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Can war be justified? Pacifists answer that it cannot; they oppose war and advocate for nonviolent alternatives to war. But defenders of just war theory argue that in some circumstances, when the effectiveness of nonviolence is limited, wars can be justified. In this book, two philosophers debate this question, drawing on contemporary scholarship and new developments in thinking about pacifism and just war theory. Andrew Fiala defends the pacifist position, while Jennifer Kling defends just war traditions. Fiala argues that pacifism follows from the awful reality of war and the nonviolent goal of building a more just and peaceful world. Kling argues that war is sometimes justified when it is a last-ditch, necessary effort to defend people and their communities from utter destruction and death. Pulling from global traditions and histories, their debate will captivate anyone who has wondered or worried about the morality of political violence and military force. Topics discussed include ethical questions of self-defense and other-defense, the great analogy between individuals and states, evolving technologies and methods of warfighting, moral injury and post-traumatic stress disorder, broader political and communal issues, and the problem of regional security in a globalizing world. The authors consider cultural and religious issues as well as the fundamental question of moral obligation in a world saturated in military conflict. The book was written in the aftermath of the war on terrorism and includes reflection on lessons learned from the past decades of war, as well as hopes for the future in light of emerging threats in Europe and elsewhere. The book is organized in a user-friendly fashion. Each author presents a self-contained argument, which is followed by a series of responses, replies, and counter-arguments. Throughout, the authors model civil discourse by emphasizing points of agreement and remaining areas of disagreement. The book includes reader-friendly summaries, a glossary of key concepts, and suggestions for further study. All of this will help students and scholars follow the authors' dialogue so they may develop their own answer to the question of whether war can be justified. Key Features Summarizes the debate between pacifism and just war theory Considers historical and traditional sources as well as contemporary scholarship and applications Models philosophical dialogue and civil discourse, while seeking common ground Discusses issues of concern in contemporary warfighting and peacemaking, while offering an analysis of the war on terrorism

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- 1 An introduction to the behavioural economics of the environment -- I: Behavioral factors and environmental sustainability -- 2 A behavioral (economics) framework for sustainable transformation -- 3 Farmer heterogeneity and the greening of agriculture: The role of behavioural and financial-economic factors in explaining farming practices -- 4 How are social preferences of youth related to their motivations to invest in environmental conservation (local public goods)? -- 5 Why do fishermen comply with regulations? The role of preferences -- 6 Training, locus of control and sustainable land management in Upper West Ghana -- II: Experiments on behavioural economics and the environment -- 7 Why do outsiders make donations to public good providers? -- 8 The impact of participatory interventions on pro-social behaviour in environmental and natural resource management: Evidence from the lab and the field -- 9 Comparative feedback and fairness in promoting cooperation: Laboratory evidence from a common-pool resource experiment -- 10 The choice of institutions to promote cooperation in the lab -- 11 The announcement effect: Early warnings of future thresholds under different framing and risk contexts -- III: Nudges and environmental behaviour -- 12 On the use of behavioural instruments to affect individual waste production and disposal decisions -- 13 A critical assessment of the effectiveness of low-carbon nudges -- 14 When green nudges (don't) work -- IV: Unexpected shocks, environment, and behavioural consequences -- 15 A shock doctrine for the climate: Pro-environmental behavior following natural disasters -- 16 Spillover effects of natural disasters on human capital.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- Notes -- 2 Equality of Welfare: Theoretical Foundations -- Introduction -- The Birth of Welfare Economics -- The "Ordinalist Revolution" -- Pareto Optimality and Social Ordering -- Has the Ordinalist Revolution Run Its Course? -- Beyond the Efficiency-Equity Trade-Off? -- (Economists In) the Pursuit of Happiness -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 3 Equality of Welfare: Empirical Perspectives -- Measuring Inequalities: Methodological Overview -- Trends in the Distribution of Income and Wealth -- Piketty's Statistical Tour De Force -- Critical Assessments of Piketty's Analysis -- Inequalities in a Globalized World -- More Qualitative Dimensions of Welfare -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 4 Equality of Opportunity I: Classical Liberal Perspectives -- Ownership and Freedom -- Property Rights: Origins and Justifications -- The Natural Position On the Assignment of Property Rights -- Evolutionary Approaches -- Counterarguments and Refutations -- Proudhon -- Marx -- Are Property Rights Dispensable? -- The Use/Abuse of Property Rights -- Economic Liberty and Economic Development -- The Simpler Claim -- A Not-So-Simple Case -- Conclusion: Responsible Liberty -- Notes -- 5 Equality of Opportunity II: Egalitarian Perspectives -- Ideal Theories -- Rawls -- Dworkin -- Luck Egalitarianism -- Nonideal Approaches -- What's So Good About Egalitarianism? -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 6 Growth and (In)equality II: What to Do About Inequality? -- Sociopolitical Reforms: Variations On the Theme of Empowerment -- Education -- Minimum Wage -- "Predistribution": Asset-Based Approaches -- Land Ownership -- Codetermination -- Trade vs. Aid -- Reinventing the Welfare State: More Efficient Income Support and Fairer Taxation -- Tax Reform.

"The People's West Lake examines the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) efforts to reconfigure Hangzhou's urban space, alter the natural environment in West Lake (Xihu), and refashion the city's culture in post-1949 China. It pieces together five initiatives that took place in the West Lake region between the 1950s and the 1970s: the dredging of West Lake, the construction of the public park of Watching Fish at the Flower Harbor (Huagang guanyu), the afforestation movement, the development of collectivized pig farming around West Lake, and the two campaigns to remove lakeside tombs. These projects were intended to generate visible and tangible results--a lake with a good depth, a scenic public garden, greener hills surrounding the lake, a growing swine population and rising productivity of fertilizer, and a tourist site cleansed of burial grounds--while also being readily subject to the Party's propaganda. These initiatives were designed both to achieve economic, cultural, and ecological utilities and to forge and popularize a sense of socialist nationhood. The CCP's endeavor to fundamentally transform the West Lake area also opened up possibilities for both human and nonhuman actors to variously benefit from, get along with, and undermine the political authorities' planning. This book thus emphatically foregrounds and unifies the agency of both humans and nonhuman entities that are not necessarily tied to intentionality, bringing into question the legitimacy of the human/nonhuman binary. Author Qiliang He explores the agency of both humans and nonhumans (including water, microbes, aquatic plants, the park, pigs, trees, pests, and tombs) to affect, deflect, and undercut the CCP's sociopolitical programs, thereby diminishing the efficacy of state propaganda. Highlighting the nonpurposive agency of both actors problematizes the long-held resistance-accommodation paradigm, which presumes the resisters' a priori subjectivities independent of the socialist system, in studying the state-society relationship in the People's Republic of China. Using a project-based approach, The People's West Lake gives the nature-human relationship in Mao's China (best known as Mao's "war against nature") historical and cultural specificities to reexamine the PRC regime's central planning and the issues related to it"--

Part 1: Scientific Advances -- Chapter 1: The History of Computers and Personal Computers -- Chapter 2: History of the Internet, Search Engines, Emails, Word Processors, WiFi, and Texting -- Chapter 3: History of Smart Devices, Video Games and Video Communication, and Conferencing -- Part 2: History of Social Media -- Chapter 4: Beginning of Social Media's Launch -- Chapter 5: Meta, Twitter, Spotify, Instagram, Pinterest, Snap Chat and Tik Tok -- Part 3: Synopsis of Psychological Theories, with Behavioral Milestones and Factsheet as Support -- Chapter 6: Jean Piaget's Life and Stages of Cognitive Development -- Chapter 7: Erik Erickson's Life and Psychosocial Developmental Stages -- Chapter 8: CDC and Medline Milestones and APA Factsheet Guidelines -- Part 4: Developing a Framework and an Understanding of the Problem's in Today's World -- Chapter 9: Guidelines on When and How to Give Your Children Technology -- Chapter 10: Common Problems Prevalent in Today's Society -- Chapter 11: Conclusions and Thoughts.

"Statistical Power Analysis explains the key concepts in statistical power analysis and illustrates their application in both tests of traditional null hypotheses (that treatments or interventions have no effect in the population) and in tests of the minimum-effect hypotheses (that the population effects of treatments or interventions are so small that they can be safely treated as unimportant). It provides readers with the tools to understand and perform power analyses for virtually all the statistical methods used in the social and behavioral sciences"--

"Offering a vital, critical contribution to discussions on current perspectives, practices, and assumptions on Islamic Education, this book explores the topic through a wide range of diverse perspectives and experiences. This volume challenges current assumptions around what is known as Islamic education, and examines issues around educational leadership based on Islamic principles to confront xenophobia and Islamophobia in educational systems, policies and practices. Arguing for a new term to enter the discourse - 'Islamic-based' educational leadership - chapters approach the issue through critical reflexivity and diverse perspectives, addressing issues such as the higher education of immigrant students in the globe and the rising tensions in Muslim and non-Muslim populations. Exploring topics ranging from the leverage of leadership to religious education, this text brings together a wide range of case studies, experiences, and examinations to shed light to the different approaches of Islamic-based educational leadership, administration, and management. This book will support researchers, doctoral students, and scholars involved with multicultural education, school leadership and management studies, and education policy and politics more widely to explore new theories and practices that pave the way for future educational systems to meet faith-based demand in the school choice era"--

Introduction -- Contextual overview: why is capacity a problem -- Relationships of capacity building with SUMPS 2 -- Sumps implementation: designation of capacity gaps of local authorities in the delivery of smart and sustainable projects -- Emergent capacity needs -- Delivering capacity building in small to medium local authorities -- Introduction to capacity building toolset and SUITS capacity outputs.

PART 1. Introduction and methodology -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Scoping review regarding police decision-making: Methodological outline -- PART 2. Findings -- Chapter 3. Characteristics empirical research on police decision-making -- Chapter 4. Characteristics police officer -- Chapter 5. Characteristics civilians -- Chapter 6. Organizational characteristics -- Chapter 7. Situational characteristics -- Chapter 8. Neighborhood characteristics -- PART 3. Discussion and conclusions -- Chapter 9. Discussion and conclusions: Knowledge gaps and future research -- Appendices.

Intro -- Organization -- Preface -- Contents -- The Role of Music in Lifelong Learning -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Ageing Process: Challenges and Learning -- 3 The Role of Music in Human Development -- 4 Methodological Design -- 4.1 Methodology -- 5 Data Analysis -- 5.1 Sample Characterisation -- 5.2 Identification of Descriptive Aspects Related to Musical Practice -- 5.3 Identification of Motivations Associated with Musical Practice -- 5.4 Levels of Physical, Psychological and Socio-emotional Well-Being Provided by Musical Activity -- 5.5 Meaning of Music -- 5.6 Identification of Conceptions About Lifelong Learning -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Community Development-A Proposal for Action in a Village Context with Older People -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Space of Action of "Há Festa no Campo" (There Is a Party in the Countryside) -- 3 Concepts Framing the Intervention Model -- 3.1 Local Development and Community Action -- 3.2 Education for Development -- 3.3 Social and Solidarity Economy -- 4 A Proposal for Community Intervention-Intervention Model -- 4.1 Gathering Information and Presenting It to the Community -- 4.2 Mobilisation of People -- 4.3 Community Assembly/Participation -- 4.4 Capacity Building/Sharing/Organisation -- 4.5 Party and Celebration -- 4.6 Communication- "Jornal das Aldeias" and Attracting New Actors -- 4.7 Sustainability and Partnerships -- 5 Social Work in "Há Festa no Campo" -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Determinants of Future Housing Preferences of Portuguese Ageing Adults -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Framework -- 2.1 Ageing and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Portugal and a Region of the Interior -- 2.2 Ageing in Place -- 3 Research Context and Methodological Framework -- 3.1 Data Collection Instruments and Procedures -- 3.2 Statistical Analysis -- 4 Presentation of Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion.

Intro -- Contents -- Editor and Contributors -- The Introduction: Pandemic Preparedness and A-Platonic Policies for Transforming Africa's Agri-food Systems -- 1 Introduction and Background -- 1.1 The Book Roadmap -- References -- Technical Efficiency and Poultry Farming in Nigeria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Framework -- 2.1 Cobb-Douglas Production Function -- 2.2 Empirical Review -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 The Study Area -- 3.2 Population, Sampling Procedure, and Data Collection -- 3.3 Variable Specification/Model Specification -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion and Policy Implications -- References -- Economics of Sesame Marketing in Nigeria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 The Study Area -- 2.2 Population, Sampling Procedure, and Data Collection -- 3 Variable Specification/Model Specification -- 3.1 Binary Logistic Regression Mode -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Factors Influencing Market Participation of Sesame Farmers in Benue State, Nigeria -- 4.2 Constraints to Market Participation Faced by Sesame Producers -- 4.3 Marketing Margin (Market Conduct) -- 4.4 Marketing Efficiency (Market Performance) -- 4.5 Market Structure -- 5 Conclusion and Policy Implications -- References -- Analysis of Smallholder Maize Farmer's Technical Efficiency and Farm Management Practices in the West Region of Cameroon -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Framework -- 3 Empirical Literature -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Specification of the Technical Efficiency Model -- 6 Specification of Profitability -- 7 Results and Discussion -- 8 Profitability of Maize Producers -- 9 Farm Management Practices in the West Region of Cameroon -- 10 Conclusion and Policy Implications -- References -- Structure, Conduct, and Performance of Tomato Retailers in Abeokuta South, Ogun State, Nigeria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology.

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Forest Politics from Below and the Struggles Against "Destruction Through Extraction" -- Chapter 3. Social Movements in and for the Forests -- Chapter 4. Eco-Solidarism -- Chapter 5. Methods for the Analysis of Social Movements in and for the Forests -- Chapter 6. Forest Politics from Below in Europe -- Chapter 7. Forest Politics from Below in the Americas -- Chapter 8. Forest Politics from Below in Australasia -- Chapter 9. Conclusion.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Introduction -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- STI Diplomacy and Developing Countries: Current Issues and Challenges -- 1 Background -- 2 Relevance and Importance of STI Diplomacy -- 3 Leveraging International STI Cooperation -- 4 Needs and Challenges -- 5 Conclusions -- Reference -- Concepts, Global Initiatives and Opportunities -- Internationalization of Science and Diplomacy, Concepts and Practices: Lessons for Developing Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of Concepts and Practices of Internationalization of Science and Science Diplomacy -- 2.1 The Internationalization of Science and Scientific Collaboration -- 2.2 Science Diplomacy -- 2.3 A Particular Dimension of Science Studies: The Science of Science Diplomacy -- 2.4 Other Dimensions of Science Diplomacy -- 3 Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- International Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy: Global Initiatives -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Concept of STI Diplomacy -- 3 Practicing STI Diplomacy -- 3.1 Institutions and Initiatives -- 3.2 Large International Collaborative Science Projects -- 3.3 Regional and Multilateral Initiatives -- 3.4 Other International Initiatives -- 4 STI Diplomacy and Sustainable Development -- 4.1 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)-The Global Agenda -- 4.2 Global Actions for Sustainable Development -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy: Opportunities and Challenges at the Time of COVID-19 for Developing Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 International Cooperation in Global Health -- 3 Covid-19 and the Imposed Global Challenges -- 4 Iran's Measures in Facing Covid-19 Challenges -- 4.1 Non-pharmaceutical Measures -- 4.2 Vaccination -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- State of STI Diplomacy in Developing Countries.

Volume 24 of the Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is dedicated to investigating IHL's universalist claims from different perspectives and regarding different areas of IHL. While academic debates about "universalism versus particularism" have dominated much of the critical scholarship in international law over the past two decades, they remain relatively underexplored in the field of IHL. The current volume fills this gap in IHL literature by focusing on the ways in which different interpretive communities approach questions of IHL from differing perspectives. Authors were invited to use the concept of culture to deconstruct and take critical distance from the production, interpretation, and application of IHL, and those keen on challenging the idea that IHL needs critical deconstruction were also invited to argue their case. The Volume contains four articles dedicated to the subject of cultures of IHL. It also features a book symposium on Samuel Moyn's Humane: How The United States Abandoned Peace and Reinvented War (2021) and ends, as usual, with a Year in Review section. The Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law is a leading annual publication devoted to the study of international humanitarian law. The Yearbook has always strived to be at the forefront of the debate of pressing doctrinal questions of IHL and will continue to do so in the future. As this volume shows, it is also a forum for taking a step back and reflecting on the broader, theoretical issues that inform the practice and thinking about the field. The Yearbook provides an international forum for high-quality, peer-reviewed academic articles focusing on this crucial branch of international law. Distinguished by contemporary relevance, it bridges the gap between theory and practice and serves as a useful reference tool for scholars, practitioners, military personnel, civil servants, diplomats, human rights workers and students.