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Neoliberalism, through a push to alter the nature of the state and of humanity, has led to a world in which knowledge has also be redefined. The push to marketize everything that is quintessential to neoliberal ideals has directly included the world of higher education. This effect is seen on the different levels of the state and the individuals that occupy it, as well as the institutions of higher education, have all been reshaped to economic models and thought. The direct effects of this are seen through an analysis of how women's studies have been impacted in both higher education and in the world thought the social movements that come about from the studies themselves, as well as a greater analysis of the social sciences and the heightened importance of the study of economics. This is further extrapolated though the impact on democracy that the marketization of higher education has had. Arguments in favor of globalization are presented to fully understand the conversation around neoliberalism, but are rejected. This paper closes with the potentials for reversals of the current system and structure, and what they could mean for the future of higher education. This seeks to fill in observed gaps in the current political science literature, through combining of previously researched information, as a means of expanding the current knowledge of neoliberalism and its impacts on the world. Through an analysis of how the marketization of higher education as become prevalent, this paper argues that knowledge itself has changed fundamentally.

AbstractRisky energy technologies are often controversial and debates around them are polarized; in such debates public acceptability is key. Research on public acceptability has emphasized the importance of intrapersonal factors but has largely neglected the influence of interpersonal factors. In an online survey (N = 948) with a representative sample of the United Kingdom, we therefore integrate interpersonal factors (i.e., social influence as measured by social networks) with two risky energy technologies that differ in familiarity (nuclear power vs. shale gas) to examine how these factors explain risk and benefit perceptions and public acceptability. Findings show that benefit perceptions are key in explaining acceptability judgments. However, risk perceptions are more important when people are less familiar with the energy technology. Social network factors affect perceived risks and benefits associated with risky energy technology, hereby indirectly helping to form one's acceptability judgment toward the technology. This effect seems to be present regardless of the perceived familiarity with the energy technology. By integrating interpersonal with intrapersonal factors in an explanatory model, we show how the current "risk–benefit acceptability" model used in risk research can be further developed to advance the current understanding of acceptability formation.

Objectives: Stunting remains a prevalent issue in Tanzania. The consequences of stunting include reduced height, greater susceptibility to disease, and diminished cognitive ability throughout the lifespan. Lack of psychosocial stimulation is associated with increased stunting, particularly in terms of its cognitive impact. The Addressing Stunting in Tanzania Early (ASTUTE) program was a large social and behavior change communication (SBCC) intervention that aimed to reduce childhood stunting in the region by targeting early childhood development (ECD) behaviors. The purpose of this study is to report on the extent to which exposure to ASTUTE might be related to ECD behaviors. Methods: ASTUTE disseminated program messages via a mass media campaign and interpersonal communication (IPC). Logistic regression models were used to explore the relationship between exposure to TV, radio, IPC messages, and key ECD behaviors of female primary caregivers and male heads of household. Results: Among primary caregivers, IPC was positively associated with all ECD behaviors measured. Radio was associated with all behaviors except drawing with their child. TV was associated with all behaviors except playing with their child. Among heads of household, only the radio was positively associated with the ECD behaviors measured. Conclusions for practice: Findings indicate that SBCC interventions that include mass media and IPC components may be effective at promoting parental engagement in ECD behaviors. Significance: We know that ECD is important for a child's development. We know that parents play a critical role in promoting ECD behaviors. We are still exploring ways to influence parents so that they are more involved in ECD behaviors. The results presented here provide evidence for successful mass media and IPC efforts to improve parents' ECD behaviors. We hope this study will add more evidence for large interventions such as these to the literature, and we are very hopeful that governments and large international NGOs will prioritize SBCC approaches in the future, especially in locations where face-to-face interventions may be challenging.

Road accidents are still a major cause of death in many countries worldwide. There have been many efforts trying to understand the cause of road accidents hence, preventing them from happening. This research is a continuation of the efforts in progress. The research proposes a novel and interdisciplinary model for understanding and assessing road user behavior as explained by road user attitudes, perceptions and knowledge. A tool is developed to test the model and Egyptian roads were used as a case study. A sample of 600 road users is attempted and a response rate of 83% is obtained. The tool is concluded to be both reliable and valid, and the model is finalized with knowledge and attitudes as drivers to road user perceptions and perceptions as a driver to road user behavior. The model is also used to assess the road user behavior on 6 roads in Egypt, the least effective roads are revealed and managerial implications are suggested. The output of the research is used to develop a package proposing significant actions required from different governmental institutions. Building on previous efforts as well as the model proposed, the application of the package in the case of Egypt would allow for changes in knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of road users. These changes would eventually lead to change in road user behavior. The process described in this research is generic and would be beneficial and applicable on a wide range. ; Verkehrsunfälle sind immer noch eine der Haupttodesursachen in vielen Ländern weltweit. Es hat viele Bemühungen gegeben, die Ursache von Verkehrsunfällen zu verstehen und somit zu verhindern, dass sie passieren. Diese Forschung ist eine Fortführung der laufenden Bemühungen. Die Forschung schlägt ein neuartiges und interdisziplinäres Modell vor zum Verständnis und zur Bewertung des Verhaltens von Verkehrsteilnehmern, wie es sich aus Einstellungen, Wahrnehmungen und Wissen. Ein Werkzeug wird entwickelt, um das Modell zu testen und ägyptische Straßen wurden als Fallstudie verwendet. Mit ...

I studied the disability wage gap by examining how participants' hiring decisions changed with varying levels of justification and with the educational attainment of candidates with and without disabilities. The justification-suppression model demonstrates how expressed prejudice increases as justification increases. Participants (N = 77) were randomly assigned to read fictitious hiring materials for either a disabled or nondisabled (control) candidate. I further manipulated the level of justification present (i.e., the level of accommodation requested) and the educational level of the candidate. Participants reported the salary and position they would give to the applicant, their perceptions of the candidate, and their levels of suppression of prejudice toward disabled persons. Results demonstrated that disabled candidates with lower education received a wage advantage over nondisabled candidates with similar levels of education, perhaps suggesting a bend-over-backwards or sympathy effect. However, disabled candidates were perceived more negatively than nondisabled candidates, perhaps as a result of their defiance of stereotypical perceptions of disabled people as incompetent as posited by the stereotype content model. Inconsistent with the justification-suppression model of prejudice, suppression and justification were not significantly associated with any form of employment discrimination. Overall results indicate that disability has an effect on both participants' perceptions of the candidates and their salaries. These findings may inform future research to explore effective legislative and educational approaches to eliminate disability-based employment discrimination.

When immediate self-interests conflict with the long-term collective performance of a large group of decision-makers, it is often necessary to somehow influence individual decisions to achieve sustainable outcomes that are beneficial for both individuals and the collective. This research uses game theory to develop novel and robust mechanisms that aid long-term performance in these complex situations. Based on economic and behavioral studies, a novel class of decision-making strategies is formulated that shows how rational selfish decisions can be moderated by social influence to achieve sustainable outcomes that preserve publicly available goods in the absence of external governing. Moreover, a theory is developed that characterizes the level of strategic influence or control that a player can unilaterally exert in the eventual outcome of a repeated social dilemma game with discounted payoffs. The effect of "farsightedness" or "patience" is characterized that provides novel insight into the minimum expected number of interactions that a strategic player requires to achieve a desired relative performance in a large group of individuals with arbitrary decision-making strategies. The success of these manipulative strategies is also characterized from an evolutionary perspective by studying the evolutionary stability of generosity and extortion in a finite population. Finally a general framework is developed through which the complex interactions among strategic decision making, strategic influence, and uncertainty about the valuation of the future are studied. It is shown how decisions-making strategies must be adjusted to the level of uncertainty in future events to successfully exert strategic influence in an uncertain future.

"Macroeconomic Analysis in the Classical Tradition explains how the influence of Keynes's macroeconomics, including his changed definitions of some key macroeconomic concepts, has impeded many analysts' ability to readily resolve disputes in modern macroeconomics. Expanding on his earlier work - Macroeconomics without the Errors of Keynes (2019) - the author delves into more aspects of macroeconomic theory and argues for a revision of Keynes's contribution to the field. Attention is given to theories and concepts such as Say's Law, the quantity theory of money, the liquidity trap, the permanent income hypothesis, 100% money, and the Phillips curve analysis. The chapters work to build a careful critique of Keynes's economics and make the case that the classical macroeconomics of Smith, Say, Ricardo, Mill and others could help resolve present-day policy disagreements and redefine macroeconomic priorities. This book provides essential reading for advanced students and scholars with an interest in the foundations of Keynes's theories and current debates within macroeconomic policy. James C. W. Ahiakpor is Emeritus Professor of Economics at California State University East Bay, Hayward, USA."