Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Family agricultures and agrobusiness are two agricultural systems which one regularly opposes as for their respective capacities to ensure the food safety of the African populations. They appear not easily reconcilable in particular as for the specific land policies which are associated for them. In fact, whereas UNO proclaimed the 2014 "International Year of Family Agricultures", the peasants remain confronted with a land competition which condemns them to survive on insufficient surfaces to ensure the viability of the exploitations; this whereas the agro-business seems to make reinforced great strides and to spend on increasing land surfaces. The denounced effects of land attributions on a large scale and the urgency to guarantee the food supply of the populations cause the promotion of alternative systems of production (revival of the contract farming, development of short circuits), but the security of the access to land conditions partially the capacities of family agricultures to contribute to the security of the food circuits of supply. Still is necessary it to question as for the definition even land security and with the methods of its implementation. In addition the security of land is certainly necessary but it is not undoubtedly sufficient to cause the expected development process of the family exploitations. ; Agricultures familiales et agrobusiness sont deux systèmes agricoles que l'on oppose régulièrement quant à leurs capacités respectives à assurer la sécurité alimentaire des populations africaines. Ils apparaissent difficilement conciliables en particulier quant aux politiques foncières spécifiques qui leur sont associées. De fait, alors que l'ONU a proclamé 2014 « l'Année Internationale des Agricultures Familiales », les paysans restent confrontés à une compétition foncière qui les condamne à survivre sur des surfaces insuffisantes à assurer la viabilité des exploitations ; ceci alors que l'agrobusiness semble connaître un essor renforcé et s'approprier des surfaces ...

AbstractThis paper analyzes the effects of skilled immigration on the wage inequality between different education groups and the welfare of the incumbent population. I use a heterogenous agent overlapping generations model with endogenous discrete college education choice and calibrate it to match the features of 1981 Canadian economy. My quantitative analysis suggests that reducing the skilled immigration rate generates a rise in the growth rate of the wage inequality between college‐educated and non‐college workers. As skilled immigrants are admitted at a lower rate, more natives opt for college education in the economy. My welfare analysis shows that the incumbent young and college‐educated population benefits more from a reduction in the skilled immigration rate. On the other hand, young generations with below college education face welfare losses. My results suggest that skilled immigration contributes positively to the overall welfare in the economy.

Abstract ContextManaging small, isolated populations requires conservation practitioners to weigh up the risks of inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression when assessing alternative management actions aimed at preventing species extinction. Accordingly, it is important that research intended to guide these management decisions provides the relevant evidence to inform them. AimsTo determine the extent to which studies that use genetic analyses to characterise population units for conservation consider the key theoretical concepts necessary for making sound management recommendations regarding the desirability of gene flow among units, notably the consequences and relative risks of inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression. MethodsA systematic search was conducted of peer-reviewed literature for studies that attempted to identify population units of threatened birds and mammals. Using content analysis, the theoretical framing of these studies was assessed, based on the discussion of key concepts concerning differences among populations. Key resultsThere has been a significant increase over time in the number of published studies that use genetics to identify population units for conservation. Many do not consider theoretical concepts relevant to the effective management of fragmented populations of threatened species. Mammals were more common than birds as focal species of studies, but the number of concepts used in the framing of the studies was similar for these two taxa, despite differences in their ecology and biology that might be expected to affect perceptions of distinctiveness. Nevertheless, species of greater conservation concern tended to have a slightly more comprehensive theoretical framing. ConclusionsThere is great potential for more studies to implement theoretical guidelines and practical decision support tools when considering the best course of action for identifying appropriate population units for conservation management. ImplicationsThe gap in the identified literature is likely to be impacting the ability of conservation practitioners to make evidence-informed decisions about how to manage the genetic health of threatened species; it would be valuable to improve this situation.

Climate change and urban development threaten health, undermine coping and deepen existing social and environmental inequities. A changing global environment requires transformative social responses: new partnerships, deep engagement with local communities, and innovations to strengthen individual and collective assets. The chapters of this proposed edited volume will be contributed mainly by established and emerging scholars from individuals, representing social work, sociology, development studies, law, government, social anthropology, urbanism, The chapters of this proposed edited volume will be contributed mainly by established and emerging scholars from individuals representing social work, sociology, development studies, public policy, and other social sciences This book is to be used for academics, policy makers, social work students, lecturers and other stakeholders to promote advocacy for vulnerable client groups affected by Climate Change. It gives some measure of hope and make the invisible visible to change.