Suchergebnisse

This paper aims to analyze the implications of decentralization policies that are linked to poverty reduction in Indonesia. The focus of the study is the decentralization policy as regulated in Law No. 22/1999, which was amended twice through Law No. 32/2004 and Law No. 23/ 2014 concerning local government. In addition, it also discussed Law No. 25/1999 concerning financial relations in the central-regional government. Using qualitative methods with a policy/program analysis approach and secondary data, this study found that decentralization policies do not link directly to poverty reduction. Out of 34 provincial regions, only 8 provincial regions have achieved a human development index (HDI) above the national average, while having a poverty rate below the national average. In contrast, there are 13 provincial regions that reached HDI below the national average and at the same time have poverty levels above the national average. Based on these findings, this study recommends, first, that local governments evaluate and direct various programs that lead to HDI improvement and poverty reduction. Second, that they synchronize poverty reduction programs in the regions with the same programs from the central government and international programs in the regions.

Food is one of the fundamental aspects of human existence. Thus, it important for every country in the world to be able to be food-secure. Providing access to food for its citizens will bring positive long-term impacts ranging from economic growth and job creation, poverty reduction, trade opportunities, increasing global security and stability, and also improving health and healthcare in a nation (National Institute of Food and Agriculture, n.d.). However, not every nation has the capacity to achieve that goal due to several contributingfactors such as1) Drought and other extreme weather events, 2) Pests, livestock diseases and other agricultural problems, 3) Climate change, 4) Military conflicts, 5) Lack of emergency plans, 6) Corruption and political instability, 7) Cash crops dependence, 8) AIDS as it reduces the available workforce in agriculture and puts an additional burden on poor households, 9) Rapid population growth. Yemen, and Burundi were intentionally chosen to be analyzed because of their unambiguous differences in order to show the various needs and solutions of each country. These 2 countries represent different rankings in the Global Food Security Index (GFSI 2018) where Burundi became the lowest ranking country, yet poses an interesting connection to Yemen. Yemen was selected because of the current famine crisis happening. From the analysis conducted, it can be concluded that long-standing conflict, Scarcity of basic needs, blockade of import and export activities are the main factors contributing to Yemen's food insecurity. On the other hand, it was found that Gender inequality especially the role of women in labor force, climate shock, and political instability are the main factors contributing to Burundi's food insecurity.

Potato (L. Solanum tuberosum) belongs to Solanaceae family. It
is the most important dicotyledonous tuber crop and possesses major
socio-economic importance worldwide. It is the fourth most cultivated
food crop after wheat, rice and maize in world. Potato is a good and
cheaper source of carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and proteins and
also provides most of the trace elements, which can meet the energy
requirement of the people living in the developing countries like
Pakistan [Rahman (1986)]. About 325 million metric ton of potato is
produced annually throughout the world [World Book (2001)]. This crop is
financially more remunerative than cereals from food security and can be
recommended as a partial replacement of cereals.

The world stands on the brink of a fourth industrial revolution, where dramatic changes in technological advancements will have profound impacts on the future employment landscape and skill requirements. This means that engaging in lifelong learning -be it at school or at work-to anticipate and prepare for future labour market demands is of paramount importance. In this context, the presence of a large population of youth not in education, employment, or training (NEETs) is a major cause for concern. Neets consist of both the unemployed-those without work but actively looking for work-and inactive youth outside the labour force, both groups of who also do not engage in any educational or training activity.

Recent discussions on the 'social clause' have opened up a pandora's box. This article probes some of the salient issues raised in that debate by looking more specifically at how women's incorporation into the export‐oriented manufacturing sector has been interpreted by neo‐classical, institutionalist and feminist writers. The neo‐classical position, represented by the World Bank, remains strongly prescriptive but relatively weak in its analysis of the dynamics of female employment (i.e. its causes and implications) and the gendered nature of labour markets. There has been a much more constructive dialogue between institutionalist and feminist writers. The latter have emphasized the gendered nature of the labour contract, the significance of looking beyond the boss/worker dyad (i.e. at the conjugal/familial sphere) and the importance of listening to women workers' subjective assessments of their work and its meanings. At the more practical level, while improving the conditions of work remains an important agenda item, for the labour‐surplus developing countries the question of numbers (of jobs) may arguably take priority. It is thus important to avoid strategies which may impose a quantity–quality trade‐off. As such it may be useful to explore broad‐based social policies and redistributive measures that can ensure a higher standard of living for the workers without jeopardizing their jobs.

The issue of poverty is as old as economic development. A
significant quantitative research on poverty has been undertaken for
many decades all over the world in general and in developing countries
in particular. However the issue of urban poverty has not been addressed
effectively. Nevertheless urban poverty has until recently, been low on
the agenda of development policy not only in the developing world but
also in Pakistan because of dominant perception of urban bias and the
need to counter this with a focus on rural development policy. The
analysis of urban poverty is as necessary as the overall level of
poverty in the country. There are many causes and determinants of urban
poverty1 but distribution and management of economic and social
resources in poverty reduction cannot be ignored. It is internationally
recognised that poverty reduction and governance both are interrelated.
Bad governance has made poverty reduction efforts ineffective [Blaxall
(2000), Eid (2000) and Gupta, et al. (1998)], while poverty reduction
projects provide fertile ground for corruption.2 The consensus emerges
from this line of thinking is that good governance is necessary and
effective for poverty alleviation efforts.

In this article I propose to explore two issues. The first concerns what kinds of contributions academics can make to reducing poverty. I argue that academics can contribute in a number of ways, and I seek to spell out the diversity of the options available. I concentrate on four ways in which these contributions might differ.My second aim is to outline some norms that should inform any academic involvement in activities that seek to reduce poverty. I set out six proposals. These concern: (1) the need to construct coalitions among people with different ethical frameworks; (2) the value of constructing nonideal theory on the basis of our best understanding of an ideal world; (3) the need for integrated analysis that connects antipoverty initiatives to other areas of moral concern; (4) the vital importance of interdisciplinarity; (5) the need for epistemic modesty and revisability; and (6) the need for accountability.

Intro -- Financial Inclusion and Poverty Alleviation -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I Trends and Challenges Facing Financial Inclusion and Inclusive Development in Muslim Countries -- 1 Quality of Institutions and Inclusive Financial Development in the Muslim World -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Literature Review -- 1.3 Methodology -- 1.3.1 Empirical Model Specification -- 1.3.2 Econometric Methodology -- 1.3.3 Endogeneity -- 1.4 Data and Descriptive Analysis -- 1.4.1 Descriptive and Statistical Analysis -- 1.4.2 Correlation Analysis -- 1.4.3 Graphical Analysis -- 1.4.4 Data Diagnostic Tests -- 1.4.4.1 Model Specification Test -- 1.4.4.2 Multicollinearity Test -- 1.4.4.3 Normality Test -- 1.4.4.4 Hausman Test: Fixed Effects Model vs. Random Effects Model -- 1.5 Empirical Results and Discussion -- 1.5.1 Cross-Sectional Analysis -- 1.5.2 Panel Data Analysis -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Financial Intermediation, Development, and Access to Finance in an Islamic Environment -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Related Literature -- 2.3 Data and Methodology -- 2.4 Analysis of Results -- 2.5 Discussion and Robustness Checks -- 2.5.1 Impact of Economic and Human Development -- 2.5.2 Impact of Financial Development and Financial Intermediation Conditions -- 2.6 Conclusions -- Appendix. Definition of Variables -- References -- 3 Financial Inclusion for Women: Impact Evaluation on Islamic Microfinance to Women's Empowerment in Indonesia -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Background and Rationale -- 3.1.2 Research Statement -- 3.1.3 Objectives -- 3.2 Literature Review -- 3.2.1 Islamic Views on Poverty -- 3.2.2 Islamic Views on Women Empowerment -- 3.2.3 Microfinance and Women Empowerment -- 3.3 Methodology -- 3.3.1 Methodological Framework -- 3.3.2 Sample Design and Selection Procedures

Endogenous Development: The Perspective of Poverty Elimination in Poor Villages -- Poverty Situation in 100 Villages -- Poverty Governance and Village-level Assistance in 100 Villages -- Targeted Poverty Assistance in 100 Villages -- Targeted Poverty Alleviation in 100 Villages -- Poverty Alleviation and Endogenous Development in Poor Villages -- Experiences and Problems in Poverty Alleviation in 100 Villages -- Outlook and Policy Recommendations -- Village-level Poverty Relief and Alleviation: Results, Challenges and Recommendations -- Village Poverty Governance and Rural Governance -- Analysis of Income and Consumption of Households in Targeted Poverty Alleviation Villages -- Poverty Alleviation Through Employment and Social Security -- Current Situation of Education in Poor Villages, Effectiveness of and Suggestions on Poverty Alleviation through Education -- Status Quo, Problems, and Measures of Healthy Village Construction -- Poverty Alleviation by Developing the Eco-economy: A Win-Win Approach to Poverty Eradication and Ecological Conservation.

Focusing on policy feedback, this article examines the influence, four decades after its enactment, of Margaret Thatcher's 1980 'Right to Buy' (RtB) policy on today's social housing institutions in the UK. We argue that through interest-group feedback mechanisms, RtB helped expand and reinforce the UK landlord class. Furthermore, we assert that the policy pressures placed on local councils to embody housing within the welfare state contributed to a path-dependent, privatisation feedback mechanism. More generally, an analysis of the UK case is important as it could help us think about housing privatisation in terms of policy feedback and long-term historical legacies.

This article explores the income growth and poverty of rural Indian households, 1994–2005. The estimation strategy consists, first, of a convergence analysis to examine whether poor households are catching up in terms of income, which is then followed by a transition analysis to examine whether poor households are more likely to exit poverty than to remain poor—that is, to essentially test for whether poverty traps are escapable. The identification strategy explicitly addresses issues pertaining to the potential endogeneity and measurement error of initial income and poverty. We find evidence of both income convergence and poverty persistence, but with a higher probability of exiting poverty than of the remaining poor. This suggests that poverty traps, though existent, are not entrapping in rural India. The key variables driving these results are education, occupation and asset ownership. Finally, we discuss the policy implications and provide directions for future research in this area. JEL Codes: I32, J15, O15, O18, O47, Z12, Z13