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This collection of contemporary essays by a group of well-known philosophers and legal theorists covers various topics in the philosophy of law, focusing on issues concerning liability in contract, tort and criminal law. The book is divided into four sections. The first provides a conceptual overview of the issues at stake in a philosophical discussion of liability and responsibility. The second, third and fourth sections present, in turn, more detailed explorations of the roles of notions of liability and responsibility in contracts, torts and punishment. The collection not only presents some of the most challenging work in legal philosophy, but it also demonstrates the interdisciplinary character of the field of philosophy of law, with contributors taking into account recent developments in economics, political science and rational choice theory. This thought-provoking volume will help to shed light on the underexplored ground that lies between law and morals

Abstract
In the middle of the global pandemic of 2020, as states of emergency were declared in both the Philippines and the United States, Filipinx scholars offer memories and reflections of life under martial law in the Philippines and its aftermath and resonances in the present.

Intro -- Acknowledgment -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Introduction: Religious Pluralism and Law in Contemporary Brazil -- 1 The Legal-Administrative Changes of the Post-Constituent Pluralist State -- 2 Religious Activism and Rights -- 3 Part 1. Pluralism: Minority Rights, Religious Freedom and Secularism -- 4 Part 2. Human Rights as Language -- References -- Part I: Pluralism: Minority Rights, Religious Freedom and Secularism -- Religion and Laicity in Dispute: Two Categories Under Construction in Brazil´s Legal Debate on Religious Education in Public S... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Religious Education as a Public Issue in a Historical Perspective -- 2.1 Religious Education in Republican Constitutions -- 2.2 Religious Education Regulations in the National Education Guidelines and Framework Law of 1961, 1996 and 1997 -- 2.3 Religious Education Regulations in the Agreement Between the Holy See and Brazil -- 3 Debates on the Unconstitutionality of Religious Education in the Public Hearing -- 3.1 The Characters and the Game´s Rules -- 3.2 The Rules -- 3.3 The Debate: Presentations, Categories, Arguments, and Positions -- 3.4 Presentations of Executive and Legislative Representatives -- 3.5 Arguments of Legislative Representatives -- 3.6 Presentations and Arguments of Civil Society Representatives -- 3.7 Demonstrations by Representatives of Religious Organizations -- 3.8 Demonstration by Representatives of Non-Religious Organizations -- 4 Final Considerations -- References -- Evangelical Jurists and Human Rights in Brazil: A Case Study of the National Association of Evangelical Jurists (ANAJURE) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 The Political Context of the Emergence of ANAJURE -- 4 The Process of Mobilizing Jurists on Behalf of Evangelicals -- 5 The Supreme Federal Court´s Criminalization of Violence Against Homosexuals.

With one Supreme Court decision, lower federal and state court decisions, pending litigation, and proposals around the country for major changes in how elections are conducted, COVID-19 has already had and likely will continue to have a significant impact on election law. The discussion that follows proceeds in two parts. The first addresses the initial consequences of COVID-19 as an electoral emergency. Voters were due to go to the polls in states around the country just as the pandemic was gathering force and governors and mayors were calling on people to stay at home and avoid large gatherings – which, of course, often occur at crowded polling places during contested elections. Although many states managed to move their late March and April elections to May, June, or later without incident, heated political and legal battles broke out in Ohio and Wisconsin over changing election dates and formats, with the Wisconsin dispute winding up in both the state and United States Supreme Courts the day before the election, and Wisconsin conducting an in-person election in the middle of a pandemic. The second part looks beyond the immediate effects of COVID-19 to the middle term, that is, to the host of changes to election laws that will be needed for the November 2020 election if, due to the pandemic, large gatherings remain a public health threat. Some form of primarily vote-by-mail system will be needed, but such a system is currently in place only in five states, and those states took several election cycles to make the transition from traditional polling-place voting. Indeed, right now, one-third of the states permit only voters with one of a limited number of excuses specified in the states' statutes to obtain a mail-in ballot. Widespread changes in voting laws will be necessary if the November elections are to be safe, fair, and secure. Yet, partisan opposition encouraged by President Trump's error-filled misstatements about voting-by-mail makes it unclear whether these changes will be made.

Soft law can be more effective in aligning local governments than using traditional methods, for example sectoral plans. Two contexts help to explain the superior efficacy of soft law instruments. The first is when local authorities adopt successful policies suggested by the public authority with the intention of imitating them. The second is when a local authority feels constrained by lack of funding and thus cannot feasibly exercise their powers. In an intergovernmental relationship, a non-traditional method works better than a traditional one when it takes advantage of budget cuts to adopt a soft law instrument. ; Los instrumentos de soft law pueden ser más efectivos para alinear a los gobiernos locales que los mecanismos tradicionales de coordinación, como los planes. Dos perspectivas explican la eficacia de estos instrumentos. En primer lugar, cuando un Gobierno local adopta políticas exitosas sugeridas por una administración pública con la intención de imitarlas. En segundo lugar, en el caso en el que una administración pública se ve constreñida por la falta de financiación y por ello no puede ejercer de manera adecuada sus competencias. Un instrumento de soft law podría funcionar mejor que un mecanismo tradicional de coordinación cuando se aprovecha de esta falta de financiación y emite una decisión para dirigir al gobierno local.

This article summarizes the main legal developments in the field of competition law during 2007. It is in 8 sections: (1) introduction, (2) legislation and policy initiatives, (3) general enforcement issues, (4) vertical restraints, (5) cartels and cooperation between competitors, (6) abuse of dominance, (7) merger control and (8) conclusion and outlook. While there have been no major legislative or policy documents of general application, the year has been marked by a number of interesting developments in individual cases, both as regards the application of Articles 81 and 82 and merger control. Highlights in the area of Articles 81 include the refusal by the CFI in Akzo to extend the scope of legal privilege, the first judicial pronouncements on the Article 9 commitments procedure in Alrosa, and many significant cartel appeal judgments. As for Article 82, Commission decisions have been upheld by the ECJ in British Airways, and the CFI in Wanadoo and, most significantly, in Microsoft. In the field of merger control the Commission has issued new and revised guidance documents and has taken a number of important decisions, including the prohibition of the Ryanair/Aer Lingus merger. In addition the CFI, in Schneider, for the first time awarded damages based on a wrongful prohibition by the Commission of a transaction.

This article discusses two additional issues the McDonnell case raises. The first issue is how much evidence is necessary to sustain a conviction for attempting to obstruct an official proceeding. Mrs. McDonnell was convicted of attempting to obstruct the grand jury in this case for sending a misleading note to Williams, but her actions were deemed insufficient to support her obstruction conviction. The other issue relates to the McDonnells' sentencing. The sentences they received were much shorter than the sentences calculated using the United States Sentencing Guidelines. This article considers the official act issue, the obstruction issue, and the sentencing issue. Part I describes the relationship between the McDonnells and Williams. Part II discusses what official acts a public official must take to be guilty under the public corruption statutes the McDonnells were convicted of violating. Part III discusses Mrs. McDonnell's obstruction charge. Part IV discusses issues surrounding the McDonnells' sentencing.

Aboriginal nations, the australian nation-state and indigenous international legal traditions / Ambellin Kwaymullina -- Domination in relation to indigenous ("dominated") peoples in international law / Steven Newcomb -- Natural law and the law of nations : "society" and the exclusion of first nations as subjects of international law / Marcelle Burns -- Long before Munich : the American template for Hitlerian diplomacy / Ward Churchill -- First nations, indigenous peoples : our laws have always been here / Irene Watson -- Law and politics of indigenous self-determination : the meaning of the right to prior consultation / Roger Merino -- How governments manufacture consent and use it against indigenous peoples /- Sharon Venne -- "Kill the Indian in the child" : genocide in international law / Tamara Starblanket.