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On 29 July 2017, an international colloquium entitled 'Re-Imagining Curricula for a Just University in a Vibrant Democracy – Carrying the Conversation Forward' was held at the Faculty of Theology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. A wide range of scholars from African and non-African countries provided variegated perspectives on how tertiary theological and religious education could contribute positively to the development of contemporary societies – African and non-African. This article focuses on the colloquium's African contributors by means of the concept of ecodomy, envisaged as a constructive process. Whilst the attending academics came from Europe, the USA, South Africa and Ghana, this article takes into consideration only the contributions provided by African scholars. The purpose of this selection is to identify ecodomic or constructive ways to argue in favour of university education in the fields of theology and religion which share the potential to be applied across the whole African continent. Bearing in mind that Africa has been dealing with decolonisation awhile, these African contributions investigate issues such as contextualisation, science, practice, illumination and holism from the governing principle of decolonisation, which is also the overarching societal umbrella for academic development in Africa. This study concludes with an assessment and a proposal written from an exclusively South African vantage point which demonstrates the viability of tertiary theological and religious education for the ongoing ecodomic development of African societies. ; This research is part of the project, 'University, Education and Theology', directed by Prof. Dr Johan Buitendag, Department of Systematic and Historical Theology, Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Pretoria. ; http://www.hts.org.za ; am2020 ; Dogmatics and Christian Ethics

COVID-19 pandemic as non-nature disaster due to its impact on health, social, and economy as well, made the President attempted to treat them with public finance policy as implementation of his discretion authority in ruling the government during pandemic. This research was conducted by using empirical juridic approach, focused on analytical descriptive and the result was analyzed qualitatively. The result shows that Perpu No. 1 of 2020 that approved by The House later, represented is a constitutional discretion. In the operational aspect the Government published many regulations to follow up of Perppu Nomor 1 Tahun 2020 that used to resolve emergency condition due to COVID-19, therefore, government officers got immunity in implementing their duties based on goodwill and in accordance with regulations. Keywords: COVID-19, discretion, public finance AbstrakPandemi covid-19 yang berdampak pada bidang kesehatan, sosial, maupun ekonomi sebagai bencana non alam, membawa Presiden untuk melakukan upaya penanganannya dengan kebijakan keuangan negara, sebagai implementasi kewenangan diskresi dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analitis dan hasilnya dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menampakkan bahwa Perpu Nomor 1 Tahun 2020, yang kemudian disetujui DPR dan menjadi Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2020 merupakan diskresi konstitusional. Dalam tataran teknis operasional pemerintah juga mengeluarkan berbagai peraturan kebijakan sebagai tindak lanjut dari Perppu Nomor 1 Tahun 2020 yang digunakan sebagai upaya dalam menangani keadaan genting sebagai akibat pandemi covid-19, oleh karena itu pejabat pemerintahan mendapatkan imunitas dalam melaksanakan tugasnya jika didasarkan pada itikad baik dan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. Kata kunci: COVID-19, diskresi, keuangan negara

In order to reduce the large number of co-ownership in financial difficulty, since the 1990s there have been numerous measures to prevent these situations. Initially based on the possibility of avoiding the causes of the arrival of a financial difficulty, other recent schemes to identify and then accompany co-ownership with signs of fragility have emerged. The latter are efficient but this requires involvement on the part of the trustee and the union in their co-ownership. In parallel with the prevention measures, the need for a heavier system has led the legislator to build a framework consisting of providing assistance to failed co-ownership, depending on the level of their difficulty. These righting devices are efficient but must be used quickly to avoid reaching a stage of non-return. ; Afin de diminuer le nombre important de copropriété en difficulté financière, il est apparu depuis les années 1990 de nombreux dispositifs visant à prévenir ces situations. D'abord fondé sur la possibilité d'éviter les causes de l'arrivée d'une difficulté financière, d'autres dispositifs récents visant à identifier puis accompagner les copropriétés présentant des signes de fragilités ont vu le jour. Ces derniers sont efficaces mais cela nécessite une implication de la part du syndic et du syndicat dans leur copropriété. En parallèle des dispositifs de prévention, le besoin de dispositif plus lourd a conduit le législateur à édifier un cadre consistant à faire bénéficier les copropriétés défaillantes d'un accompagnement qui est fonction du niveau de leur difficulté. Ces dispositifs de redressement sont efficaces mais doivent être employé rapidement pour ne pas atteindre un stade de non retour.

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy and mental illness share similar problems in terms of stigma, as a result of centuries of superstition, ignorance and misbeliefs. Stigma leads not only to discrimination and civil and human rights violations but also to poor access to healthcare and non-adherence or decreased adherence to treatment, ultimately increasing morbidity and mortality. Despite continuous efforts in fighting stigma in these conditions, there is very limited knowledge on the phenomenon of double stigma, meaning the impact of having two stigmatised conditions at the same time. AIMS: To discuss double stigma in mental health with special reference to epilepsy. METHOD: Articles were identified through searches in PubMed up to 31 October 2019 using the search terms 'epilepsy', 'psychiatric disorders', 'stigma' and additional material was identified from the authors' own files and from chosen bibliographies. RESULTS: Double stigma is gaining attention for other stigmatised medical conditions, such as HIV, however, the literature on epilepsy is almost non-existent and this is quite astonishing given that one in three people with epilepsy have a lifetime diagnosis of a psychiatric condition. Felt (perceived) stigma and psychiatric disorders, particularly depression, create a vicious circle in epilepsy maintaining both, as depression correlates with stigma and vice versa as well as epilepsy and depression serving as bidirectional risk factors. This phenomenon has no geographical and economic boundaries as similar data have been reported for low-income and high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Governments and policymakers as well as health services, patients' organisations, families and the general public need to be aware of the phenomenon of double stigma in order to develop campaigns and interventions tailored for these patients.

The aim of this study is to examine the perspectives of stakeholder on the adoption of public-private partnership (PPP) policies on the provision of education services and challenges to their implementation. This study used a qualitative approach, and in-depth interview techniques were conducted on 8 (eight) informants selected purposively, including the Regional Secretary of the City of Tasikmalaya, the Head of the Tasikmalaya City Education Office, the Principal, Private Companies, Non-Government Organizations, and School Committees, who have a direct or indirect role with PPP policy. The results of this study indicate that stakeholder perception is still very limited regarding the concept of PPP and the absence of regulation regarding PPP is an inhibiting factor. The findings in this study are political commitment is the key for providing education services. The aim of this study is to examine the perspectives of stakeholder on the adoption of public-private partnership (PPP) policies on the provision of education services and challenges to their implementation. This study used a qualitative approach, and in-depth interview techniques were conducted on 8 (eight) informants selected purposively, including the Regional Secretary of the City of Tasikmalaya, the Head of the Tasikmalaya City Education Office, the Principal, Private Companies, Non-Government Organizations, and School Committees, who have a direct or indirect role with PPP policy. The results of this study indicate that stakeholder perception is still very limited regarding the concept of PPP and the absence of regulation regarding PPP is an inhibiting factor. The findings in this study are political commitment is the key for providing education services.

Government agencies are the order established in no-smoking areas but no-smoking areas are still difficult to realize because there are still many employees in government agencies who smoke. The implementation of no-smoking areas in the workplace is expected to have a positive effect to change smoking behavior, such as reducing smoking during working hours, smoking in special places and efforts to stop smoking. The study aims to analyze the factors associated with employee smoking behavior in non-smoking areas at UPT Health Training North Sumatera Provincial Health Office in 2020. The research uses mixed methods with combination of models or sequential explanatory design methods. The population is all 42 male employees. Quantitative sampling techniques uses total sampling methods and qualitative using purposive sampling method. Quantitative data analysis with univariate analysis, bivariate with chi square and multivariate and qualitative using the interview method. The results of quantitative study that there is a relationship between knowledge of the regulations on non-smoking areas (0,002), knowledge about the dangers of cigarettes (0,001), signs of smoking (0,001), supporting facilities and infrastructure (0,000), superiors' support (0,001), application of sanctions (0,000) ), the socialization of No-Smoking Areas (0.002) with smoking behavior of employees in no-smoking areas at UPT Health Training North Sumatera Provincial Health Office. And the conclusions of qualitative research that causes employees to smoke in areas without cigarettes is the lack knowledge of the employee about areas without cigarettes. It is recommended for employees to increase their knowledge about the dangers of cigarette content and knowledge of the No Smoking Area regulations.

Das Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit ist aufzuzeigen, wie die massive Überwachung , wie sie von Edward Snowden augenscheinlich gemacht wurde, einen irreversiblen Einfluss auf die Grundrechte der Bürger, das Recht auf Privatssphäre, die Nicht-Diskriminierung und das Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung nimmt sowie das Recht auf Datenschutz verletzt. Zahlreiche Organe der Gemeinschaft —nationale und internationale— haben Ihrer Befürchtung und Ihrer Missbilligung gegenüber dem Modell Ausdruck verliehen, das die weltweit führenden Politiker der Nationen zur Wahl stellen: Freiheit oder Sicherheit. Überwachung kann zugestanden werden, jedoch nur, wenn gleichzeitig internationale Standards der Menschenrechte eingehalten werden, die verhindern, dass die fundamentalen Menschenrechte, die uns zustehen, eingeschränkt werden. ; The purpose of this piece of work is to show how the massive surveillance shown by Edward Snowden has a non reversible impact on basic rights of citizens, how it violates the principle of privacy, the right to non discrimination, the right to freedom of expression as well as the right to data protection. A number of EU and international bodies have shown their concern and disagreement on the pattern presented by international leaders to choose between freedom or safety. Surveillance is ok, but only in compliance with international standards of those human rights which prevent our basic rights from lessening. ; El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es mostrar cómo la vigilancia masiva evidenciada por Edward Snowden tiene un impacto irreversible sobre los derechos fundamentales de los ciudadanos, viola el derecho a la privacidad, el derecho a la no discriminación, el derecho a la libertad de expresión y el derecho a la protección de datos. Numerosos organismos comunitarios e internacionales han expresado su preocupación y desacuerdo con el modelo que plantean los líderes mundiales de escoger entre libertad o seguridad. La vigilancia puede admitirse, pero solo cuando cumpla los estándares internacionales de derechos humanos que impiden el menoscabo de los derechos fundamentales que nos corresponden.

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the difference in budgeted own-source revenues and social expenditures between districts headed by incumbent candidates and non-incumbent candidates in the Indonesian head of district elections in 2015. The difference between both budgets indicates the use of public money by incumbent candidates to win the election. Methodology: This study focuses on local governments/districts in Indonesia. Using the Slovin formula, 226 observations were analysed. The sample was classified into two groups, namely 75 districts with incumbent candidates (or 66.4%) and 38 districts with non-incumbent candidates (or 33.6%). Data was compiled from the official district's budget for 2014 and 2015 (the election year) and analysed using pair t-test and independent t-test. Main Findings: This study revealed that in the budgets of incumbent candidates, own-source revenue and grant expenditures are statistically higher in the election year as compared to the pre-election year, except for the social aid fund. Additionally, local owned revenues, grant and social aid expenditures in the budgets of districts with incumbents were statistically higher than districts where there were no incumbent candidates in the general election. Applications of this study: The results of this study confirm a strong indication of the public money used by incumbent candidates for their political interest. Thus, the regulation of local government budgets, especially in the election year should be amended and tightened up. Novelty/Originality of this study: Studies on how public money is exploited by incumbent candidates are still scanty, especially in developing countries where a direct vote election system is adopted.

After almost 20 years from the first Berlin Declaration, the end of 2018 saw a new impulse in open access to publications (and not only) with the launch of Plan S by the Coalition S and with the announcement of the launch of "European Open Science Cloud". The two events are part of a new scenario that sees, in particular, publishers strongly urged by academic and government institutions to take the definitive step towards a true Open Science. After the transition from paper to electronic, everyone is called to a new challenge: to find one (or more) economically sustainable models that are no longer based on the subscription model but on that of publications. In this highly unstable phase, we speak generically of "transformative agreements". Some characteristics and problems are here analyzed. ; Dopo quasi 20 anni dalla prima Dichiarazione di Berlino la fine del 2018 ha visto un nuovo impulso dell'accesso aperto alle pubblicazioni (e non solo) con il lancio di Plan S da parte della Coalition S e con l'annuncio dell'avvio dell'European Open Science Cloud.I due eventi si sono inseriti all'interno di un nuovo scenario che vede, in particolare, gli editori fortemente sollecitati da parte delle istituzioni accademiche e governitive a compiere il definitivo passo verso una scienza realmente aperta.Dopo il passaggio dal cartaceo all'elettronico, tutti sono chiamati ad una nuova sfida: trovare uno (o più) modelli economicamente sostenibili che si basino non più sul modello delle sottoscrizioni ma su quello delle pubblicazioni. In questa fase, altamente instabile, si parla genericamente di "modelli trasformativi". Ne vengono in questa sede analizzate alcune caratteristiche e problematiche.

Introduction: Stress fracture of neck of femur is known to occur in athletes and soldiers. From treatment perspective, this is still an unsolved fracture. The purpose of this study is to critically analyse the functional outcome of surgical treatment of stress fracture of neck of femur in military recruits performed by the same surgical team. Methods: This is a retrospective study of surgically treated femoral neck stress fracture from 1st December 2012 to 1st December 2013. All fractures were fixed with three 6.5 mm cancellous lag screws with washers. For failure of primary fixation or non-union, osteosynthesis with fibular strut graft was performed. Patients were evaluated at six weeks, 12 weeks, six months, 12 months and then yearly for three years. Functional outcome was evaluated by using Harris Hip Score at six months and at final follow-up. The outcome was followed up for six years up to Dec 2019. Results: There were eight males and one female patient. Mean age of patient was 20.7 years (Range, 19-23 years). Average follow-up period was 67.6 months (range 6-81). Lag screw fixation was done in five cases after closed reduction and in four cases after open reduction. Osteosynthesis with fibular graft was done in two cases. In six cases, fracture united at a mean duration of 9.8 months (Range 6-20). In three cases there was non-union of the fracture with added infection in one case. Avascular necrosis of femoral head developed in two cases. Conclusions: Successful surgical treatment of stress fracture of neck of femur requires anatomical reduction and stable interfragmentary compression with lag screws.

Perkembangan pertumbuhan sistem ekonomi syariah, menuntut terhadap adanya penyesuaian-penyesuaian aturan hukum yang diberlakukan, khususnya terkait dengan penyelesaian sengketa yang terjadi. Baik secara litigasi maupun secara non litigasi. Termasuk bagian upaya penyelesaian ekonomi syariah, adalah melalui badan arbitrase syariah. Namun dalam perspektif yuridis, aturan mengenai kewenangan memberikan putusan eksekusi dan pembatalan terhadap putusan arbitrase syariah masih terjadi dualisme antara Peradilan Umum dan Peradilan Agama. Hal ini mencerminkan adanya ketidakpastian hukum dalam masalah tersebut. Melalui penelitian hukum normatif atau penelitian hukum doktrinal ini, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan jawaban-jawaban yang benar dengan melakukan pembuktian kebenaran yang dicari dari preskripsi-preskipsi hukum yang tertulis dalam kitab Undang-Undang serta sumber hukum lainnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan historis (historical approach). Penelitian ini difokuskan untuk mengkaji penerapan kaidah-kaidah atau norma norma dalam hukum positif tentang kepastian hukum pelaksanaan eksekusi dan pembatalan putusan arbitrase syariah, khususnya pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 93/PUU-X/2012. Pertentangan norma hukum tentang kewenangan pelaksanaan eksekusi dan pembatalan putusan arbitrase tersebut, meskipun secara yuridis terdapat pertentangan, namun Mahkamah Agung telah melakukan langkah politik hukum untuk menyelesaikan dualisme kewenangan tersebut yang dapat menyelesaikan dalam jangka waktu pendek. Namun untuk penyelesaian jangka panjang, perlu adanya pembenahan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada, guna menjamin kepastian hukum bagi para pencari keadilan.The development of the growth Islamic economic system requires the adjustments to the rule of law applied, particularly related to the settlements of disputes that occur, both litigation and non-litigation. One of the parts of efforts to solve sharia economics is through Islamic ...

This paper deal with Role of Local Government in the protection of environment The local Government is a type of democratic decentralization where the cooperation of even the grass root level of the society is ensured during administration In the recent years local government and non-government organisations has been a subject of extraordinary arrangement of social research and assessment with regards to improvement being looked through a procedure of decentralization of political power at the grass root level. After the enactment of 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution it appropriate to deliberate on the barriers and the way forward in shaping up effective environmental governance at the local level involving the Panchayat Raj Institutions. The Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act 1993, was passed and established a three tier elected structure- Zilla Panchayat (district level) Taluka Panchayat (block level) and Gram Panchayat (village level) Among the 29 subjects mentioned in the Eleventh Schedule, land improvement, land consolidation, soil conservation, water management, social forestry, minor forest produce, non-conventional energy sources, sanitation, and maintenance of assets, are subjects related to environmental management. Among different levels of environmental administration, the most effective is the local level for efficient management and utilization of natural resources. After the enactment of 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution it appropriate to deliberate on the barriers and the way forward in shaping up effective environmental governance at the local level involving the Panchayat Raj Institutions. This research paper has been made in a analytical and descriptive method by analysing secondary data.

Un recente volume prende in considerazione il tema del finanziamento pubblico delle attività relative al patrimonio culturale e passa in rassegna i diversi cespiti che potrebbero alimentarlo. Tra questi appare molto sviluppato il tema delle concessioni d'uso. In queste pagine si discute criticamente la differenza sostanziale tra l'uso di cose e spazi del patrimonio e le riproduzioni delle immagini del patrimonio stesso. Poiché le immagini sono un bene immateriale e il loro uso è di natura non rivale, si sostiene la necessità di una loro piena liberalizzazione anche per usi commerciali. Si sostiene inoltre la inopportunità di qualsiasi forma di controllo sugli usi delle immagini stesse, poiché la dignità del patrimonio culturale è argomento che riguarda la società nel suo complesso e non la pubblica amministrazione, che deve invece garantire la salvaguardia fisica del patrimonio. A recent volume takes into consideration the issue of public funding of cultural heritage activities and reviews the various assets that could feed it. Among these, the issue of user concessions appears to be highly developed. In this paper the substantial difference between the use of heritage objects and spaces and the reproductions of the images of the heritage itself are critically discussed. Since images are an intangible asset and their use is of an unrivaled nature, the need for their full liberalization for commercial uses is also supported. The inopportunity of any form of control over the uses of the images is also argued, since the dignity of cultural heritage is a matter that concerns society as a whole and not the public administration, which must instead guarantee the physical safeguard of the heritage.

This article attempts to shed light on the challenges confronting relevant actors (state and non-state) in countering the threat of terrorism recruitment by focusing on the Boko Haram terrorist organization, whose presence and activities threaten the security of the Lake Chad region. The article uses a qualitative research technique combining key informant interviews with stakeholders familiar with the conflict, academic and non-academic documents, reports, and policy briefs. The findings of the article suggest that despite the various initiatives by stakeholders aimed at containing the strategies of recruitment, the group continues to expand its base by launching coordinated attacks that further destabilize the region. These challenges stem from a lack of a clear-cut counterterrorism strategy, a dearth in technological and mutual trust between actors and locals in the management and utilization of intelligence, and the inability of state institutions to &lsquo ; coerce and convince&rsquo ; citizens in terms of its capacity to counter the danger of terrorism recruitment and expansion. The article, amongst other things, recommends a community policing model similar to the &lsquo ; Nyumba-Kumi security initiative&rsquo ; adopted by most countries in East Africa for the effective assessment and detection of threat forces ; the state and its agencies should show the capacity to coerce and convince in dealing with the (ideological, religious, social, and economic) conditions, drivers, and factors promoting the spread of terrorism as well as other forms of violent extremism in the society ; furthermore, there is a need for stakeholders to adopt a comprehensive and holistic counterterrorism/violent extremism strategy to reflect present-day security challenges as well as to guarantee sustainable peace.

Carbon lock-in hampers the realisation of sustainable energy systems. It occurs when carbon-intensive technologies, markets and institutions co-evolve and become wedded to historical trajectories despite environmentally superior technologies being available. Multiple material and non-material causes are discussed in literature on socio-technical or energy transitions and carbon lock-in. However, these are yet to be synthesised into a comprehensive framework to guide the empirical identification of lock-in factors. Also, empirical understanding into how various causes of lock-in can interact is limited. To deepen understanding into the various types of socio-technical lock-in affecting energy transitions, we develop an encompassing analytical framework accounting for material, human, non-material and exogenous factors. In addition to carbon lock-in and path dependency, we synthesise diverse literature encompassing sustainability transitions, energy policy, innovation and firm management, economics and political economy. The resultant framework provides a finer-grained and more comprehensive understanding of lock-in than previous studies. Using Japan as a case study, we then apply this framework with two questions in mind: (i) What factors are contributing to the perpetuation of coal power in Japan? and ii) What opportunities emerge to overcome these? The empirical analysis is informed by triangulated data involving 46 semi-structured interviews and diverse documents. Our findings reveal a wide array of interacting factors that contribute to the perpetuation of coal-power in Japan and several emerging opportunities to tackle these. They also demonstrate our framework's utility as a heuristic that scholars could apply to other cases to increase empirical understanding into the multiple causes of socio-technical lock-in.