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International trade agreements and reforms of the European Common Agricultural Policy increase the importance of agricultural risk management as a means to stabilise farm incomes. 'Income stabilisation in European agriculture' addresses farm income and risk management issues from various perspectives. A cohesive work is brought together on historic income data, quantitative analyses of future policy scenarios, actual farmers' perceptions and an updated view on various risk management instruments. In-depth analyses focus on Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain. Overall findings are synthesised in policy recommendations for agricultural risk management in European agriculture. For academia, this publication brings together an interesting variety of quantitative and qualitative methods to understand and interpret risk management concepts in agriculture. For public and private stakeholders analyses and reflections can be used in debating the domain of policy reforms, risk exposure and risk management in European agriculture

Patents / Dominic Adair, Greg Bacon, and Vanessa Rieu -- Clinical trials / Helen Middleton -- Procedures for obtaining a marketing authorisation and legal bases for application / Maria Isbel Manley and Libby Amos -- Pricing, reimbursement, and health technology appraisals (market access) / Maria Isabel Manley and Maria Georgiou -- Paediatrics / Georgia Gavriilidou -- Orphan drugs / Maria Isabel Manley and Chris Boyle -- Biological medicinal products and biosimilars / Dev Kumar and Lauren Wilks -- Regulatory data protection / Maria Isabel Manley and Grant Strachan -- Supplementary protection certificates / Maria Isabel Manley and Marina Vickers -- Maximisation of regulatory IP rights / Maria Isabel Manley and Marina Vickers -- The interaction between intellectual property law and competition law / Pat Treacy -- Access to information / Vincenzo Salvatore -- Litigating decisions of regulatory authorities / Kelyn Bacon, QC and Hugo Leith -- Pharmacovigilance / Maria Isabel Manley abd Edward Bray -- Data protection / Hazel Grant -- The promotion of medicinal products in the EU / Maria Isabel Manley and Libby Amos -- Borderline products / Maria Isabel Manley and Joanna Hook -- Product liability : the UK perspective / Mark Brown -- Pharmaceutical licensing and collaboration agreements : key consideration from the licensee's perspective / Jerry Temko -- Trade mark protection and enforcement in the pharmaceutical field / Sally Dunstan

section 1. Framing actors in postnational rule-making : between doctrine and lexicon -- section 2. New institutional components and systems : establishing autonomy in postnational rule-making -- section 3. Interactions between actors in postnational rule-making : framing practices 'in the shadows' and beyond.

An authoritative account of the European Commission presidency and the political leadership performance of its incumbents throughout the process of the European integration.

AbstractThis article investigates the determinants of wage gaps between European Union countries along the wage distribution, applying the methodology proposed by Firpo, Fortin and Lemieux (2009) and Fortin, Lemieux and Firpo (2011). The authors conclude that both wage structure and composition effects contribute to explaining wage differentials, but that the wage structure effect is more important. This latter effect would appear to derive from differences between unknown factors, while the composition effect can largely be explained by differences in the following areas: education, proportion of workers with supervisory responsibilities, occupational structure, and, to a lesser extent, industrial structure.

Preliminary Material -- Introduction -- Background of the Paradox (Looking Inside the Paradox Box) – History, Procedure, Symbols and the Family -- The Margin of Appreciation in Strasbourg and Luxembourg -- Europe's Rich Diversity – 27 Different Countries on the Bench: How Differences Matter in the Decision Making -- Human Rights – Who Owns Human Rights in Europe? -- The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and Its Relationship with other European Human Rights Norms -- The Relationship between the Two European Courts and the Accession to the European Convention on Human Rights -- Conclusion -- Index.

This paper estimates the welfare and distributional impact of two types of welfare reform in the 15 (pre-enlargement) member countries of the European Union. The reforms are revenue neutral and financed by an overall and uniform increase in marginal tax rates on earnings. The first reform distributes the additional tax revenue uniformly to everybody (traditional welfare) while the second reform distributes tax proceeds uniformly to workers only (in-work benefit). We build a simple model of labor supply encompassing responses to taxes and transfers along both the intensive and extensive margin. We then use EUROMOD to describe current welfare and tax systems in European Union countries and use calibrated labor supply elasticities along the intensive and extensive margins to analyze the effects of the two welfare reforms. We quantify the equity-efficiency trade-off for a range of elasticity parameters. In most countries, because of large existing welfare programs with high phaseout rates, the uniform redistribution policy is undesirable unless the redistributive tastes of the government are extreme. The in-work benefit reform, on the other hand, is desirable in a very wide set of cases. We discuss the practical policy implications for European welfare policy.

Do fundamental rights impact our rights and obligations in our contractual relations, and to what extent? Having integrated the Charter of Fundamental Rights into the Treaties of Rome and Lisbon, this book examines the effect these rights have on the position of EU citizens generally and in various fields of law, including private law.

European Union energy policy is guided by three objectives: sustainability, security of supply and competitiveness. To meet its goals in these areas, the EU is updating its energy strategy with new targets for 2030. The starting point for this is the assessment of the previous EU climate and energy package, at the centre of which were the 20-20-20 targets for 2020. Although the EU is largely on track to meet these targets, EU energy policy is generally not perceived as a success. Recent events have undermined some of the assumptions on which the 2020 package was built, and the policies for achieving the 2020 targets - although at first sight effective - are far from efficient

The aim of this paper is to analyse socio-economic inequalities in the European Union and their influence on health care. The empirical analysis is based mainly on data from the European Community Household Panel which contains data homogeneous across European Union countries and make comparisons possible. In addition, the functional form of the relationship between income and health, considering the impact of socioeconomic status among individuals whose medical needs are similar, is studied.

Introduction -- Rights-based approaches : a framework for analysis -- The EU's development policy post-2020 : continuity or change? -- Rights-based vanguards? : paradoxes in the like-minded member-states' aid effectiveness policy -- The EU's human rights clause : 25 years of aid conditionality -- Rights-based approaches and vulnerable groups : the case of LGBTI human rights -- Norm collision in the EU's approach to Rwanda -- Conclusion : the EU's development policy in a shifting global order.