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Corporations are under increasing pressure to play more than their traditional role of creating value for shareholders. However, managers are still struggling with how to systematically assess the value of corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts. In this article we suggest two reasons for their difficulty. First, they have not considered how to think strategically about maximizing the value of CSR investments. That is, they have not assessed how they can utilize scarce resources available to the firm to maximize the shared value generated. This requires considering which stakeholders should be considered in the estimation of shared value and estimating the costs and benefits to the stakeholders of initiatives being considered. Second, while there has been some effort at developing measurement protocols to measure shared value, the existing methods are limited because they either don't jointly consider the costs and benefits and/or don't adequately consider the strategic issues identified above in the calculations. These two factors inhibit managers' ability to think strategically and track the results of corporate social initiatives. With this in mind, we propose an externalities‐based methodology integrating insights from stakeholder and resource‐based views of the firm to sharpen their strategic thinking about potential CSR investments and the measuring of shared value. An example is provided to illustrate the insights that our approach can bring to managers interested in maximizing the shared value of CSR initiatives. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article draws on work in the social construction of race and ethnicity to explain why racial/ethnic divisions are so often axes of domination and why these divisions are central to social movements. Racial/ethnic groups are constructed in political processes that are intertwined with state formation and social movements. Processes of state formation and collective action create racial/ethnic groups, define majorities and minorities, and create racial/ethnic structures of domination. Physical and social segregation in tandem with intergenerational inheritance creates network cliquing that reinforces group boundaries, group differences, and group interests. Movements by members of dominant racial/ethnic majorities differ from movements by members of subordinate racial/ethnic minorities in key ways, including access to democratic processes for achieving group goals, experience of repression, need for allies, identity construction, processes of consciousness raising, and bases of mobilization. These "ethnic dimensions" matter for all social movements.

Many military veterans and service members do not like to use currently available social media channels to stay in touch with other vets they have served with. A social network exclusively for military veterans could help them stay in touch with those they have served with to discuss and help each other on various issues. In this social network, they could form groups, chat, send mail messages, highlight places where they have been deployed to, post pictures and videos of their experiences, and even rate their experiences. They could use all the features available in a typical social media group on this website. This social media group, in addition to being available on a webpage, could be integrated into their smart phone applications. Through this, the veterans could share their experiences, form a support system, and keep sensitive information to themselves.

Many military veterans and service members do not like to use currently available social media channels to stay in touch with other vets they have served with. A social network exclusively for military veterans could help them stay in touch with those they have served with to discuss and help each other on various issues. In this social network, they could form groups, chat, send mail messages, highlight places where they have been deployed to, post pictures and videos of their experiences, and even rate their experiences. They could use all the features available in a typical social media group on this website. This social media group, in addition to being available on a webpage, could be integrated into their smart phone applications. Through this, the veterans could share their experiences, form a support system, and keep sensitive information to themselves.

The political system and social mobility
Daniel Boy
The analysis of the political consequences of social mobility gave rise as early as thé 19th century to a current of theoretical reflection which has had a considerable influence on early empirical research in this field, which began during the 1950s. Authors such as Lipset and Bendix consider that the currents of social mobility tend in the main to defuse the social and political demands of the working class, and thereby strengthen the existing political System. Analysis of the findings arrived at by these authors, supplemented by later research, shows that these initial conclusions may be seriously doubted. By constructing a plausible political reproduction model and varying the mobility flows, it is apparent that political equilibrium is affected less by the degres of mobiliiy within a society than by the movements that affect its overall social structure.

We can consider values as culturally objectified, abstract ideas of phenomena. Such ideas are of lasting significance to the satisfaction of needs of political subjects. These ideas are a subjective reflection of the objective needs of social subjects; they express the subject's attitude toward its own needs. Therefore, it seems right to call values ideas of needs. All values, whether they are ideas (models) of activities, or ideas of social relations, or abstract ideas, or specific objects which are needs in themselves, are according to this approach, ideas of needs. The last are ideas of needs in the strictest sense of the word. Therefore, they may be called primary values, for they serve an essential motivating function. The remaining types of ideas (of activities, of the desired type of social relations, and so on) also result from a recognition of certain needs (Karwat, 198). From Almond and Verba's pioneering study in the early 1960s to Inglehart's work into the 1990s, the theory and methodology of this set of approaches to social culture study have served to emphasize certain aspects of social actuality and to obscure others, generating partial (in both senses) explanation that is, at best, only weakly circumstantial, and, at worst, contrived. The purpose is to summarize and analyze the features of social culture study that have left it so vulnerable to criticism - and indeed, that have led numerous social scientists to rebuff the concept outright. Here I present, initially, a debate of practical problems, and then a debate on the conjectural problems of social culture approaches.

We investigate the implementation of a government of India mandate that requires firms to spend at least 2% of their profits on corporate social responsibility (CSR). We find that mandated firms that voluntarily engaged in CSR before the mandate reduce their CSR spending significantly after the mandate. The erstwhile voluntary CSR spenders increase advertising expenditure plausibly to offset the lost signaling value of voluntary CSR. The 2% mandate negatively impacts valuations and operating performance. Our results show that regulatory intervention in CSR diminishes its signaling value and leads to a reduction in voluntary CSR spending

This book explores emergent intimate practices in social media cultures. It examines new digital intimacies as they are constituted, lived, and commodified via social media platforms. The study of social media practices has come to offer unique insights into questions about what happens to power dynamics when intimate practices are made public, about intimacy as public and political, and as defined by cultural politics and pedagogies, institutions, technologies, and geographies. This book forges new pathways in the scholarship of digital cultures by fusing queer and feminist accounts of intimate publics with critical scholarship on digital identities and everyday social media practices. The collection brings together a diverse range of carefully selected, cutting-edge case studies and groundbreaking theoretical work on topics such as selfies, oversharing, hook-up apps, sexting, Gamergate, death and grief online, and transnational family life.--

In this book, David E. Brandt examines the legal, psychological, and cultural issues relevant to understanding antisocial behavior in adolescence. Based on his own research and a broad analysis of recent work in the field, Brandt identifies the factors that are common in cases of delinquency.The discussion considers the long-term effects of social issues such as poverty as well as psychological issues such as the high levels of stress and anxiety suffered during childhood by many delinquents. He shows how a failure to meet the developmental needs of children—at both the family level and at a broader social and political level—is at the core of the problem of juvenile delinquency. Brandt concludes with an inquiry into how best to prevent delinquency. Programs that address the developmental needs of children, Brandt argues, are more effective than policing, juvenile courts, or incarceration