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ABSTRACT. This article critiques the 'cultural turn' in Italian Risorgimento historiography by examining Italian Switzerland, and specifically Ticino. This area paradoxically aided and abetted Italian patriots, especially Giuseppe Mazzini, yet rejected becoming part of the Italian national project. This paradox is heightened by the fact that the vast majority of the Italian nationalist literary canon, as identified by Alberto Maria Banti, was republished in Ticino. The paradox is explained in terms of the conflict between long‐standing traditions of local autonomy and the idea of any form of uniform or centralised control, as originally represented by the Cisalpine Republic and then by both versions (Napoleonic and Piedmontese) of the Kingdom of Italy. However, I also use Banti's cultural concepts to demonstrate the creation of a powerful counter‐myth of Italian Swiss nationalism in the character of William Tell.

Anniversaries and the Public Uses of the Risorgimento in Twentieth-Century Italy This article analyses three great anniversaries in twentieth-century Italian history: 1911 and 1961, the fiftieth anniversary and the centenary of unification, and 1932, the fiftieth anniversary of Garibaldi's death. During this half century, Italy experienced major changes, moving from a liberal monarchy to Fascist dictatorship and finally to a democratic republic. In each one of these moments, the relationship with the Risorgimento was an integral part of historical debate, political struggle and public memory. This relationship means that the anniversaries offer us a privileged perspective from which we can explore national myth, the process by which the public use of history can legitimate the present, the conflict over memories and national symbols, and the strategies and languages of patriotic pedagogy.

The claim to belong to the "Aryan race," believed to be rooted in the ancient self-designationariya, is a fundamental pillar of the Iranian nationalist discourse. This paper aims to show that in fact it is a twentieth-century import from Europe, where after being instrumentalized for colonial endeavors and Nazi atrocities, it has become almost completely discredited. Yet Iranians continue to nonchalantly refer to themselves as Aryans and the myth of the "land of Aryans" persists, even in academic circles. It will be argued that the reason for this resilience is the specific role Aryanism plays in Iranian identity politics, and the strategies designed to manage the trauma of the encounter with Europe."From father to father… Of the Aryan race…"Àriyàyi nezhàd(of the Aryan race), Pop song by Shakila & Shahryar, 20091

Due to the critical role of family caregivers in cancer pain management, this systematic review was undertaken to examine what is known about of their experiences and needs. Searches were conducted using electronic databases, and research reports from 1991 to 2007 were analyzed using a matrix method. Family caregivers were actively engaged in assisting with pain management and experienced significant needs and concerns related to this role. Myths and fears about opioid use remain widespread across cultures studied and across care settings. Family caregivers need education about pain management, training in problem-solving skills, and recognition from providers about their role in pain management. When clinicians better understand and respond to the needs of the family caregivers, they can enhance the quality of life and care outcomes for both patients and their caregivers.

International audience ; Dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle, les artistes français, contrairement à leurs homologues anglo-saxons, s'intéressent peu à la matière de Bretagne ; malgré leur attrait pour le Moyen Âge et l'art gothique , les chevaliers de la Table Ronde ne font pas battre leur cœur. Il faut attendre les années 1860 pour voir la figure de Merlin reprendre de l'importance dans la littérature française, et les années 1890 pour que des auteurs, dans la lignée wagnérienne, tentent de présenter à travers Arthur et ses chevaliers l'exemple d'une communauté idéale. Plusieurs éléments permettent d'expliquer ce retour au mythe arthurien ; la fin de siècle, qui voit l'ébranlement des structures traditionnelles, la montée de l'irréligion, l'avancée du capitalisme et l'expansion du démocratisme, génère un sentiment de crise qui peut se résumer ainsi : l'Occident est devenu la Terre Gaste des légendes arthuriennes.

International audience ; Dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle, les artistes français, contrairement à leurs homologues anglo-saxons, s'intéressent peu à la matière de Bretagne ; malgré leur attrait pour le Moyen Âge et l'art gothique , les chevaliers de la Table Ronde ne font pas battre leur cœur. Il faut attendre les années 1860 pour voir la figure de Merlin reprendre de l'importance dans la littérature française, et les années 1890 pour que des auteurs, dans la lignée wagnérienne, tentent de présenter à travers Arthur et ses chevaliers l'exemple d'une communauté idéale. Plusieurs éléments permettent d'expliquer ce retour au mythe arthurien ; la fin de siècle, qui voit l'ébranlement des structures traditionnelles, la montée de l'irréligion, l'avancée du capitalisme et l'expansion du démocratisme, génère un sentiment de crise qui peut se résumer ainsi : l'Occident est devenu la Terre Gaste des légendes arthuriennes.

Camillo Benso di Cavour steht beispielhaft für politische Führung im Sinne der parlamentarisch-liberalen Logik, die voller Widersprüche steckt, ständigen Veränderungen unterworfen ist und von starken Persönlichkeiten wie Giuseppe Garibaldi, Giuseppe Mazzini und König Vittorio Emanuele geprägt ist, mit denen sich Cavour permanent messen muss. Vor allem aber ist Cavour, als entschlossener Führer des Parlaments, aus dem er letztlich seine Kraft bezieht, ein überzeugter Liberaler. Otto von Bismarck-Schönhausen hingegen verkörpert das Prinzip monarchischer Autorität. Er lebt in ständiger konfliktreicher Spannung mit dem Parlament, instrumentalisiert demokratische Gepflogenheiten wie das allgemeine Wahlrecht und schreckt auch sonst vor keinem Mittel zurück, um die Abgeordneten in die Schranken zu weisen. Dabei kommt ihm zugute, dass er keine ebenbürtigen politischen Gegenspieler hat und dass er sich bei der Umsetzung seiner nationalen Pläne auf den leistungsfähigen militärischen Apparat der preußischen Armee stützen kann. Er ist ein Gegner des Parlaments, ein "weißer Revolutionär". Dennoch positionieren sich beide Staatsmänner gegenüber dem parlamentarischen Liberalismus und der öffentlichen Meinung in einer Weise, dass viele politische Beobachter von "diktatorischen" oder "cäsaristischen" Tendenzen sprechen. Liberalismus und Cäsarismus sind somit die Pole, innerhalb derer sich ihr Wirken und ihre Persönlichkeit entfalten. Diese Elemente bilden auch den Stoff, aus dem ihre Mythen geschaffen wurden: der Mythos Bismarcks vom bürgerlichen, aber volksnahen Junker und der bürgerliche Mythos Cavours vom moderaten Liberalen, der aber durchaus elitäre Anwandlungen hat. (ICF2)

Terrorism and Political Violence in Africa: Contemporary Trends in a Shifting Terrain / by James J.F. Forest and Jennifer Giroux Terrorism in Liberation Struggles: Interrogating the Engagement Tacticsof the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta / by Ibaba Samuel Ibaba 'Forcing the Horse to Drink or Making it Realise its Thirst'? - Understanding the Enactment of Anti-Terrorism Legislation (ATL) in Nigeria / by Isaac Terwase Sampson and Freedom C. Onuoha Opportunity Costs or Costly Opportunities? The Arab Spring, Osama Bin Laden, and Al-Qaeda's African Affiliates / by Alex S. Wilner Al-Qaeda's Influence in Sub-Saharan Africa: Myths, Realities and Possibilities / by James J.F. Forest From Theory to Practice: Exploring the Organised Crime-Terror Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa / by Annette Hübschle The Paradox of Terrorism, Armed Conflict and Natural Resources: An Analysis of Cabinda in Angoloa / by Victor Ojakorotu

Стаття присвячена розгляду в сучасній історіографії проблем історії етнографічних груп українців - бойків, лемків, гуцулів. Проаналізовано доробок окремих дослідників та етапи розвитку наукових студій. Вказано, що не зважаючи на існуючу наукову літературу, що обгрунтовано визначає статус вказаних етнографічних груп як складову українців, продовжують існувати міфи про окремий русинський етнос. Отже політичне русинство - проект організації сепаратистського руху. ; The article considers the problems of the history of ethnographical groups of Ukrainians - Boykos, Lemkos and Hutsuls in a modern historiography. Analyzed the scientific contribution of some scholars and development stages of research. It was pointed out that despite the existing scientific literature that reasonably defines the status of these ethnographic groups as a component of Ukrainians, myths about separate rusyn ethnos exist. Thus political rusynism is a project of the organization of separatist movement.

Intellectual disability was recognised in ancient Indian literature, but organised services have a history of just five decades. India shares many features of low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries regarding intellectual disability. There is a low level of awareness about its nature, causes and interventions. One can come across many superstitions, myths and misconceptions about intellectual disability. In general, services are inadequate, being concentrated in big cities and urban areas. There is generally limited access to support services and few government benefits, and these, in any case, are often of little value (World Health Organization, 2007). Locally and nationally, there are few relevant and reliable epidemiological data on the prevalence of intellectual disability. However, there have been some positive developments within the past three decades, and they are the focus of this paper.

AbstractMongolia is often depicted as a country of nomads roaming over unbounded land. This largely romantic projection essentialises Mongolia for both Western and domestic consumption. Serving the habit of outsiders to construct an imagined Other and the need of Mongolians for cultural demarcation, the Mongolian landscape and Mongolian herders have become a facade through which the portrayal of Mongolia as a 'nomadic nation' is widely constructed and perpetuated. This article problematises these essentialised projections of Mongolia and unbinds Mongolia from the reductive mould of a 'nomadic nation'. It further questions the very existence of 'unbounded land' and the notion of 'free-roaming nomads', both of which are intimately attached to the modern construction of Mongolian identity. It then seeks to explain the persistence of the nomadic myth despite its tenuous underpinnings.

Taking as a starting point one of the most relevant Romanian/Eastern European myths, Craftsman Manole, the article examines the female ideal set forth by Romanian filmography before and after 1989. During communism the female ideal had two variants: heroine worker and heroine mother. In the films produced after 1989, we identify a topic that, though not having changed its position within the structure of fantasy, has lost its grip on female desire and consent. The sacrifice performed by women now lacks its moral foundation and is portrayed as an action performed at the behest of a selfish, obscene patriarchal interest. The female sacrifice, performed without a moral justification, becomes a traumatic event. The female ideal after the revolution has two versions: the traditional role of the wife or daughter and the disaffiliated role of a prostitute.

This paper will argue that revisiting the ideas and practice of the twentieth-century German artist Joseph Beuys is germane to contemporary discussions of place and human ecology in anthropology. Through an exploration of work undertaken by the artist and a discussion of the influence of Goethe on his practice, it will explore the way in which Beuys' approach to art was informed by a set of methodologies which saw the inner life of the human being and the outer world with which she or he engages as profoundly linked in both physical and psychic terms. Beuys' work points, the author will suggest, to the potential for a myth of fieldwork and a communication of its results that places the anthropologist within a constantly changing world of matter that she or he shapes and transforms and is, in turn, transformed by.

ABSTRACTWidespread trade liberalization and economic integration characterize the current era of globalization. While this approach has resulted in significant job creation, improved living standards, and a wider variety of cheaper consumer goods and services, opponents question if globalization's benefits outweigh the dislocations and downsides that it causes. Protestors are intent on stalling or rolling back globalization's progression and our review of the history of globalization reveals that a backlash is not without precedent. The article carefully examines the myth and reality of these two opposing positions on four key areas of the globalization debate: jobs; inequality and poverty; national sovereignty and cultural diversity; and the natural environment. This information is then utilized to derive a broad set of feasible policy recommendations that could help bring about a more sustainable form of globalization.

Only in recent years have formal theories of immigrant and sojourner acculturation been developed. Could these theories be employed to study the acculturation of newcomers into the virtual cultures of massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs)? These gameworlds are inhabited by millions of people worldwide and have emerged as societies with their own cultural myths, schemata, argot, and communication practices. As such, new players may be viewed as sojourners who employ communication to acculturate themselves into the society of the gameworld, accommodate the cultural Others they encounter, and negotiate viable identities. After reviewing theories of cross-cultural adaptation—including Nishida's schema theory and Kim's integrative theory—and what they predict regarding the intercultural communication strategies of sojourners, this article shows how game studies research confirms that new MMOG players deploy communication in the predicted manner to achieve acculturation.