegnata, sensibile ai temi della guerra e della patria e alla descrizione della sua terra (Manciuria) devastata dell'invasione giapponese. In seguito la critica cinese la ignora durante tutto il periodo maoista, perché il suo apporto letterario non appare abbastanza concreto e convinto, le sue povere creature finzionali – soprattutto contadine, vittime della miseria e della violenza sia essa naturale o umana, politica o di genere – non contribuiscono alla costruzione di una visione positiva del radioso futuro che attende la Cina. Viene riscoperta solo alla metà degli anni '80 del secolo scorso, quando la critica sia cinese sia occidentale rilegge le sua opera, anche in chiave femminista, superando il pregiudizio ideologico e riconoscendo la grandezza di Xiao Hong nel panorama della letteratura cinese moderna. Esilio, fuga, insicurezza sono parole che descrivono adeguatamente lo stato esistenziale e letterario di Xiao Hong: nella vita quanto nella sua scrittura troviamo le coordinate di una provocatoria instabilità, che Yan Haiping (2006, 136) definisce "mobile violence", dovuta alle sue scelte anticonformiste come donna e scrittrice, alla tragica precarietà dei tempi, ma anche a una ricerca instancabile di testimonianza che la spinge a non fermarsi (fisicamente e intellettualmente) sulla soglia delle apparenze e all'ombra delle idee. Per questo non solo i suoi personaggi femminili, frammentari ma intensi, sono venati di un realismo lirico anche quando sfregiati dalla condizione di umana sofferenza che li affratella agli animali e a tutte le creature viventi, ma anche la sua stessa figura, nei riflessi autobiografici presenti nelle sue opere, emerge come fonte di costante memoria e mimetico verismo. La pratica espressiva che più caratterizza la fuga di Xiao Hong da stereotipi e ignoranza è la rappresentazione del corpo femminile dislocato e rivelato in tutta la sua oscena verità: gravidanza, malattia, abusi, invecchiamento, i suoi "placeless bodies" (Yan Haiping, 2006, 146) sono segni tangibili di sottomissione ma anche di resilienza a un destino di genere. ; Xiao Hong (1911-1942), original name Zhang Naiying, lived through the first half of the twentieth century, leaving behind the image of a socially engaged writer, sensitive to the issues connected to the people of her troubled homeland, in the North East of China. After an initial enthusiastic reception of her most representative novel, The Field of Life and Death (1935) in the literary arena, she was later neglected by Chinese critics, and excluded from the Maoist literary canon, as her fictional creatures and her works did not fit the optimistic spirit and the class consciousness requested to the intellectuals of the time. She was then re-discovered only in the 1980s, when both in China and the West her works have been re-read with a feminist or cultural studies approach. In this paper I explore the personal and literary forms of escape underpinning her figure and literary production. Exile, escape, uncertainty are the key words which can adequately describe Xiao Hong's life and writing, in which, as Yan Haiping (2006, 136) states, one can find the sense of a 'mobile violence', due to her choices both as a woman (who revolted against her traditionally bound clan) and as a writer, who adopted a quite innovative, fragmented style combining personal memories and a crude and yet poetic realism. The literary practice which mainly expresses her constant escape from stereotypes, ignorance and conventional fetters is the representation of a dislocated female body subject to any kind of violence and humiliation: Xiao Hong's 'placeless bodies' (Yan Haiping 2006, 146) are tangible marks of subjugation but also of resilience against a gendered destiny, which let her construct her literary and personal identity on a popular standpoint.

HE WAS A squat man. He wore thick glasses. Photographs captured him badly--none make it clear why he was so popular with women. Memoirists insist that his seemingly benign, even flabby looks could inspire intense fear. Some fifty years ago Lionel Trilling judged Isaac Babel as looking rather like either a 'Chinese merchant,' or a 'successful Hollywood writer,' or a 'typical' Jewish intellectual. 'It is,' wrote Trilling of Babel's face, the kind 'which many Jews used to aspire to have, or hoped their sons would have.' Babel's close friend Konstantin Paustovsky is still more vivid and more than mildly deprecating: 'Stooping, almost neckless ... with a duck's bill of a nose, a creased forehead and an oily glint in his little eyes, he was anything but fascinating.' Why so many who write about him write so much about his appearance is by no means the greatest mystery surrounding Babel and his brilliant but still much debated literary legacy. The secrets Trilling had in mind, in particular, were the uncertainties left in the wake of Babel's stunning, mosaic-like portrait in Red Cavalry of the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1920. How he felt here about the Russian Revolution, the goodness of man, Jews, violence, bourgeois values, or values at all he leaves unclear. The book was built around its contradictory, confounding stances toward these and other critical and (in Soviet Russia already at the time it appeared in the mid-twenties) rather dangerous topics. Babel leaves the reader often stunned by his intermittent inhumanity, his incorrigible sentimentality, his deep attachment to Jews, his breezy indifference to Jews, and his love and horror in the face of revolutionary upheaval. In Red Cavalry, he has his protagonist--who seems, at least at times, very much an autobiographical stand-in--muse about how keenly he wishes for the ability to kill his fellow man. The sentence pierces the heart like the power Babel attributes elsewhere, in his story 'Guy de Maupassant,' to the uncanny, stunning resonance of skillful punctuation: 'No iron spike can pierce a human heart as icily as a period in the right place.' Picking out stray lines from Babel stories in an effort to encapsulate his essential message is, if you will, as useless as choosing stray passages from the Talmud to illuminate the fundamental teachings of the rabbis. The story is addressed to Vasily; he is mentioned four times in as many pages ('Do you remember Zhitomir, Vasily?' is how it begins). He is, it would seem, an unidentified Russian It is not far-fetched to see him also as the very same Russian whom Babel knew read, sometimes with bemusement or hostility or shock, the not infrequently bitter, always frank, sometimes transparently loving portraits of things Jewish in his fiction. Russian Jewish fiction had, since its first appearance in the mid-nineteenth century, been acutely aware, often overwhelmed by this gaze, and, as a result, so much of it was self-conscious and cramped in ways that, not infrequently, diminished it, in contrast to Yiddish or Hebrew literature. Babel refused to edit out of his fiction those intimate, uneasy things acknowledged by Jews to one another behind closed doors, in the clammy privacy of third-class railways cars, or on the pages of Yiddish prose. And he resisted the temptation, on the whole, to hide his ferocious love for his own people. Moreover, Ilya, he insisted, was no less Russian than a character of Chekhov's or Gogol's while he was, at the same time, emphatically Jewish. The future of Russian literature, he predicted in 1916, belonged to Odessa, not foggy, gray St. Petersburg, where 'the spicy aroma of acacias and a moon filled with an unwavering, irresistible light' shine; Russian literature's 'Messiah, so long awaited, will issue ... from the sun-drenched steppes washed by the sea.' Here was as bald, as transparent a claim for ascendancy as produced by any writer and, in the wake of the last, mostly truly terrible century that savaged his beloved Russia, Babel's voice remains more fresh, arguably more relevant than any other. One now reads Babel's youthful, brash declamation as far from frivolous, one reads it as almost chilling in its pertinence.

-Swithin Wilmot, Rupert Charles Lewis, Walter Rodney's intellectual and political thought. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1988. xvii + 298 pp.-Peter Wade, Robin D. Moore, Nationalizing blackness: Afrocubanismo and artistic revolution in Havana, 1920-1940. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997. xiii + 322 pp.-Matt D. Childs, Ada Ferrer, Insurgent Cuba: Race, nation, and revolution, 1868-1898. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. xiii + 273 pp.-Luis Martínez-Fernández, Joan Casanovas, Bread, or bullets! Urban labor and Spanish colonialism in Cuba, 1850-1898. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press,1998. xiii + 320 pp.-Gert J. Oostindie, Oscar Zanetti ,Sugar and railroads: A Cuban history, 1837-1959. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. xxviii + 496 pp., Alejandro García (eds)-Kelvin Santiago-Valles, Teresita Martínez-Vergne, Shaping the discourse on space: Charity and its wards in nineteenth-century San Juan, Puerto Rico. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999. xv + 234 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Madhavi Kale, Fragments of empire: Capital, slavery, and Indian indentured labor migration in the British Caribbean. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998. 236 pp.-Catherine Benoît, Jean Benoist, Hindouismes créoles - Mascareignes, Antilles. Paris: Éditions du CTHS, 1998. 303 pp.-Christine Ho, Walton Look Lai, The Chinese in the West Indies 1806-1995: A documentary history. The Press University of the West Indies, 1998. xxxii + 338 pp.-James Walvin, Roger Norman Buckley, The British Army in the West Indies: Society and the military in the revolutionary age. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998. 464 pp.-Rosanne M. Adderley, Howard Johnson, The Bahamas from slavery to servitude, 1783-1933. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996. xviii + 218 pp.-Mary Turner, Shirley C. Gordon, Our cause for his glory: Christianisation and emancipation in Jamaica. Kingston: The Press University of the West Indies, 1998. xviii + 152 pp.-Kris Lane, Hans Turley, Rum, sodomy, and the lash: Piracy, sexuality, and masculine identity. New York: New York University Press, 1999. lx + 199 pp.-Jonathan Schorsch, Eli Faber, Jews, slaves, and the slave trade: Setting the record straight. New York: New York University Press, 1998. xvii + 367 pp.-Bonham C. Richardson, Bridget Brereton ,The Colonial Caribbean in transition: Essays on postemancipation social and cultural history. Barbados: The Press University of the West Indies; Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. xxiii + 319 pp., Kevin A. Yelvington (eds)-Ransford W. Palmer, Thomas Klak, Globalization and neoliberalism: The Caribbean context. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998. xxiv + 319 pp.-Susan Saegert, Robert B. Potter ,Self-help housing, the poor, and the state in the Caribbean. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997. xiv + 299 pp., Dennis Conway (eds)-Peter Redfield, Michèle-Baj Strobel, Les gens de l'or: Mémoire des orpailleurs créoles du Maroni. Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe: Ibis Rouge, 1998. 400 pp.-Donald R. Hill, Louis Regis, The political calypso: True opposition in Trinidad and Tobago 1962-1987. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. xv + 277 pp.-A. James Arnold, Christiane P. Makward, Mayotte Capécia ou l'aliénation selon Fanon. Paris: Karthala, 1999. 230 pp.-Chris Bongie, Celia M. Britton, Edouard Glissant and postcolonial theory: Strategies of language and resistance. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999. xiv + 224 pp.-Chris Bongie, Anne Malena, The negotiated self: The dynamics of identity in Francophone Caribbean narrative. New York: Peter Lang, 1999. x + 192 pp.-Catherine A. John, Kathleen M. Balutansky ,Caribbean creolization: Reflections on the cultural dynamics of language, literature, and identity., Marie-Agnès Sourieau (eds)-Leland Ferguson, Jay B. Haviser, African sites archaeology in the Caribbean. Princeton NJ: Markus Wiener; Kingston: Ian Randle, 1999. xiii + 364 pp.-Edward M. Dew, Peter Meel, Tussen autonomie en onafhankelijkheid: Nederlands-Surinaamse betrekkingen 1954-1961. Leiden NL: KITLV Press, 1999. xiv + 450 pp.-Edo Haan, Theo E. Korthals Altes, Koninkrijk aan zee: De lange vlucht van liefde in het Caribisch-Nederlandse bestuur. Zutphen: Walburg Pers. 208 pp.-Richard Price, Ellen-Rose Kambel ,The rights of indigenous people and Maroons in Suriname. Copenhagen: International work group for indigenous affairs; Moreton-in-Marsh, U.K.: The Forest Peoples Programme, 1999. 206 pp., Fergus Mackay (eds)

Book reviewed in this article:THE ENGLISH FACE OF GRAMSCI: by Mark FrancisGRAMSCI. By James Joll.ANTONIO GRAMSCI: Towards an fntellectual Biography. By Alastair Davidson.ANTONIO GRAMSCI AND THE REVOLUTION THAT FAILED. By Martin Clark.MEDIATOR: A Biography of Sir Richard Kirby. By Blanche d'Alpuget.SOCIALISM WITHOUT DOCTRINE. By Albert Metin, translated by Russel Ward, with a Foreword by Don AitkinAUSTRALIANS IN AMERICA: 1876–1976. Edited by John Hammond Morre.JOHN CURTIN: A Biography. By Lloyd RossTHE NEW GOLD MOUNTAIN: The Chinese in Australia 1901–1921. By C.F. Yong.PATRICIAN DEMOCRAT: The Political Life of Charles Cowper 1843–1870. By Alan Powell.THE EMERGENCE OF THE AUSTRALIAN PARTY SYSTEM. Edited by P. Loveday, A.W. Martin and R.S. Parker.THE POLITICS OF AUSTRALIAN DEMOCRACY: Fundamentals in Dispute. Second Edition. By Hugh V. Emy.AUSTRALIANS AT THE BOER WAR. By R.L. Wallace.TOWARDS A MULTI‐CULTURAL TASMANIA: Report of a Conference. June 25, 1977. Edited by William W. Bostock.LABOUR IN CONFLICT: The 1949 Coal Strike. Edited by Phillip Deery.JOH: The Life and Political Adventures of Johannes Bjelke‐Petersen. By Hugh Lunn.QUEENSLAND POLITICAL PORTRAITS 1859–1952. Edited by D.J. Murphy and R.B. Joyce.THE MUNGANA AFFAIR: State Mining and Political Corruption in the 1920s. By K.H. Kennedy.A FAIR PRICE: The Land Commission Program 1972–1977. By P.N. Troy.JACK LANG. Edited by Heather Radi and Peter SpearittTHE NEW ZEALAND GENERAL ELECTION OF 1975. By Stephen Levine and Juliet Lodge.THE NEW ZEALAND VOTER: A Survey of Public Opinion and Electoral Behaviour. By Stephen Levine and Alan Robinson.GRASS HUTS AND WAREHOUSES: Pacific Beach Communities of the Nineteenth Century. By Caroline Ralston.GODS GENTLEMEN: A History of the Melanesian Mission 1849–1942. By David Hilliard.EAST TIMOR: Nationalism and Colonialism. By Jill Jolliffe.AWAKENING CONTINENT. THE LIFE OF LORD MOUNT STEPHEN. Volume I:1829–91. THE END OF THE ROAD. THE LIFE OF LORD MOUNT STEPHEN. Volume II: 1891–1921. By Heather Gilbert.SOCIALISM IN CANADA: A Study of the CCF‐NDP in Federal and Provincial Politics. By Ivan Avakumovic.JAPANESE INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATING STYLE. By Michael Blaker.CONTEMPORARY CHINA. By Bill Brugger.SOUTHEAST ASIA IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS, 1941–1956. By Evelyn Colbert.MAO TSE‐TUNG IN THE SCALES OF HISTORY: A Preliminary Assessment. Edited by Dick Wilson.THE POLITICS OF THE ITALIAN ARMY 1861–1918. By John Whittam.ADJUTANT IM PREUSSISCHEN KRIEGSMINISTERIUM JUNI 1918 BIS OKTOBER 1919: Aufzeichungen des Hauptmanns Gustav Böhm.NAZI YOUTH IN THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC. By Perer D. Stachura.THE POLITICS OF SOUTH AFRICA: Democracy and Racial Diversity. By Howard Brotz.THE AFRICAN LINK: British Attitudes to the Negro in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1550–1807. By Anthony J. Barker.THE HISTORY AND PRACTICE OF THE POLITICAL POLICE IN BRITAIN. By Tony Bunyan.ALL ABOUT CITIZENS' RIGHTS. By Ken Buckley.THE VICTORIAN FAMILY: Structure and Stresses. Edited by Anthony S. WohlTHE VICTORIAN ARMY AT HOME: The Recruitment and Terms and Conditions of the British Regular, 1859–1899, By Alan Ramsay SkelleyCRIME AND AUTHORITY IN VICTORIAN ENGLAND: The Black Country 1835–1860. By David Philips.THE BREAKDOWN OF PUBLIC SECURITY: The Case of Ireland 1916–1921 and Palestine 1936–1939. By Tom Bowden.FOREIGN AFFAIRS FOR NEW STATES: Some Questions of Credentials. By P.J. Boyce.THE DIPLOMACY OF DETENTE: The Kissinger Era. By Coral Bell.SUPPLYING WAR: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton. By Martin van Creveld.THE IMPACT OF THE COLD WAR: Reconsiderations. Edited by Joseph M. Siracusa and Glen St. John Barclay.THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF REVOLUTIONARY STRATEGY. By Mostafa Rejai.NOTES OF A NON‐CONSPIRATOR. By Efim Etkind.THE NATIONAL QUESTION: Selected Writings by Rosa Luxembourg. Edited by Horace B. Davis.SOCIALISM AND THE NEW CLASS: Towards the Analysis of Structural Inequality Within Socialist Societies. Edited by Marian Sawer.THE ANARCHIST READER. Edited by George Woodcock.SOCIAL CHANGE, POLITICAL CHANGE, AND PUBLIC POLICY: Norway and Sweden, 1875–1965. By David Klingman.POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND ELITE TRANSFORMATION IN DENMARK. By Mogens N. Pedersen.THE 'NEW CORPORATISM', CENTRALIZATION, AND THE WELFARE STATE. By Harold L. Wilensky.MAX WEBER: Selections in Translation. Edited by W.G. Runciman. Translated by Eric Matthew.THE PASSIONS AND THE INTERESTS: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph. By Albert O. Hirschman.JOHN STUART MILL. By R.J. Halliday.BEYOND INTELLECTUAL SEXISM: A New Woman, A New Reality. Edited by Joan I. Roberts.A HISTORY OF THE BOLIVIAN LABOUR MOVEMENT. By Guillermo Lora.

New industries are recognized as new impetus to national wealth. At the same time, they are increasingly becoming geographically concentrated in some well defined areas. But current studies on the emergence of industrial clusters tend to analyze favorable driving factors. This dissertation takes the example of a Chinese endogenous industrial cluster, the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) cluster at Tonghua, a small peripheral city in Northeastern China, to contribute to the theoretical understanding of the emergence of industrial cluster as a co-evolutionary process of organizations, institutions and firms, or, to put it more broadly, as economic evolution embedded in complex socio-economic contexts. The recent advance in evolutionary and co-evolutionary economics which considers the economy and economic landscape as dynamic process instead of equilibrium can be regarded as a part of broader and more intellectual turn of quest for history in social sciences. Although the principle of "history matters" is widely acknowledged, it tends to be reduced to a quite simple concept of "path dependence". However, path dependence cannot offer space for new path creation, except from an external shock. Accordingly, the role of human conscious action or Schumpeterian innovation should be added to path analysis through the concept of path creation. Furthermore, and more importantly, history should be understood as context, and historical context can be explored through the understanding of multi-paths and interaction among them over time. So path inter-dependence (co-evolution between paths) would be useful to better understand the complexity of real history. Since the industrial cluster is composed of interconnected firms and is also subject to changes in institution and technology, I will focus on the multi-way causal relationship between firm, institution and technology. The theorizing is not entirely new, but most of the theoretical and empirical discussions are at the national or industrial level, not regional or local one. A competitive cluster can be regarded as a co-evolutionary hotspot in which multiple populations actively interact and are interconnected. Co-evolution itself is a dynamic and evolutionary process. So I will adopt a dynamic and evolutionary view to examine co-evolutionary degree or co-evolutionary effects in the Tonghua pharmaceutical cluster through time. After a brief introduction which deals with the national institutional changes that are highly associated with new venture creation, entrepreneurship, and innovation, with registrations on drug and healthcare system, and with changes in market demand of China's pharmaceutical industry and geographical distribution, I will collect evidences from three aspects based upon field survey and second hand data, i.e., the history of the enterprises, the origin of entrepreneurship, and the knowledge of evolution, linking their respective generative relationships through the genealogical method. In this volume, the evolution of the Tonghua pharmaceutical firm organization, the formation of local entrepreneurship, historical accumulation of knowledge, and particular knowledge of transfer among generations of firms will be discussed, then I will probe into co-adaption and co-evolution between local formal and informal institutions and organizations in Tonghua's TCM industry. In addition, I will try to understand the co-evolutionary process at different geographical levels (namely, national and local). In summary, my main findings include the following several points. Firstly, in the course of the emergence of Tonghua's pharmaceutical industry, local social networks and the traditional alliance between enterprises and government have played important roles. Secondly, the most important factor that influences the evolution of endogenous industrial clusters such as the Tonghua pharmaceutical industry in transitional countries is not the change in technology, but the change in fundamental national institutions. Thirdly, the success of the Tonghua pharmaceutical industry can be ascribed to the creation of multiple paths largely based on initial conditions, which implies that economic policy should have historical consciousness, namely, new economic innovation should make full use of both historical legacies and existing assets. Finally, it is co-adaption and co-selection of firm organization, institution, and technology that have jointly made Tonghua's pharmaceutical industry become highly competitive, which means that whether one region can grasp new opportunities partially depends on its capabilities to coordinate a varity of development agents. ; Neue Industrien werden im Allgemeinen als Impuls der Entwicklung zu nationalem Wohlstand verstanden. Zugleich sind sie überwiegend an einigen geographisch genau definierten Orten konzentriert. Aktuelle Studien zur Emergenz dieser Industrie-Cluster neigen dazu, entsprechende begünstigende Faktoren zu analysieren. Mit dem Beispiel eines endogenen Clusters in China, dem Cluster der Traditionellen Chinesischen Medizin (TCM) in Tonghua, will diese Dissertation zum theoretischen Verständnis der Emergenz von Industrie-Clustern unter der Perspektive eines ko-evolutorischen Prozesses von Form der Organisation, Institutionen und Unternehmen beitragen. Oder, um es etwas breiter auszudrücken, diese Emergenz als ökonomische Evolution zu verstehen, die in einen komplexen sozio-ökonomischen Kontext eingebettet ist. Obgleich der Vorstellung, Geschichte habe eine Bedeutung ("history matters"), überwiegend in der Forschung zugestimmt wird, bleibt diese oft auf das Konzept der Pfadabhängigkeit beschränkt. Das aber eröffnet keinen Raum für die Betrachtung endogener Pfad-Bildung. Dem Konzept der Pfad-Bildung entsprechend sollte jedoch die Pfadanalyse ergänzt werden um bewusste Handlungen des Menschen oder auch um Innovationen im Schumpeterschen Sinn. Wichtiger ist außerdem, dass Geschichte als ein Kontext verstanden werden sollte, in dem mehrere Pfade ko-existieren und im Zeitverlauf auch interagieren. So wäre ein Konzept der Pfad-Interdependenz (oder der Ko-Evolution von Pfaden) nützlich zum besseren Verständnis der Komplexität "wirklicher" Geschichte. Weil das Industriecluster sich aus untereinander verflochtenen Unternehmen zusammen setzt und zugleich Gegenstand von Änderungen in den Institutionen und der Technologie ist, konzentriert sich die Dissertation auf vielseitige kausale Beziehungen von Unternehmen, Institutionen und Technologie. Ein wettbewerbsfähiges Cluster kann aus geographischer Sicht als ein "hot spot" der Ko-evolution betrachtet werden, in dem verschiedenartige Populationen aktiv untereinander agieren und daher miteinander verflochten sind. Ko-Evolution selbst ist dann ein dynamischer und evolutorischer Prozess. Die Arbeit wählt diese Perspektive, um das Maß und die Wirkungen der Ko-Evolution im Pharma-Cluster von Tonghua im Zeitverlauf zu analysieren. Die Dissertation fußt auf empirischen Erhebungen, ergänzt um eine Dokumenten-Analyse, zur Geschichte der Unternehmen, der Herkunft der Unternehmerschaft sowie der Evolution von Wissen. Sie diskutiert die Evolution in den Organisationsformen der Pharma-Unternehmen in Tonghua, die Bildung einer lokalen Unternehmerschaft, die historische Akkumulation von Wissen und den besonderen Wissenstransfer zwischen Generationen von Unternehmen. Schließlich untersucht sie die Ko-Adaption und Ko-Evolution von lokalen formalen und informellen Institutionen und Organisationen der TCM-Industrie in Tonghua. Die folgenden Punkte betreffen die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Dissertation: Erstens haben sehr langfristige und dichte lokale soziale Netzwerke eine erhebliche Rolle im Lauf der Emergenz der Pharma-Industrie in Tonghua gespielt. Zweitens ist der wichtigste Faktor in der Pharma-Industrie nicht im technologischen Fortschritt durch Anstrengungen bei Forschung und Entwicklung (FuE) zu sehen, sondern im institutionellen Wandel sowohl auf nationaler als auch auf lokaler Ebene. Drittens kann der Erfolg der Pharma-Industrie in Tonghua der Bildung multipler Pfade zugeschrieben werden, die auf bestimmten Anfangsbedingungen gründen. Das bedeutet, dass die neue ökonomische Entwicklungspolitik sowohl das historische Erbe als auch bestehende Aktivposten in vollem Umfang nutzen sollte. Schließlich ist festzustellen, dass Ko-Adaption und Ko-Selektion der Unternehmens-Organisation, von Institutionen und Technologie zusammen die Pharma-Industrie von Tonghua in hohem Maße wettbewerbsfähig gemacht haben. Ob eine Region neue Gelegenheiten ergreifen kann, hängt folglich teilweise von ihrer Fähigkeit ab, eine Vielfalt von Entwicklungs-Agenten zu koordinieren.

The Silk Route Between Past and Present. A Paradigm Beyond Space and Time. On the threshold of the third millennium, in an atmosphere of anachronisms and contradictions, dominated and conditioned by scientific and technological discoveries, new ideas seem to take flight whilst regional barriers and territorial boundaries are collapsing to give way to a new form of comprehensiveness. Sharing ideas and intellectual stimuli, amalgamating cultural elements circulating along its intertwining branches, the Silk Route has more than once given life to new scientific forms, cultural and intellectual systems and, amongst these, artistic shapes and religious syncretism. The "Silk Route", which, with its articulated network of twisting routes and sub-routes, even now well represents the challenging paradigm of a new age yet standing at its threshold.
A paradigm beyond time and space. The following paper aims at focusing on the Silk Route's Religious-Cultural dimension in the middle-inner Asia of the 13th-15th Centuries, when, whatever may have happened regarding local realms and rulers, it played the role of junction and meeting point of different worlds and their civilisations. Even now we are confronted with a political trend that is at once and the same time a cultural current; emanating from the past, it is re-linking Europe and Asia and, re-uniting territories with their individual and traditional cultural forms, is shaping a renewed kaleidoscopic framework. We are confronted with new forces deeply rooted in the past, which, emanating from the far eastern fringes of Asia, by the second decade of the 21st century have reached the far western fringes of Europe, dynamics that are not only 'economics' and 'scientific technologies' but also thought, religion, and other intellectual values. These forces are heir of past times, nevertheless they endure in the present and are the active lively projection of a future time…though still largely to be understood and matured. A vision of life and universe where speculative and religious values coexist with astounding technological and scientific discoveries in a global dimension without space and time.
At the verge of this millennium, the Information and Communication Revolution has given life with its advanced technologies to a new space conditioned and dominated by no-distances. And this space with its always-evolving scientific discoveries today involves the society in its entirety (what is commonly named as "global space" actually symbolised by the Silk Route), endeavours to amalgamate it creating new links between civil and political society and positioning them in a new military dimension. New forms and structures that are rapidly evolving in search of some balance between technological development and preservation of ancient traditions, which might make possible social and economic justice, yet an utopia more than a reality. However, both (social and economic justice) form the ideological basis of order and stability, anxiously pursued by the young generation in search of an economic and speculative order where stability, security (hard and soft security) and religious structures should in their turn become the platform of new political-institutional structures.
Be that as it may, this is not a new phenomenon. Technological advancements are astoundingly new, but not the process and its aims. We are confronted with a phenomenon that has already occurred in more than one historic phase. Epochal phases. That is the human search for economic and social justice, and their framing into new conceptual schemes. And within this ratio, it would be unrealistic to ignore an additional key-factor. It would be unrealistic to deny that Religion has always been a major player. It has been at the basis of more than one revolution, it has represented the culturalpolitical response to foreign challenges, it has legitimised military action, it has given life to new spaces and political systems, it has filled with its pathos cultural and political voids. It has given to Mankind and Universe a new centrality, creating a new space within which Man and Mankind, History and Philosophy, Cosmos and Universe with their laws meet and merge in new systems and structural orders. The World and its Destiny, core of lively debates, conditioned by the eternal dialectic between economics and society, between society and religion, between science and technology on the one hand, and religion on the other, between formal ratio and ideologies or myths, which underline with their voice the eternal antithesis between cultures and civilisations.
At the verge of the third millennium, the intellectual world is facing a new historiographical debate, into which the Religious Factor has also entered. Knowledge and the vision of the world and its new order/disorder are translated into a new philosophy of culture and history, of society and religion. Rationality, historicity of scientific knowledge, nature and experience, nature and human 'ratio', science and ethics, science and its language, science and its new aims and objectives are amongst some of the major themes of this debate. But not only this: which aims, which objectives? And within which new order that might ensure security and stability, social and economic justice? Thence, revolution and power are coming to the fore with another factor: Force and its use…a stage that, however, does not disregard dialogue and tolerance, or, as recently stated by Francesco Bergoglio, more than tolerance, "reciprocal respect". These are only 'some' amongst the main issues discussed and heard of also in the traditional culture of ordinary people.
Undoubtedly, the end of the Cold War and the well-known "global village" dealt with by Samuel Huntington, the global village with its technological revolutions, have induced to re-think our own speculative parameters, traditional paradigms and models of society and power, mankind and statehood. And once again we have been confronted with elements that might bring to new forms of sharp opposition and a global disorder. However, beyond and behind the Huntingtonian cliché of the "clash of civilizations", a new cultural current seems to take flight spurring from the roots of a traditional past, which however has not yet disappeared. The Silk Route stems out emanating from the far-eastern lands of Asia as the conceptual image, the paradigm of a conceivable new order. By merging the material, scientific-technological and economic dimension of life with a new cultural (or neo-cultural) vocation it seeks (and seems to be able) to give life to a new social body and new systemic-structural answers, a comprehensive order capable of tackling the challenges opened by the collapse of the traditional cultural parameters and the dramatic backdrop of a mere clash of civilisations.
Middle-Inner Asia of the 13th -15th Centuries: the Silk Route and its Reflection on Painting and Architectonic Forms. As just pointed out, nothing is new in the course of History. Professor Axel Berkowsky has authoritatively lingered on the Silk Route – or better "the New Silk Route" – with specific regard on practical aspects of these last decades. In the following text, I wish to linger on a past historic period, particularly fertile when confronted with the collapse of traditional values and the challenges posed by new fearful forces and their dynamics: the Mongols with their hordes (ulus) and, some later, Tamerlane with his terrible Army. Sons of the steppe and its culture, these people suddenly appeared on the stage, raced it from Mesopotamia to the north-eastern corner of Asia with their hordes and their allied tribal groups, shattered previous civilisations and imposed a new dominion, a new political-military order and new models of life. But, with their Military superiority, they also brought the codes and the ancient traditional knowledge of the nomadic world. It is misleading to watch to this epochal phase only as a phase of devastation and horrors. With their codes, Mongols and Timurids brought with them the Chinese algebraic, mathematical and scientific knowledge, and fused it with Mesopotamian mathematical and medical sciences reaching peaks of astronomical, arithmetical, numerical, geometric, algebraic theoretical and practical knowledge. They also brought with them from vital centres of religious scholarship and life a large number of theologians, pirs, traditionists and legal religious scholars with their individual religious features and systems. Shamanism, Buddhism, Muslim forms, Nestorianism and other cults vigorously practised in the mobile world of the steppe gave life to an important phase of religious culture and multifarious practices largely imbued with mystic feelings and traditional emotional states.
Then, and once again, within the global space created by the military conquests of the new-comers, the Silk Route – or more precisely, the Silk and its Routes – reorganised and revitalised trades and business, gave life to close diplomatic connections and matrimonial allegiances reinforced by a vigorous traditional chancery and official correspondence, that tightly linked Asia with Europe. Within this new global order, the Silk and its routes played the crucial role, shaped new political, institutional, scientific and intellectual formulae, gave life to new conceptual forms that – at their core – had Man and Mankind as centre of the entire Universe. We are confronted with a cultural development begun at a time when the sons of the steppe were taking over lands of the classical Arabic civilisation (like Syria, Iraq and al-Jazīra), at a time when the Iranian world was still centre of intellectual life and its social norms were still spreading over large spaces of Inner Asian territories. Visual Arts wonderfully mirror this phenomenon.
We witness a process that renovated itself 'from within' in the course of three centuries and did not stop even when the arrival of the European Powers on the Asian markets seemed to sign, with the decay and end of the traditional market economy, also the closing of the cultural interactions created by the Silk Routes of the time. Once again, Visual Arts wonderfully mirror this phenomenon: a dramatic transitional, fluid period, marked by a distinctive timeless reality, which had no longer territories well delimited by frontiers to conquer or defend.
Herewith I have dealt, as an example, with the reflection of the new conceptions of Life and Universe on visual Fine Arts in the 13th-15th centuries, specifically painting and architectonic forms. Ideological values that aimed to forge new relationships among different peoples and their individual human values, religious thinking, moral codes…and economic, scientific, technological achievements.
'Fine Arts'. Visual fine arts, in my case painting and architecture, are the mirror of feelings shared by the Lords of the time, registered by painters and architects in plastic forms, the signal of these stances to an often confused Humanity. Here, I linger on two pictorial themes: Nature and Landscape on the one hand, and Religion with its very images on the other. With regard to architectonic forms, these reflect the same conceptual paradigm shaped through technical features. By those ages, Nature and Landscape were perceived by contemporary painters and architects with formal, stylistic and technical characteristics which strongly reflected the impact with a world which lived its life in close, intimate contact with nature, a world and a culture which observed Nature and the Cosmos, and perceived them in every detail over the slow rhythmical march of days and nights, of seasons and the lunar cycles. These artistic features depict a precise image, that of a world which lives its life often at odds with nature for its very survival, a world which conditions nature or is conditioned in its turn. At that time, it was a world and a cosmic order which were often perceived by the artist in their tension with uncertainty and the blind recklessness of modern-contemporary times. However, to a closer analysis, these same artistic forms shape a celestial order which was at one and the same time a culture and a religion.
In the vast borderless space of the Euro-Asiatic steppes, cut by great rivers, broken by steep rocky mountainous chains and inhospitable desert fig.aux, the Silk succeeded in building and organising its own network of twisting routes and sub-routes, along which transited (albeit, yet still transit) caravans with their goods…but also cultural elements and their conceptual-philosophical forms. Of these latter and their syncretic imageries and dreams, the fine arts have left evocative pictures and architectonic images, which depicted a world that is the projection of a precise social and political reality and its underlying factors, such as the restlessness of a nomadic pattern of life and the culture of the Town and its urban life. Little is changed today despite the collapse of the Soviet empire and its order. Features and forms change, but in both cases they announce a different world with its order built on a robust syncretism, which is at the same time science, knowledge, harmony and religion (divine or human, or both). A world that is the projection of a precise political, social and economic reality. A reality that, at one and the same time, is the silent voice of a humanity often disregarded by contemporary writers, an 'underground world' that echoes traditional forms and their dynamics, and a no less authoritative de facto power that politically, economically and militarily conditions and dominates its times. A reality that finds an authoritative voice through the Silk Route.

The Indonesia Economic Quarterly (IEQ) has two main aims. First, it reports on the key developments over the past three months in Indonesia's economy, and places these in a longerterm and global context. Based on these developments, and on policy changes over the period, the IEQ regularly updates the outlook for Indonesia's economy and social welfare. Second, the IEQ provides a more in-depth examination of selected economic and policy issues, and analysis of Indonesia's medium-term development challenges. It is intended for a wide audience, including policymakers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Indonesia's evolving economy. This paper discusses about the economic conditions of Indonesia for the year 2015. Emerging market assets rebounded in October 2015 after the sharp losses recorded in August and September, when the uncertainty about the Chinese economic slowdown and the U.S. interest rate outlook was particularly high. Despite a more favorable market sentiment, capital flows to emerging economies have remained weak and borrowing costs relatively high. In addition to tight financing conditions, Indonesia faced subdued external demand for its exports in the near term and persistently low commodity prices over the medium run. In 2015, fire in Indonesia cost nearly twice that of reconstruction following the 2004 tsunami in Aceh. Agriculture and forestry have sustained losses and damages in trillions. Sustained exposure to haze could also lead to the volcano effect, i.e., a decrease in plant productivity in the short term due to limited sun exposure and a deleterious effect on plant physiology and photosynthesis. The recurring nature of Indonesia's fire crisis is of particular concern. Another potential step in Indonesia's new reform process was the country's signaling its intention to join the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement in the near future. Whether membership materializes or not, the agreement is likely to have a limited impact on trade, because import tariffs in member countries are already low and Indonesia has trade agreements with most of them.

The economic, political and social situation in Chile shows a country in transition. Some observers anticipate a broad 'reboot' of the nation. While Chile is still seen by many as an example of progress in South America and of developmental potential in the global South, it faces a complex political constellation, particularly in the aftermath of the re-election of Michelle Bachelet. Many wonder how social and institutional innovations can be incepted without interrupting the country's remarkable success over the past decades. This book provides an interdisciplinary analysis of Chile's situation and perspectives. In particular, it addresses the questions: What is Chile's real socio-political situation behind the curtains, irrespective of simplifications?What are the nation's main opportunities and problems?What future strategies will be concretely applicable to improve social balance and mitigate ideological divisions?The result is a provocative examination of a nation in search of identity and its role on the global stage.Roland Benedikter, Dr. Dr. Dr., is Research Scholar at the Orfalea Center for Global and International Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Senior Research Scholar of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs Washington D.C., Trustee of the Toynbee Prize Foundation Boston and Full Member of the Club of Rome.Katja Siepmann, MA, is Senior Research Fellow of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs Washington D.C., Member of the German Council on Foreign Relations, and Lecturer at the Faculty of Interdisciplinary Cultural Sciences of the European University Frankfurt/Oder.The volume features a Foreword by Ned Strong, Executive Director of the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University, and a Preface by Larry Birns, Director of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, Washington D.C., and Former Senior Public Affairs Officer of the United Nations' Economic Commission for Latin America (Santiago, Chile). Roland Benedikter,Dott.Dr. Dr. Dr., is a European Public Intellectual, Political Scientist and Sociologist serving as Research Scholar of Political Analysis at the Orfalea Center for Global and International Studies of the University of California at Santa Barbara, Trustee of the Toynbee Prize Foundation Boston, Senior Research Fellow of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs Washington D.C. and Full member of the Club of Rome. Previously, he served as Research Affiliate 2009-13 at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University and as Full Academic Fellow 2008-12 of the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies Washington DC (where he remains on the editorial board of the Institute's journal STEPS), and was active for 8 years (1995-2003) in European politics: the Autonomous Government of South Tyrol, a European model region on the border between Italy and Austria, the Federal Union of European Nationalities FUEN and the Assembly of European Regions AER. He was External Examiner and Adviser of two practice-oriented social science study programs of the University of Plymouth, UK, and of a study program on Preschool Peace Education of the University of Kosovo. He has written for Foreign Affairs, Harvard International Review(where he is on the Advisory board), The National Interest, Global Policy, Global Social Policy, New Global Studies, Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik, European Foreign Affairs Review and Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs, and is a frequent commentator for the Italian national broadcast company Radiotelevisione Italiana(RAI),the German newspaper Die Welt Berlinand the international commentary magazine The European. He is co-author of two Pentagon and U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff White Papers on the Ethics of Neurowarfare (Pentagon Press, February 2013 and April 2014) and of Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker's Report to the Club of Rome 2003: Limits to Privatization: How to avoid too much of a good thing (English 2005, Chinese 2006, German 2007). He is Full Member of various European associations of Political Science, won 4 science awards, and his publications include more than 200 articles and book chapters, 19 books (among them 2 multidisciplinary nation studies on China) and 19 encyclopedia articles. Contact: r.benedikter@orfaleacenter.ucsb.edu or rolandbenedikter@yahoo.de. Katja Siepmann, MA,is a socio-political analyst who cooperates with the Social Research Institute 'Opina' in Santiago de Chile. She is Senior Research Fellow of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs Washington D.C., Member of the German Council on Foreign Relations, Lecturer at the Faculty of Interdisciplinary Cultural Sciences of the European University Frankfurt/Oder and has written for Foreign Affairs, Harvard International Reviewand Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs. Contact: katja.siepmann@googlemail.com.