Suchergebnisse

Focusing on the construction and negation of disability allowances, this Article identifies and traces the roots of a fundamental tension that underlies disability politics with regard to disability allowances: are cash benefits an archaic and outdated form of assistance to disabled people, or are they still a relevant mode of response to their systematic marginalization and exclusion? Based on a field study of the Israeli disability community, the Article shows that while disability rights advocates tend to reject disability allowances as fundamentally wrong and to support the transformation of society's social structures, welfare activists tend to view disability allowances as a response to a pressing necessity, an expression of social responsibility, and a means to provide economic security for disabled people. The Article employs a disability legal studies framework to analyze the study's findings, attending primarily to questions of power and difference, and offering a framework that considers both perspectives as two authentic voices that express genuine concerns. At the same time, the analysis maintains that both approaches lack a more complex understanding of the relationships between disability and poverty, within which the meanings of disability allowances are negotiated. It concludes with a call to re-conceptualize disability allowance, as a form of compensation that redresses disabled peopleindividually and collectivelyfor society's past and present continuing practices of exclusion and discrimination. The struggles of disabled people over rights and allowances become a fascinating site from which to draw the critical lessons that disability activism has to offer to social theory.

Utilizing data from the 2016 Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey, we undertake an empirical investigation into the influence of energy poverty on the health expenditure of Vietnamese households. Employing a double-hurdle model, our empirical findings reveal a negative relationship between energy poverty and health expenditure. Specifically, our results indicate that for each incremental unit increase in energy poverty, there is a substantial reduction of 42.5 percentage points in the overall health expenditure of the households. Furthermore, as energy poverty deepens, we observe declines of 24.6 percentage points and 45.5 percentage points in the expenses incurred for inpatient/outpatient care and self-treatment, respectively. To validate the robustness of our results, we conduct several sensitivity analyses, including propensity score matching, double/debiased machine learning. Across all these methods, our findings consistently underscore the significant and persistent adverse impact of energy poverty on the examined outcome variables. Additionally, to examine the underlying pathways, we conduct a structural equation modeling analysis and find that the relationship between energy poverty and health expenses is mediated by household hospitalization and expenditures on essential items, such as food and daily necessities.

AbstractThis paper deals with the determinants of poverty in the U.S. at the census tract level. By proceeding in this way, potential aggregation errors that may occur when using larger areas as the unit of observation are avoided. Our empirical analysis exploits a geographically consistent data set covering the period 1970–2010 and all metropolitan statistical areas. The estimations have been carried out using a system generalized method of moments framework for dynamic panels. Our results show that poverty is a persistent phenomenon, especially in tracts with higher levels. Those variables with a more robust relationship with poverty reflect labor market conditions. We also obtain evidence of a higher vulnerability of women to poverty. These findings have been framed within the debate about the optimal design of local development strategies. The main conclusion drawn is that place‐based and person‐centered policies can be considered as complementary rather than as substitutes.

This paper aims to provide an analysis of the determinants of poverty rate in ten Member States of the European Union from the Central and Eastern Europe, and of the way how its influenced poverty in the 2009-2016 period. In order to estimate the impact, I used panel technique and Estimated Generalized Least Squares method with no effects, weighted by Period SUR option to provide more consistent estimators. To verify if the model is correctly specified and to confirm the maximum verisimilitude of the estimators, I tested the Gauss-Markov. The conclusion of the paper is that the unemployment rate, rural population, as well as the early leavers rate of people aged between 18-24, have a positive impact on the rate of people at risk of poverty rate after social transfers. On the other hand, the government spending on social protection has a negative impact on the used dependent variable.

Oil and gas sectors have become important elements in the economy of Indonesia . The question now is, what can be done by private owned company which has the advantage of very large exploration to overcome poverty? Can corporate social responsibility programs or Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) become one important solution in reducing poverty? Joint Operating Body Pertamina Petrochina East Java (JOB-PPEJ) JOB P-PEJ operational activities gave rise to the Flare (fire hot) which directly impact on the environment override Rahayu village, the site of its formation. Therefore, it is the duty of the company to carry out CSR programs through the estate as a form of social and environmental responsibility especially in Rahayu village in order to realize sustainable development in the village. In this study , researchers used a type of descriptive research methods with qualitative approach. In conclusion, 1) The implementation of CSR programs in the JOB - PPEJ had already a positive impact or benefit to society in particular Rahayu Village. 2) CSR programs aimed at tackling the problem of poverty is not a top priority. So that the rural poor have not been so feel real economic impact on their lives. 3) The success implementation of CSR program JOB - PPEJ is influenced by several supporting and inhibiting factors. The supporting factors to the success implementation of CSR programs in improving the economic standard RTSM around oil drilling sites are the amount of funds allocated by the company for these and other programs that will be implemented . While the factors that hinder the CSR program in improving the economic standard RTSM around oil drilling sites is the lack of proper coordination between the company, the village and the poor.

This paper engages with the question of languages in education and language policy in the multilingual context of Pakistan, from the perspective of its impact on multidimensional poverty. Poverty is interpreted as 'capability deprivation' following Amertya Sen's capability approach, while Bourdieu's social critical theory inform the analysis. The paper is based on findings from a 3-year qualitative study, funded by Research Consortium on Educational Outcomes and Poverty (RECOUP). The methods of data collection included participant observation, documentary analysis and interview data from 16 cases of private and government school graduates, in two provinces. Each case comprised of a final-year secondary school student and his/ her same sex 5-6 year older sibling. The findings reveal that the symbolic power of English in the country, in contrast to its restricted access, and the concurrent devaluation of the local linguistic capital reinforced the structures that nest inequality and poverty. This restrained the agency and of the already socioeconomically disadvantaged government school participants to achieve valued goals as inequality was unleashed in the multiple dimensions of their lives: cognitive, social, affective, economic, and physical. The paper argues for more inclusive language policies and languages in education.

PurposeThis paper aims to present a multi‐dimensional measure of poverty. The proposed method has been applied to the Panel Set of Belgian Households dataset for Belgium for the years between 1994 and 2000.Design/methodology/approachFirst, a common model is decided upon by exploratory factor analysis, and applied by confirmatory factor analysis. Cluster analysis (CA) is then used to separate the multi‐dimensional poor. Finally, the possible causes of multi‐dimensional poverty are surfaced by estimating a discrete duration model.FindingsThe proposed method reveals three dimensions of poverty: "material deprivation", "social deprivation" and "psychological health". Between 9 and 11 per cent of the representative sample of Belgian individuals are poor. The paper also identifies causes of poverty, including not having a job, not having the Belgian nationality, having a poor health or a disability, being lower educated, experiencing financial poverty, being divorced or widowed, living in the Walloon or Brussels regions, and having a bad psychological health.Research limitations/implicationsResearch implications include the use of polychoric and tetrachoric correlations as a starting point of factor analysis, as well as the combination of factor analysis and CA.Originality/valueThe paper proposes an alternative multi‐dimensional measure of poverty. It argues that previous measures may suffer from categorisation errors and suggests a solution to this problem. The advantages of the proposed method are that all information is used to disentangle the poor from the non‐poor and that dimensions of poverty are defined using the correlations between deprivations. Finally, the paper identifies "psychological health" as one of the dimensions of poverty.

AbstractPoverty analysis is currently undergoing a multidimensional turn, increasingly focusing on the many ways in which human life can be impoverished and not just on material poverty. In this paper, we present an analysis of material poverty and multiple deprivation in Britain, which is inspired by the capability approach. We argue that the additional complexity of multidimensional analysis requires that it provides some insight not achieved by a more straightforward approach focusing on material poverty alone. Our findings indicate that whether a multidimensional assessment identifies different people as being in poverty depends on whether our interest is in identifying vulnerable individuals or in identifying vulnerable groups and whether we focus on dimensions in aggregate or disaggregate forms. We find that, although material poverty and multiple deprivation identify very different individuals, they display greater congruence in terms of identifying vulnerable groups, especially where aggregate measures are used.

This article provides an overview of different aspects of poverty in three Post-Soviet countries: Russia, Armenia and Georgia. It looks into the material situation of households and subjective and deprivation poverty. Source data are the findings of three population surveys, conducted in the considered countries in 2017. The analysis shows a significant level of material deprivation among the population in the studied countries. The most vulnerable categories are rural population, 65+, and families with three or more children. Households in Armenia and Georgia are more dependent on farming and financial aid from their relatives than Russian households. Although the level of material deprivation in Russia is significantly lower compared with Armenia and Georgia, the level of relative subjective poverty in Russia is notably higher. It is likely due to higher inequality, which may point at risks of social instability. This indicates the need for new government policies in Russia that would focus on social development and reduction of inequality and social exclusion

This article examines the policy, administrative and compliance issues that have arisen with the UK Working Tax Credit (WTC) and Child Tax Credit (CTC). It provides a critical commentary on overpayments; underpayments; error and fraud; take-up; and employer compliance costs. From a social policy perspective, these problems have damaged the effectiveness of tax credits, and from public policy and public finance viewpoints, they have damaged the reputation of HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) and HM Treasury. There is a strong case for a re-examination of the programme and its administration, to see if realistic reforms could deliver a more effective system.

This paper presents a narrative review of empirical evidence looking at connections between poverty and DVA. The findings presented includes social survey and qualitative evidence from the UK, and elsewhere where relevant, and is drawn from more than 80 research studies. The material was collated and supplemented by further secondary analysis of data collected as part of the 2012 UK Poverty and Social Exclusion Survey. Our review suggests that women experiencing poverty in the UK are more vulnerable to DVA, and this conclusion is consistent with wider international evidence. However, while associations clearly exist between poverty and DVA vulnerability, potential causal mechanisms are poorly understood and this reflects the limitations of existing data in this area. This paper highlights the need for further research exploring financial abuse within DVA relationships and post-separation financial abuse and poverty. Caution is needed in interpreting this relationship and drawing inferences for policy and practice. DVA is endemic throughout society in rich and poor countries, and interventions targeted at specific populations (including poverty) on their own are likely to be inadequate in the absence of a wider understanding of the social drivers of violence against women associated with patriarchal norms and practices in particular contexts.

This study examines the changes in the extent of poverty in Iran during the post-Islamic period. More specifically, it investigates the contributions of growth and redistribution factors to changes in poverty over a period of ten years (1983 to 1993). The analysis is based on household level data relating to three consecutive household income and expenditures surveys of 1983, 1988 and 1993. The study reveals that over a period of ten years, the extent of poverty in the rural area has declined slightly, whereas in the urban sector it has increased by more than 40 percent. The alarming rate of increase in urban poverty necessitates calls for a greater attention from the government to initiate effective poverty alleviation programs. The decomposition of over-time changes in poverty into growth and redistribution components indicates that in each sector the redistribution component was positive during 1983-93, implying that the deterioration of the income inequality contributed to the worsening of poverty. Growth component, however, affected the two sectors differently. Between 1983 and 1993, the growth component for the rural sector was negative, contributing to the decline in poverty. For the urban sector, it was positive, assisting to raise the level of poverty. In addition, there are large variations in the levels of poverty across regions and occupations in Iran. – poverty ; growth ; redistribution ; Iran

Este artículo aborda el fenómeno de la pobreza en Venezuela desde un punto de vista multimétodo. Para ello, se presenta una discusión de algunas reflexiones concernientes al tema en el contexto de la sociedad venezolana; se analizan las políticas para disminuir la pobreza implementadas por los distintos gobiernos de Venezuela a partir de 1958 y se estudia la percepción que tienen algunos organismos internacionales en el país en base a sus metodologías de medición propuestas. La discusión generada en este trabajo, refleja que a pesar de los basamentos filosóficos de las diversas tendencias políticas surgidas a lo largo del tiempo, los gobiernos han percibido como percutores fundamentales de la pobreza a la educación y a la salud. Por otro lado, algunos organismos internacionales enmarcan a Venezuela como un país exitoso en términos de arar con el paso de los años hacia una sociedad menos desigual, menos pobre y más culta. Finalmente, es imperante que las políticas públicas tienen que estar sustentadas en el desarrollo humano para mantener su impacto positivo y al menos disminuir la pobreza. ; This article discusses the phenomenon of poverty in Venezuela from a multi-method approach. We show a discussion of some reflections concerning the issue in the context of Venezuelan society; an analysis of the public policies to reduce poverty implemented by the governments of Venezuela from 1958 and the perception of some international organizations about the poverty in Venezuela based on their proposed measures and methodologies. The discussion, in this work, supports the idea that even the different philosophical thoughts of political parties, all governments have perceived as fundamental triggers of poverty the education and health. On the other hand, some international agencies see Venezuela as a successful country with less unequal, less poor and more educated society. Finally, it is required that public policies must be erected in a human development thought to maintain its positive impact and at least reduce poverty. ; 49-65 ; rafalac165@hotmail.com, rafaelacevedorueda@yahoo.es, rafael.acevedo@ucla.edu.ve ; migarciaperez@stcloudstate.edu ; pedro.harmath@ucla.edu.ve ; opena@ucla.edu.ve

Poverty is one of the most significant issues facing the world today. Although Western news media often report on the manifestations of poverty—famine, overcrowding, epidemics, or natural disasters—they rarely reflect the political, economic, and ideological structures that have directly caused and continue to exacerbate it on a global scale. This article argues that Western news media communicate global poverty, as a pressing issue, but ultimately fail to point out underlying causes or suggest any changes to the status quo. This fosters an understanding of poverty as a series of events, rather than the lived daily experience of many. This article, therefore, investigates the structures of neocolonial capitalism and neoliberal ideologies that gained momentum in the 20th century and continue to frame the content of news media today. Discussing the concepts of 'compassion fatigue' and Anthony Downs' 'issue-attention cycle', this article is a normative analysis of news media, exploring new ways to educate citizens on the global political economy. Drawing on the work of Lauren Berlant and Robert McChesney, this article ultimately discusses new ways of communicating poverty, which will require an acknowledgement of neocolonialism and a rethinking of crisis as lived daily experience.

Existing research suggests that students are an under-reported and under-supported group of the population that frequently lives in fuel poverty. Furthermore, studies show that students do not realize that they live in fuel poor conditions and are rarely recognized as a group vulnerable to fuel poverty. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to understand, evaluate and consequently reveal the experiences of students living in the private-rentedd sector, quantify their possible exposure to fuel poverty, and to determine the impacts of this exposure on their well-being. Three thousand five hundred and twelve students from seven European countries participated in this research making it the largest study to date targeting this specific social group. Our results demonstrate that this group is vulnerable to fuel poverty and that their exposure to such conditions can have a detrimental effect on both their mental and physical health, as well as their social life.