Agriculture in developing countries faces major economic, institutional, environmental challenges. Prioritized investments in different areas are required to face these challenges. The analysis of the investment and policy required to achieve food security targets in Indonesia is the subject of this report. The analysis projected different key indicators under different agricultural scenarios and analyzed their impacts. By evaluating the economy-wide impacts of the alternative agricultural scenarios, the study prioritized the need of investment in different agricultural subsectors.
Typhoons, pests and other natural calamities cause the country, particularly the agricultural sector, significant damages. For instance, Typhoons Yolanda (Haiyan) and Ompong (Mangkhut) have caused PHP 35 billion and PHP 27 billion worth of agricultural damages, respectively, based on estimates by the Department of Agriculture. Given that a third of the country's workforce depend on the agriculture sector, it is crucial that efforts are undertaken towards mitigation of the effects of these shocks and risks. One of these efforts is agricultural insurance as provided for by the Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation (PCIC). Using information from the PCIC, key informant interviews and focus group discussions with agricultural producers, and findings from earlier studies on agricultural insurance, this study examines the constraints in, opportunities, and efforts for achieving impact and inclusion of agricultural insurance programs in the Philippines.
Singapore's present status of importing over 90 per cent of its domestic food consumption needs is a result of the city-state's deliberate industrialisation policy to transform from third world to first over the past decades, reducing the farmlands for food production from about 15,000 hectares in the 1960s to about 600 hectares today to make room for higher value-adding industries. However, during the March 2019 Parliament Debate, Minister Masagos Zuklifli of the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources (MEWR) had aptly observed that "climate change brings new existential threats." The Singapore Food Agency's website notes the risk that Singapore may not have stable food imports from its food sources. Challenges (droughts, storms, pests and diseases, and climate change) faced by food producing countries could quickly spill-over to importing countries when they put their own domestic food security interests first. This makes food security a transboundary issue, which is beyond the state's direct control. To guard against these threats, Singapore is now aspiring to increase its food self-sufficiency from less than 10 per cent today to 30 per cent by 2030, also known as the "30-by-30" target. Given the high opportunity cost of land, the direction Minister Masagos proposed is to follow the water sector's example whereby self-sufficiency and economic goals are achieved conjointly. Singapore's "Water Story" is about its use of new technologies such as desalination and water recycling to contribute to its 70 per cent water self-sufficiency, while also creating approximately 14,400 jobs and contributing SGD 2.5 billion to GDP.
Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia together produce about 70 percent of the world's natural rubber (NR). Recently, the market for NR has been in a state of excess supply. This is because production in Cambodia, Myanmar and Viet Nam has been increasing and, after 2011, demand for NR in China has been subdued. The price has suffered a continual decline since 2011, while NR stocks in Thailand have been increasing. In order to stabilise the production environment of NR in Thailand and other Asian countries, it has become important to improve the production and distribution environment so that farmers can tolerate competitive and changing circumstances . We study the types of support for farmers that would be effective against price volatility of NR. NR is used to make medical gloves as well as tires for vehicles and aircraft. The Thai government is also considering making use of NR in new applications, such as road paving and sports tracks . This study also looks in to the possibility of increasing demand for NR through widening its various uses. This research investigates various structural issues of the Thai NR industry, from the supply/demand structure to the distribution structure and also evaluates past and present policies in order to develop policy recommendations for structural reforms aimed at raising the competitiveness of NR and mitigating the impact of price fluctuations on farmers.
DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH NEWS is a quarterly publication of the PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (PIDS). It highlights the findings and recommendations of PIDS research projects and important policy issues discussed during PIDS seminars. PIDS is a nonstock, nonprofit government research institution engaged in long-term, policy-oriented research. This publication is part of the Institute's program to disseminate information to promote the use of research findings. The views and opinions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute.
This paper looks at the existing credit programs for smallholders including agrarian reform beneficiaries (ARBs). It also assesses the Agrarian Production Credit Program, which is a program being implemented in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture and the Land Bank of the Philippines for ARBs using agrarian reform beneficiary organizations as retailers. Moreover, the study determines specific gaps and issues related to meeting the credit needs of smallholders and identifies possible strategic interventions by both government and private sector that can enhance access of smallholders to financial services.
Introduction. Nowadays, in relation to the marked increase in the proportion of citizens of senior working age in the total Russian population, it is necessary to create the conditions for the development of human and educational potential in order to maintain social activity of senior people for as long as possible and successfully continue their professional activities.The aims of the present research are the following: to understand and promote foreign and Russian practices of education of people of pre-retirement and retirement age; to study readiness of senior citizens for training and further employment.Methodology and research methods. At the theoretical stage of the survey, an analytical review of scientific and regulatory sources was carried out. A questionnaire survey was organised in order to collect empirical data. 418 people (males and females) aged 50 to 72, who have different social statuses, education levels and incomes, took part in the survey.Results and scientific novelty. Comparative theoretical analysis of Russian and foreign solutions to the problems under discussion has shown that in Russia there is a legislative framework for managing the development of educational potential of senior citizens. However, unlike most developed countries, Russia does not have practical experience in the implementation of training of senior citizens. The factors, which have a positive impact on the employment of older generations, are identified: in addition to material interest, they include a high level of qualification, rare skills, and a desire to maintain good health, independence and self-respect. The surveys have demonstrated that many senior people, especially university diploma holders, entrepreneurs and self-employed, quite highly appreciate their professional qualities, abilities, merits and reputation. Senior people would like their experience, wealth of knowledge and skills to be in demand; they believe that they could perform social roles and functions such as a mentor or consultant in the professional sphere, an adviser in the authorities, an independent expert, etc. However, negative stereotypes regarding senior workers in the society – as they tend to have poor health, they are passive, helpless, ineffective, conservative, poorly trained, etc. – become a source of discrimination in the labour market. The interviewees disagreed with the characteristics attributed to them. The greatest objections were judgments that senior people were the brake of innovation (71.6%) and incapable of learning (77.1%). The respondents approved the planned measures to provide them with opportunities for additional education and more than half of respondents demonstrated readiness to receive education in various forms: at universities for people of the third aged, in retraining institutions, in courses of advanced training, etc. At the same time, in Russia, adequate organisational, socio-psychological, pedagogical and other conditions for the education of citizens of this age category have not been created yet.Practical significance. The research findings, the results of surveys and the conclusions drawn could contribute to the justification of new directions of state education policy in order to improve its effectiveness for people of senior generations. ; Введение. В связи с заметным увеличением в общей численности российского населения удельного веса граждан старшего трудоспособного возраста требуется создание условий, обеспечивающих развитие их человеческого и образовательного потенциала, с тем чтобы люди могли максимально долго сохранять социальную активность и успешно продолжать свою профессиональную деятельность.Цели проведенного авторами статьи исследования состояли в осмыслении и обобщении зарубежных и российской практик образования лиц предпенсионного и пенсионного возраста и в изучении их готовности к обучению и дальнейшей трудовой занятости.Методология и методы. На теоретическом этапе изыскания производился аналитический обзор научных и нормативно-правовых источников по заявленной теме. Для сбора эмпирических данных был организован анкетный опрос, в котором приняли участие 418 человек обоих полов в возрасте от 50 до 72 лет, с разными социальными статусами, уровнями образования и доходов. Результаты и научная новизна. Сравнительный анализ отечественных и зарубежных вариантов решения обсуждаемых проблем показал, что в Российской Федерации к настоящему времени сложилась законодательная база для управления развитием образовательного потенциала пожилых граждан. Однако система их массового обучения и переобучения в России, в отличие от развитых стран, пока не сложилась и подобная практика мало распространена. Выявлены факторы, положительно влияющие на трудовую занятость представителей старших поколений: кроме материальной заинтересованности, к ним относятся высокий уровень квалификации, редкие умения, желание сохранить хорошее самочувствие, независимость и самоуважение. Опросы продемонстрировали, что многие пожилые люди, прежде всего обладатели вузовских дипломов, предприниматели и самозанятые, достаточно высоко оценивают свои профессиональные качества, способности, заслуги и репутацию. Они хотели бы, чтобы накопленный ими опыт, багаж знаний, мастерство и наработки были востребованы, в том числе через выполнение таких социальных ролей и функций, как наставник или консультант в профессиональной сфере, советник в органах власти, независимый эксперт и т. п. Но сложившиеся в обществе негативные стереотипные представления о возрастных работниках: якобы они, как правило, имеют слабое здоровье, пассивны, беспомощны, неэффективны, консервативны, плохо обучаемы и т. п. – становятся источником их дискриминации на рынке труда. Опрошенные выразили несогласие с приписываемыми им характеристиками. Наибольшие возражения вызвали суждения о том, что пожилые люди являются тормозом инноваций (71,6%) и неспособны к обучению (77,1%). Респонденты одобрили планируемые меры по предоставлению им возможностей дополнительного образования и более половины проявили готовность получать его в разных формах: в «университетах третьего возраста», институтах переподготовки кадров, на курсах повышения квалификации и пр. Вместе с тем в стране еще не созданы должные организационные, социально-психологические, педагогические и иные условия для обучения граждан данной возрастной категории. Практическая значимость. Материалы исследования, результаты опросов и сделанные с опорой на них выводы могут внести свою лепту в обоснование новых направлений государственной образовательной политики для повышения ее эффективности в отношении людей старших поколений. ; The authors express their gratitude to the management of the Institute of Public Administration and Entrepreneurship of the Ural Federal University for supporting the grant "Mechanisms of Public Management of Human Capital Development of Senior Citizens", which was performed within the framework of this research. Also, the authors thank the reviewers, whose valuable comments significantly improved the quality of the present article. ; Авторы благодарят руководство Института государственного управления и предпринимательства Уральского федерального университета за поддержку гранта «Механизмы публичного управления развитием человеческого капитала граждан пожилого возраста», в рамках которого выполнено данное исследование, а также выражают признательность рецензентам, чьи замечания помогли значительно повысить качество текста статьи.
Similarities and differences in the submicron atmospheric aerosol chemical composition are analyzed from a unique set of measurements performed at 21 sites across Europe for at least one year. These sites are located between 35 and 62°N and 10° W – 26°E, and represent various types of settings (remote, coastal, rural, industrial, urban). Measurements were all carried out on-line with a 30-min time resolution using mass spectroscopy based instruments known as Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitors (ACSM) and Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (AMS) and following common measurement guidelines. Data regarding organics, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium concentrations, as well as the sum of them called non-refractory submicron aerosol mass concentration ([NR-PM1]) are discussed. NR-PM1 concentrations generally increase from remote to urban sites. They are mostly larger in the mid-latitude band than in southern and northern Europe. On average, organics account for the major part (36–64%) of NR-PM1 followed by sulfate (12–44%) and nitrate (6–35%). The annual mean chemical composition of NR-PM1 at rural (or regional background) sites and urban background sites are very similar. Considering rural and regional background sites only, nitrate contribution is higher and sulfate contribution is lower in mid-latitude Europe compared to northern and southern Europe. Large seasonal variations in concentrations (μg/m³) of one or more components of NR-PM1 can be observed at all sites, as well as in the chemical composition of NR-PM1 (%) at most sites. Significant diel cycles in the contribution to [NR-PM1] of organics, sulfate, and nitrate can be observed at a majority of sites both in winter and summer. Early morning minima in organics in concomitance with maxima in nitrate are common features at regional and urban background sites. Daily variations are much smaller at a number of coastal and rural sites. Looking at NR-PM1 chemical composition as a function of NR-PM1 mass concentration reveals that although organics account for the major fraction of NR-PM1 at all concentration levels at most sites, nitrate contribution generally increases with NR-PM1 mass concentration and predominates when NR-PM1 mass concentrations exceed 40 μg/m³ at half of the sites. ; This study was partially supported by the European Union's projects ACTRIS (EU FP7-262254) and ACTRIS-2 (EU Horizon 2020–654109). COST Action CA16109 COLOSSAL, Chemical On-Line cOmpoSition and Source Apportionment of fine aerosoL, is acknowledged. The ACSM observations at Birkenes was funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment Strategic Institute Program. IDAEA-CSIC (3 datasets: BCN, MSA, MSY) was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER funds under the PRISMA project (CGL 2012-39623-C02-1). The London measurements were supported by the UK National Research Council through the ClearfLo project and a PhD studentship (grant refs. NE/H008136/1 and NE/I528142/1) and the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). ECPL personel, namely Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Aikaterini Bougiatioti and Iasonas Stavroulas acknowledge support by the project "Panhellenic infrastructure for atmospheric composition and climate change, PANACEA" (MIS 5021516) which is implemented under the Action "Reinforcement of the Research and Innovation Infrastructure", funded by the Operational Programme" Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation" (NSRF 2014–2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund). IMT Lille Douai acknowledges financial support from the CaPPA (Chemical and Physical Properties of the Atmosphere) project funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR) through the PIA (Programme d'Investissement d'Avenir) under contract ANR-11-LABX-0005-01, and two CPER projects funded by the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, the CNRS, the Regional Council "Hauts-de-France" and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF): Climibio, and IRENI (additionally financed by the Communauté Urbaine de Dunkerque). S. Zhang thanks IMT Lille Douai and the Regional Council "Hauts-de-France" for her PhD grant. Prague co-authors would like to acknowledge a Czech MEYS's project under INTER-EXCELENCE INTERCOST program under grant agreement LTC18068 and from European Regional Development Fund-Project under the grant ACTRIS-CZ RI (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315). EPA Ireland, Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment (DCCAE) and the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) project BACCHUS under grant agreement n_603445 are acknowledged for research support at Mace Head. The physical measurements were also funded by the German Ultrafine Aerosol Network GUAN, which was jointly established with help of the German Federal Environment Ministry (BMU) grants F&E 370343200 (German title: "Erfassung der Zahl feiner und ultrafeiner Partikel in der Auβenluft"), 2008–2010, and F&E 371143232 (German title: "Trendanalysen gesundheitsgefährdender Fein-und Ultrafeinstaubfraktionen unter Nutzung der im German Ultrafine Aerosol Network (GUAN) ermittelten Immissionsdaten durch Fortführung und Interpretation der Messreihen") 2012–2014. We also acknowledge the WCCAP (World Calibration Center for Aerosol Physics) as part of the WMO-GAW program. The WCCAP is base-funded by the German Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Germany. Support by the European Regional Development Funds (EFRE – Europe funds Saxony) is gratefully acknowledged. Atmospheric measurements performed in Corsica is part of the ChArMEx project supported by CNRS-INSU, ADEME, Météo-France and CEA in the framework of the multidisciplinary programme MISTRALS (Mediterranean Integrated Studies aT Regional And Local Scales; http://mistrals-home.org/, last access: June 10, 2020). Final data processing of these measurements has been supported by the EMME-CARE (Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East Climate and Atmosphere Research Center) which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 856612 and the Cyprus Government. The measurements in Switzerland were supported by the Federal Office for the Environment. We thank the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG) for the opportunity to perform experiments on the Jungfraujoch. ; Peer reviewed
The pandemic that transformed our lives in 2020 brought important reflections on way of seeing the world demanding new skills and behaviors to interact in an environment so common to innovation - virtual environment. In innovation processes, digital transformation that modifies, alters and creates ways of doing things, declares itself and presents itself as facilitating vehicle, also of interpersonal relationships, requiring us to learn to relate in different ways through digital world, using creativity to overcome social, institutional, political, religious, economic obstacles, among others.In science, researchers strive to understand or explain some transformational impacts and seek a perfect adaptation for transferring and exploitation of appropriate knowledge for each eminent need. However, we are still halfway there.Some relevant topics in academia also explored by IJI - International Journal Innovation, such as, innovative entrepreneurship, innovation and learning, innovation and sustainability, internationalization of innovation, innovation systems and digital transformation are now undergoing a new sieve, a new look at understanding of disruptive effects inherent to this theme on transformation and knowledge. A new window has opened in digital age, provided by new world context.In the past, a commonly observed resistance to including innovation in daily processes, and not only in organizational sphere, are now mandatory and our survival in society depends on them. So, what do we see? We can simply call it transformation, but if we broaden a perspective of events in the year 2020, we risk saying that we do live a cotransformation, that is, a rhythmic and continuous, joint and effective learning in creation of value in all global social spheres. It is no longer about transforming a process or creating a system to achieve desired performance, it is about integrating collective, learning by sharing, changing to be able to transform and, all of this, through an increasingly disruptive world.We highlight Moreira, Teixeira and Locatelli (2020) about influences of motivational goals, confirming Schwartz's (2005) theory that groups differ significantly in relative importance they attach to their values, that is, individuals and groups have priorities or axiological hierarchies different from values (Calvosa, Serra, Almeida, 2011). This understanding must support our challenges regarding how to address a co-transformation and transmission of knowledge to future generations, prioritizing care for preservation of our planet, human relations, adaptation of knowledge to current realities and, above all, ability to innovate at any time.As presented by Falaster et al. (2020) it is not for us to assign a mathematical value to life and health or to guide our research by addressing political agendas, nor to distort theory, method and argumentation to suit any situation. What should motivate us, especially in scientific research, is the understanding and strategic responses in times of crisis: our adaptation and compliance, stress with its effects on decision-making on acquisition of knowledge to co-transform and innovate. For this reason, we emphasize that we are in the middle of road because there are still notorious forces that demand permanence of more stable and static social models. Innovation takes on another level. With its disruptive character, it will continue to build future scenarios in improving performance of society's demands (Pol Ville, 2009) through process of cotransformation emphasized here.Efforts and studies aimed at innovation point to relationship networks as important channels for increasing efficiency (Pio, 2020). This is one of evidence regarding the need for a rhythmic and continuous, joint, and effective interconnection for cotransformation. We are not only pointing to innovation as a support for cotransformation, but as something inevitable in practical life of future generations.We must advance how to promote improvements that bring productivity and effectiveness to social relationships through innovation. This will facilitate our insertion in this "new normal" presented in almost all groups of society. We already know that we need to change at a fast pace, but we often get lost in timing of things, that is, the right time for change. Therefore, we must learn to work among diversity, producing new values that take our society to a new level of civility. And all of this translates into different ways of knowing and learning, transmitting, and assimilating, stretching, and making flexible.In fact, it is necessary to identify elements that determine existence of more dynamic capacities, such as, for example, set of behaviors, skills, routines, processes and mechanisms of learning and knowledge governance aimed at cotransformation. Articulation of these elements can result in varying degrees of innovation and dynamism and can manifest themselves in a more intense or more traditional way, where virtual can be more consolidated. Anyway, this is just an indication that, in a cotransformation model, all indicators are reflective (Meirelles Camargo, 2014).Innovations can lead us to co-transformation, reconfiguring activities requiring a greater evolutionary flow of existing capacities and requiring new experiences and management of these more dynamic capacities. Therefore, research must change its perspectives by establishing links between these capacities, to identify and react to innovations that are a contemporary landmark in recent history.The extent of cotransformation depends on some factors, such as perceived environmental pressure (Helfat et al., 2007) and adaptability (Madjdi Hüsig, 2011) that vary in degree, from small adaptations to major revisions or even a reconfiguration (O'Reilly Tushman, 2008). Generally, we know they are interconnected components that specify how we can survive all dynamism and disruption that exists in the world.In this context, the most important thing is not to know what will be the results of what you want, but to intensely take advantage of construction path of what you can have with appropriate use of capabilities to co-transform and innovate.We hope that in this editorial we have promoted important reflections on understanding of cotransformation, inspiring our readers about new knowledge and expanding a debate for better direction of academic and business society. The role of knowledge and transformation awakens a world of possibilities to be explored, which is why we are still halfway there.
A aparência é uma instância política, uma vez que a representação coletiva é uma possibilidade de emancipação da comunidade, dos "povos" (Didi-Huberman, 2012) e um mecanismo de constituição de memória cultural. A possibilidade de aparência, que também participa da história coletiva é uma relação de poder em si mesma. Na cultura digital, a aparência global banalizou-se, mas também foi dissolvida sob um regime tecnológico digital de produção visual, de "imagem de massa" (Cubitt, 2016). A imaterialidade, a obsolescência programada, as versões de software disponibilizado e a dependência para produzir e criar visualidades sob a influência de regimes corporativos globais, que organizam sistemas e tecnologias, tornam esta afirmação paradoxal e problemática para uma constituição coletiva dessas representações, correndo o risco de mercantilizar a memória. Apesar disso, tem havido uma ligação entre técnicas culturais e memória, onde a "ideologia californiana" (Barbrook, 1999) organiza a cultura digital, num equilíbrio entre uma "cultura participativa" e um "empreendedorismo neoliberal". No entanto, nunca uma quantidade tão grande de imagens foi produzida e partilhada. Hito Steyerl define estas imagens digitais como "imagens pobres" ou, como defendido neste trabalho, imagens precárias, ao criar uma correspondência entre o atual regime político de trabalho com uma produção visual digital, numa perspectiva não profissional. Mas em momentos de protesto, estas "imagens pobres", reconhecidas como desvalorizadas, comunicam e criar memória e história, emancipando a noção de vídeo "vernacular" como parte da acção política (Snowdon, 2014). Foram momentos como os movimentos sociais de 2011, como as "Arab Springs", "Movimento 12M","Madrid 15M" e "Occupy Wall Street", em que as "redes de indignação e esperança"(Castells, 2012) se formaram e surgiram globalmente, num espaço público híbrido de contestação, que estas imagens podem ser novamente convocadas. Conforme analisado, na paisagem visual do Youtube.com, onde "a cultura participativa continua a ser o seu principal negócio" (Burgess e Green, 2009), estas imagens fazem parte do fluxo dos protestos e a sua recuperação constitui um ato de "reaparecimento". Este reaparecimento é pensado aqui em diferentes gestos, respectivamente, como constituição de um corpus de vídeos de protesto, alinhados pela metáfora das imagens-pirilampos (Didi-Huber man, 2009), em tempos digitais, transportadas para o continente visual do Youtube.com. Também como parte de uma investigação prática, foi desenvolvido um protótipo de um documentário interativo, como um filme plataforma, organizado em torno da representação de uma "articulação do protesto" (Steyerl, 2002) onde as contribuições se organizam, entre linhas temporais individuais e coletivas. Como num editor de vídeo, é proposta uma mesa de montagem como experiência participativa, utilizando os materiais dos protestos. Este estudo propõe experimentar práticas artísticas como num "laboratório crítico" (Hirschhorn, 2013) com um efeito de "coletivos encontrados" presente no arquivo (Baron, 2013) que se constituem neste artefacto multimédia, interativo enquanto hipótese de persistência na memória coletiva, ou retrato coletivo de aparência política, a partir de momentos de protesto de movimentos sociais como os de 2011. Produzir uma intervenção activista e estética, uma intervenção artivista, como "forma de arte" política do século XXI (Weibel, 2014). ; Appearance is a political instance, as collective representation is a possibility to an emancipation of communities, of the "peuples" (Didi-Huberman, 2012), and a mechanism of constitution of cultural memory. The possibility of appearance that also participates in the history of collectives is a power relation in itself. In digital culture, global appearance seems to have exploded, but it has also been dissolved under a digital technological regime of "mass image"(Cubitt, 2016) visual production. Immateriality, programmed obsolescence, pervasive software and a dependence to produce and visualize under global corporations regimes, that organize systems and technologies, make this affirmation paradoxical and problematic to a collective constitution of these representations with a risk of commodifying memory. Despite this, there has been a connection between cultural techniques and memory, that under the "Californian Ideology" (Barbrook, 1999) digital culture is organized as a balance between "participatory culture" and "neoliberal entrepreneurship". However, never such a quantity of images have been produced and shared. Hito Steyerl defines these as "poor images" or as stated here, defined as precarious images, making a correspondence between present political regimes of labour with visual and cultural production digitally produced, as non professional video. But in moments of uprisings, these poor images, commonly recognized as devalued, served to communicate and create memory and History, emancipating "vernacular" videos as part of the political actors (Snowdon, 2014) Such were moments as 2011 social movements, like "Arab Springs", "Moviment12M", "Madrid15M" and "Occupy Wall Street", when "networks of outrage and hope" (Manuel Castells, 2012) stepped out globally, in an hybrid public space of insurrection. As analyzed in visual landscapes of Youtube.com where "participatory culture is its core business" (Burgess and Green, 2009), these images were part of the uprisings flow, and their retrieval constitutes an act of "reappearance". This reappearance is oriented here in different gestures, respectively as a constitution of a corpus of protest videos, aligned through the metaphor of fireflies-images (Didi-Huberman, 2009) in digital times, transported to Youtube.com visual continents. Also, as part of a practice based research, a prototype of an interactive documentary, as a platform film, has been developed, aligned with a representation of an "articulation of protest"(Hito Steyerl, 2002) where, as an editing table, between individual and collective timelines, a participatory interactive experience is proposed, using remnant materials of protests. This study essays how to relate artistic practices of "Critical Laboratory" (Hirschhorn, 2013) with "found collective" effect of archive documentary (Jaimie Baron, 2013) related in this digital, online, multimedia, interactive, audiovisual artifact, produced by individuals with digital images, in a way to persist in collective memory and become a collective portrait of political appearance from historical moments of social movements uprisings as those of 2011. At the same time, an activist and aesthetic intervention, an artivist intervention takes place, as a political "XXIst Century art form" (Weibel, 2014).
Aim. Theoretical substantiation and practical adaptation of the provisions of Decent Work concept as a strategic direction for social and labor sphere development of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was a set of general scientific and special methods, namely: formal and logical, system, marketing, sociological analysis.Results. The international standards were detailed for comparing labor market statistics, and it was determined that Ukraine has ratified 71 conventions, including 8 fundamental, 4 priority and 57 technical conventions. Ukraine and the International Labor Organization (ILO) signed the Memorandum of mutual understanding on the implementation of the Decent Work Program in Ukraine for the period 2016-2019. The programme is based on three main priorities: promoting employment and developing sustainable entrepreneurship for stability and growth, promoting effective social dialogue, improving social protection and working conditions. The main elements of the Concept of Decent Labor (CGL), their essence and legislative support for implementation are indicated. It is determined that the adaptation of the CGL in t business structure of Ukraine provides for the growth of international specialization and co-production, reflecting the increased social nature of production and is the result of the international division of labor (IDL), which is positioned as the process of separating various types of work at the international level. A sociological survey was conducted, respondents of which were representatives of structural units of manufacturing plants (managers of medium and technical management levels), the wholesale chain of the pharmaceutical market (line managers, managers and marketing specialists) and employees of the retail sector (pharmacy managers, their deputies, pharmacists and pharmacists). The results of the study showed that almost all elements of CGL are the prerogative of manufacturing plants (10 and 9 points have such elements of CGL as opportunity, equality, freedom and productivity).Conclusions. The results of the study allow us to emphasize the relevance of the justification of the directions for improving the organizational, labor, professional, social and economic environment of pharmaceutical companies based on the introduction of elements of CGL. Decent work must be ensured through the effective realization of the social, legal, economic and cultural rights of citizens, when the main components of the CGL can be represented as follows: employment + protection + rights + dialogue. ; Цель работы. Теоретическое обоснование и практическая адаптация положений достойного труда в качестве стратегического ориентира развития социально-трудовой сферы фармацевтического рынка Украины.Методы исследования. Методологической основой исследования стала совокупность общенаучных и специальных методов, а именно: формально-логического, системного и маркетингового анализа.Результаты. Детализированы международные стандарты, по которым проводятся сравнения данных статистики рынка труда, при этом определено, что на сегодня Украина ратифицировала 71 конвенцию, в том числе 8 фундаментальных, 4 приоритетных и 57 технических конвенций. Конкретизированы подписания Украиной и Международной Организацией Труда (МОТ) Меморандума о взаимопонимании по реализации Программы достойного труда для Украины на период 2016-2019 гг., которая базируется на трех основных приоритетах: содействие занятости и развитию устойчивого предпринимательства для стабильности и роста, содействие эффективному социальному диалогу, улучшение социальной защиты и условий труда. Указаны основные элементы Концепции достойного труда (КДТ), их сущность и законодательное обеспечение реализации. Определено, что адаптация Стратегии достойной работы в бизнес-структуры Украины предусматривает рост международной специализации и кооперирования производства, отражающие усиление общественного характера производства, и является результатом международного разделения труда (МРТ), который позиционируется как процесс обособления различных видов трудовой деятельности на международном уровне. Проведены социологические исследования, респондентами которого выступили представители структурных подразделений заводов-производителей (руководители среднего и технического уровней управления), оптовой цепи фармацевтического рынка (линейные руководители, менеджеры и маркетологи) и работники розничного сектора (заведующие аптеками, их заместители и рядовые работники). Результаты исследования показали, что практически все элементы достойной работы являются прерогативой заводов-производителей (10 и 9 баллов имеют такие элементы КДТ как возможность, равенство, свобода и производительность).Выводы. Результаты проведенного исследования позволяют подчеркнуть актуальность обоснования направлений улучшения организационной, трудовой, профессиональной, социально-экономической среды предприятий фармацевтического профиля на основе внедрения элементов КДТ. Обеспечение достойного труда должно осуществляться через эффективную реализацию социальных, правовых, экономических и культурных прав граждан, когда основные составляющие КДТ могут быть представлены следующим образом: занятость + защита + права + диалог. ; Мета роботи. Теоретичне обґрунтування та практична адаптація засад гідної праці як стратегічного орієнтира розвитку соціально-трудової сфери фармацевтичного ринку України.Методи дослідження.Методологічною основою дослідження стала сукупність загальнонаукових та спеціальних методів, а саме: формально-логічного, системного та маркетингового аналізу.Результати. Деталізовані міжнародні стандарти, за якими проводяться порівняння даних статистики ринку праці, при цьому визначено, що на теперішній час Україна ратифікувала 71 конвенцію, зокрема 8 фундаментальних, 4 пріоритетних та 57 технічних конвенцій. Конкретизовано підписання Україною і Міжнародною Організацією Праці (МОП) Меморандуму про взаєморозуміння щодо реалізації Програми гідної праці для України на період 2016-2019 рр., яка базується на трьох основних пріоритетах: сприяння зайнятості та розвитку сталого підприємництва задля стабільності та зростання, сприяння ефективному соціальному діалогу, покращенню соціального захисту та умов праці. Зазначені основні елементи Концепції гідної праці (КГП), їх сутність та законодавче забезпечення реалізації. Визначено, що адаптація Стратегії гідної праці у бізнес-структури України передбачає зростання міжнародної спеціалізації та кооперування виробництва, які відображають посилення суспільного характеру виробництва та є результатом міжнародного розподілу праці (МРП), який позиціонується як процес відособлення різних видів трудової діяльності на міжнародному рівні. Проведені соціологічні дослідження, респондентами яких виступили представники структурних підрозділів заводів-виробників (керівники середнього та технічного рівнів управління), оптового ланцюга фармацевтичного ринку (лінійні керівники, менеджери та маркетологи) та працівники роздрібного сектора (завідувачі аптек, їх замісники та рядові працівники). Результати дослідження показали, що практично всі елементи гідної праці є прерогативою заводів-виробників (10 та 9 балів мають такі елементи КГП як можливість, рівність, свобода та продуктивність). Висновки. Результати проведеного дослідження дозволяють підкреслити актуальність обґрунтування напрямів покращення організаційного, трудового, професійного, соціально-економічного середовища підприємств фармацевтичного профілю на засадах впровадження елементів КГП. Забезпечення гідної праці має відбуватися через ефективну реалізацію соціальних, правових, економічних та культурних прав громадян, коли основні складові КГП можуть бути представлені наступним чином: зайнятість + захист + права + діалог.
Aim. Theoretical substantiation and practical adaptation of the provisions of Decent Work concept as a strategic direction for social and labor sphere development of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was a set of general scientific and special methods, namely: formal and logical, system, marketing, sociological analysis.Results. The international standards were detailed for comparing labor market statistics, and it was determined that Ukraine has ratified 71 conventions, including 8 fundamental, 4 priority and 57 technical conventions. Ukraine and the International Labor Organization (ILO) signed the Memorandum of mutual understanding on the implementation of the Decent Work Program in Ukraine for the period 2016-2019. The programme is based on three main priorities: promoting employment and developing sustainable entrepreneurship for stability and growth, promoting effective social dialogue, improving social protection and working conditions. The main elements of the Concept of Decent Labor (CGL), their essence and legislative support for implementation are indicated. It is determined that the adaptation of the CGL in t business structure of Ukraine provides for the growth of international specialization and co-production, reflecting the increased social nature of production and is the result of the international division of labor (IDL), which is positioned as the process of separating various types of work at the international level. A sociological survey was conducted, respondents of which were representatives of structural units of manufacturing plants (managers of medium and technical management levels), the wholesale chain of the pharmaceutical market (line managers, managers and marketing specialists) and employees of the retail sector (pharmacy managers, their deputies, pharmacists and pharmacists). The results of the study showed that almost all elements of CGL are the prerogative of manufacturing plants (10 and 9 points have such elements of CGL as opportunity, equality, freedom and productivity).Conclusions. The results of the study allow us to emphasize the relevance of the justification of the directions for improving the organizational, labor, professional, social and economic environment of pharmaceutical companies based on the introduction of elements of CGL. Decent work must be ensured through the effective realization of the social, legal, economic and cultural rights of citizens, when the main components of the CGL can be represented as follows: employment + protection + rights + dialogue. ; Цель работы. Теоретическое обоснование и практическая адаптация положений достойного труда в качестве стратегического ориентира развития социально-трудовой сферы фармацевтического рынка Украины.Методы исследования. Методологической основой исследования стала совокупность общенаучных и специальных методов, а именно: формально-логического, системного и маркетингового анализа.Результаты. Детализированы международные стандарты, по которым проводятся сравнения данных статистики рынка труда, при этом определено, что на сегодня Украина ратифицировала 71 конвенцию, в том числе 8 фундаментальных, 4 приоритетных и 57 технических конвенций. Конкретизированы подписания Украиной и Международной Организацией Труда (МОТ) Меморандума о взаимопонимании по реализации Программы достойного труда для Украины на период 2016-2019 гг., которая базируется на трех основных приоритетах: содействие занятости и развитию устойчивого предпринимательства для стабильности и роста, содействие эффективному социальному диалогу, улучшение социальной защиты и условий труда. Указаны основные элементы Концепции достойного труда (КДТ), их сущность и законодательное обеспечение реализации. Определено, что адаптация Стратегии достойной работы в бизнес-структуры Украины предусматривает рост международной специализации и кооперирования производства, отражающие усиление общественного характера производства, и является результатом международного разделения труда (МРТ), который позиционируется как процесс обособления различных видов трудовой деятельности на международном уровне. Проведены социологические исследования, респондентами которого выступили представители структурных подразделений заводов-производителей (руководители среднего и технического уровней управления), оптовой цепи фармацевтического рынка (линейные руководители, менеджеры и маркетологи) и работники розничного сектора (заведующие аптеками, их заместители и рядовые работники). Результаты исследования показали, что практически все элементы достойной работы являются прерогативой заводов-производителей (10 и 9 баллов имеют такие элементы КДТ как возможность, равенство, свобода и производительность).Выводы. Результаты проведенного исследования позволяют подчеркнуть актуальность обоснования направлений улучшения организационной, трудовой, профессиональной, социально-экономической среды предприятий фармацевтического профиля на основе внедрения элементов КДТ. Обеспечение достойного труда должно осуществляться через эффективную реализацию социальных, правовых, экономических и культурных прав граждан, когда основные составляющие КДТ могут быть представлены следующим образом: занятость + защита + права + диалог. ; Мета роботи. Теоретичне обґрунтування та практична адаптація засад гідної праці як стратегічного орієнтира розвитку соціально-трудової сфери фармацевтичного ринку України.Методи дослідження.Методологічною основою дослідження стала сукупність загальнонаукових та спеціальних методів, а саме: формально-логічного, системного та маркетингового аналізу.Результати. Деталізовані міжнародні стандарти, за якими проводяться порівняння даних статистики ринку праці, при цьому визначено, що на теперішній час Україна ратифікувала 71 конвенцію, зокрема 8 фундаментальних, 4 пріоритетних та 57 технічних конвенцій. Конкретизовано підписання Україною і Міжнародною Організацією Праці (МОП) Меморандуму про взаєморозуміння щодо реалізації Програми гідної праці для України на період 2016-2019 рр., яка базується на трьох основних пріоритетах: сприяння зайнятості та розвитку сталого підприємництва задля стабільності та зростання, сприяння ефективному соціальному діалогу, покращенню соціального захисту та умов праці. Зазначені основні елементи Концепції гідної праці (КГП), їх сутність та законодавче забезпечення реалізації. Визначено, що адаптація Стратегії гідної праці у бізнес-структури України передбачає зростання міжнародної спеціалізації та кооперування виробництва, які відображають посилення суспільного характеру виробництва та є результатом міжнародного розподілу праці (МРП), який позиціонується як процес відособлення різних видів трудової діяльності на міжнародному рівні. Проведені соціологічні дослідження, респондентами яких виступили представники структурних підрозділів заводів-виробників (керівники середнього та технічного рівнів управління), оптового ланцюга фармацевтичного ринку (лінійні керівники, менеджери та маркетологи) та працівники роздрібного сектора (завідувачі аптек, їх замісники та рядові працівники). Результати дослідження показали, що практично всі елементи гідної праці є прерогативою заводів-виробників (10 та 9 балів мають такі елементи КГП як можливість, рівність, свобода та продуктивність). Висновки. Результати проведеного дослідження дозволяють підкреслити актуальність обґрунтування напрямів покращення організаційного, трудового, професійного, соціально-економічного середовища підприємств фармацевтичного профілю на засадах впровадження елементів КГП. Забезпечення гідної праці має відбуватися через ефективну реалізацію соціальних, правових, економічних та культурних прав громадян, коли основні складові КГП можуть бути представлені наступним чином: зайнятість + захист + права + діалог.
Aim. Theoretical substantiation and practical adaptation of the provisions of Decent Work concept as a strategic direction for social and labor sphere development of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was a set of general scientific and special methods, namely: formal and logical, system, marketing, sociological analysis.Results. The international standards were detailed for comparing labor market statistics, and it was determined that Ukraine has ratified 71 conventions, including 8 fundamental, 4 priority and 57 technical conventions. Ukraine and the International Labor Organization (ILO) signed the Memorandum of mutual understanding on the implementation of the Decent Work Program in Ukraine for the period 2016-2019. The programme is based on three main priorities: promoting employment and developing sustainable entrepreneurship for stability and growth, promoting effective social dialogue, improving social protection and working conditions. The main elements of the Concept of Decent Labor (CGL), their essence and legislative support for implementation are indicated. It is determined that the adaptation of the CGL in t business structure of Ukraine provides for the growth of international specialization and co-production, reflecting the increased social nature of production and is the result of the international division of labor (IDL), which is positioned as the process of separating various types of work at the international level. A sociological survey was conducted, respondents of which were representatives of structural units of manufacturing plants (managers of medium and technical management levels), the wholesale chain of the pharmaceutical market (line managers, managers and marketing specialists) and employees of the retail sector (pharmacy managers, their deputies, pharmacists and pharmacists). The results of the study showed that almost all elements of CGL are the prerogative of manufacturing plants (10 and 9 points have such elements of CGL as opportunity, equality, freedom and productivity).Conclusions. The results of the study allow us to emphasize the relevance of the justification of the directions for improving the organizational, labor, professional, social and economic environment of pharmaceutical companies based on the introduction of elements of CGL. Decent work must be ensured through the effective realization of the social, legal, economic and cultural rights of citizens, when the main components of the CGL can be represented as follows: employment + protection + rights + dialogue. ; Цель работы. Теоретическое обоснование и практическая адаптация положений достойного труда в качестве стратегического ориентира развития социально-трудовой сферы фармацевтического рынка Украины.Методы исследования. Методологической основой исследования стала совокупность общенаучных и специальных методов, а именно: формально-логического, системного и маркетингового анализа.Результаты. Детализированы международные стандарты, по которым проводятся сравнения данных статистики рынка труда, при этом определено, что на сегодня Украина ратифицировала 71 конвенцию, в том числе 8 фундаментальных, 4 приоритетных и 57 технических конвенций. Конкретизированы подписания Украиной и Международной Организацией Труда (МОТ) Меморандума о взаимопонимании по реализации Программы достойного труда для Украины на период 2016-2019 гг., которая базируется на трех основных приоритетах: содействие занятости и развитию устойчивого предпринимательства для стабильности и роста, содействие эффективному социальному диалогу, улучшение социальной защиты и условий труда. Указаны основные элементы Концепции достойного труда (КДТ), их сущность и законодательное обеспечение реализации. Определено, что адаптация Стратегии достойной работы в бизнес-структуры Украины предусматривает рост международной специализации и кооперирования производства, отражающие усиление общественного характера производства, и является результатом международного разделения труда (МРТ), который позиционируется как процесс обособления различных видов трудовой деятельности на международном уровне. Проведены социологические исследования, респондентами которого выступили представители структурных подразделений заводов-производителей (руководители среднего и технического уровней управления), оптовой цепи фармацевтического рынка (линейные руководители, менеджеры и маркетологи) и работники розничного сектора (заведующие аптеками, их заместители и рядовые работники). Результаты исследования показали, что практически все элементы достойной работы являются прерогативой заводов-производителей (10 и 9 баллов имеют такие элементы КДТ как возможность, равенство, свобода и производительность).Выводы. Результаты проведенного исследования позволяют подчеркнуть актуальность обоснования направлений улучшения организационной, трудовой, профессиональной, социально-экономической среды предприятий фармацевтического профиля на основе внедрения элементов КДТ. Обеспечение достойного труда должно осуществляться через эффективную реализацию социальных, правовых, экономических и культурных прав граждан, когда основные составляющие КДТ могут быть представлены следующим образом: занятость + защита + права + диалог. ; Мета роботи. Теоретичне обґрунтування та практична адаптація засад гідної праці як стратегічного орієнтира розвитку соціально-трудової сфери фармацевтичного ринку України.Методи дослідження.Методологічною основою дослідження стала сукупність загальнонаукових та спеціальних методів, а саме: формально-логічного, системного та маркетингового аналізу.Результати. Деталізовані міжнародні стандарти, за якими проводяться порівняння даних статистики ринку праці, при цьому визначено, що на теперішній час Україна ратифікувала 71 конвенцію, зокрема 8 фундаментальних, 4 пріоритетних та 57 технічних конвенцій. Конкретизовано підписання Україною і Міжнародною Організацією Праці (МОП) Меморандуму про взаєморозуміння щодо реалізації Програми гідної праці для України на період 2016-2019 рр., яка базується на трьох основних пріоритетах: сприяння зайнятості та розвитку сталого підприємництва задля стабільності та зростання, сприяння ефективному соціальному діалогу, покращенню соціального захисту та умов праці. Зазначені основні елементи Концепції гідної праці (КГП), їх сутність та законодавче забезпечення реалізації. Визначено, що адаптація Стратегії гідної праці у бізнес-структури України передбачає зростання міжнародної спеціалізації та кооперування виробництва, які відображають посилення суспільного характеру виробництва та є результатом міжнародного розподілу праці (МРП), який позиціонується як процес відособлення різних видів трудової діяльності на міжнародному рівні. Проведені соціологічні дослідження, респондентами яких виступили представники структурних підрозділів заводів-виробників (керівники середнього та технічного рівнів управління), оптового ланцюга фармацевтичного ринку (лінійні керівники, менеджери та маркетологи) та працівники роздрібного сектора (завідувачі аптек, їх замісники та рядові працівники). Результати дослідження показали, що практично всі елементи гідної праці є прерогативою заводів-виробників (10 та 9 балів мають такі елементи КГП як можливість, рівність, свобода та продуктивність). Висновки. Результати проведеного дослідження дозволяють підкреслити актуальність обґрунтування напрямів покращення організаційного, трудового, професійного, соціально-економічного середовища підприємств фармацевтичного профілю на засадах впровадження елементів КГП. Забезпечення гідної праці має відбуватися через ефективну реалізацію соціальних, правових, економічних та культурних прав громадян, коли основні складові КГП можуть бути представлені наступним чином: зайнятість + захист + права + діалог.
Розглянуто проблеми законодавчого закріплення принципів господарського права на рівні основного галузевого акта – Господарського кодексу України та проаналізовано його статті 5 і 6 ; Статья посвящена анализу и исследованию проблемы принципов хозяйственного права и их законодательного закрепления с целью усовершенствования и исправления существующих недостатков для наделения принципов хозяйственного права практическим значением. Сделан содержательный анализ статей 5 и 6 Хозяйственного кодекса Украины ; Problem setting. The question of the principles of law is very actual in today's conditions because of their functional tasks.The state of modern economic legislation is not perfect. The principles of law become increasingly impotent at this time, as the guiding, fundamental principles that determine the essence and content of law, based on the moral, political and economic values of society. The principles of law simultaneously establish the content and direction of law-making and law enforcement process.Despite the great importance of the principles of law for the process of legal regulation, unfortunately, the topic of the principles of commercial law is not sufficiently investigated today, and this effective legal instrument is using not enough for regulating public relations.There is no common approach to the definition of the content and classification of the principles of commercial law, and the Commercial Code of Ukraine contains Art. 5 "Constitutional Principles of Law Enforcement in the Sphere of Management", Art. 6 «General principles of management», Art. 44 "Principles of entrepreneurial activity", but has no article defining the principles of commercial law.Recent research and publications analysis. Scientific-theoretical base of research are the works of such famous scientists: S. S. Alekseev, G. L. Znamenskiy, A. M. Kolodiy, V. K. Mamutov, S. P. Pohrebnyak, O. O. Uvarova, M. V. Tsvik, V. S. Shcherbina and etc.Paper objective. The purpose of the article is an attempt to highlight the contemporary content of the issues of the principles of commercial law and their legislative consolidation in order to improve and rectify existing deficiencies in order to give them effectiveness and practical value.Paper main body. Principles of law, as the most effective legal means, should be used by the legislator as much as possible. Each codified act must contain the basic provisions in which the basic principles of legal regulation or principles, which are "rules of the game" for all the participants of the legal relationship falling within the scope of its regulation, must be determined. The established rules should be binding on the legislator, who adopts regulations that must comply with the established principles of law, and for law enforcement officials.Despite the actuality and effectiveness of the principles of law in the Commercial Code of Ukraine there are no rules on the principles of commercial law, and certain principles contained in separate articles of the code are not effective because of the lack of legal techniques for setting out them.The general provisions of the sectoral code contain Art. 5 "Constitutional Principles of Law Enforcement in the Sphere of Management", Art. 6 «General principles of management», the analysis of which is seen as follows.All provisions of Article 5 of the Commercial Code of Ukraine (with the exception of the rule of the optimal combination of market self-regulation of economic relations of economic entities and state regulation of macroeconomic processes) completely duplicate the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine, which, by virtue of Part 3 of Art. 8 of the Main Law, have the highest force of law and therefore directly applicable and do not require to reintroducing them to other normative legal acts for giving them effectivenessContents of Art. 6 of the Commercial Code of Ukraine partially coincides with the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine and Article 5 of the Economic Code of Ukraine. The legal technique that is used in the implementation of the principle of freedom of entrepreneurship is flawed and restricts the rights, which are guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine, that is inadmissible. The legal technique of the implementation of the principle of limiting state regulation of economic processes and the principle of the prohibition of unlawful interference of government bodies and local self-government bodies, their officials in economic relationships is imperfect also.Conclusions of the research. All of the foregoing gives grounds for concluding that:1. The economic code of Ukraine in the part of defining the bases of law and order in the sphere of economic activity and principles of management, contains provisions that are simple duplication of the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine, that are in majority cases are only useless, but sometimes this provisions even are contradictory to the Constitution of Ukraine due to the imperfection of legal technique their implementation. There are the lot of unnecessary repeats in the economic code of Ukraine itself.2. All these disadvantages exist at a time when, the basically codified act of the branch of economic law does not contain an article about the principles of economic law, which should be the basis for determining the direction of legal regulation of economic relations, for giving an opportunity to resolve legal conflicts and fill gaps in economic law, for interpretations of legal norms and establishing standards, values and guidelines for the participants in economic relations.3. The problem of principles of economic law seems to be an independent and especially actual object of economic and legal research, and therefore requires special complex scientific researches in order to make the principles of economic law a real instrument of economic and legal regulation in conditions of the extraordinary dynamics of development of economic legislation and the existence of luge numbers of conflicts of law. Short Abstract for an article ОAbstracts: The article is devoted to the analysis and research of the problem of the principles of economic law and their legislative consolidation with the aim of improving and correcting the existing shortcomings for giving the principles of economic law a practical value. The article gives a detailed analysis of article 5 and article 6 of the Commercial Code of Ukraine.
Розглянуто проблеми законодавчого закріплення принципів господарського права на рівні основного галузевого акта – Господарського кодексу України та проаналізовано його статті 5 і 6 ; Статья посвящена анализу и исследованию проблемы принципов хозяйственного права и их законодательного закрепления с целью усовершенствования и исправления существующих недостатков для наделения принципов хозяйственного права практическим значением. Сделан содержательный анализ статей 5 и 6 Хозяйственного кодекса Украины ; Problem setting. The question of the principles of law is very actual in today's conditions because of their functional tasks.The state of modern economic legislation is not perfect. The principles of law become increasingly impotent at this time, as the guiding, fundamental principles that determine the essence and content of law, based on the moral, political and economic values of society. The principles of law simultaneously establish the content and direction of law-making and law enforcement process.Despite the great importance of the principles of law for the process of legal regulation, unfortunately, the topic of the principles of commercial law is not sufficiently investigated today, and this effective legal instrument is using not enough for regulating public relations.There is no common approach to the definition of the content and classification of the principles of commercial law, and the Commercial Code of Ukraine contains Art. 5 "Constitutional Principles of Law Enforcement in the Sphere of Management", Art. 6 «General principles of management», Art. 44 "Principles of entrepreneurial activity", but has no article defining the principles of commercial law.Recent research and publications analysis. Scientific-theoretical base of research are the works of such famous scientists: S. S. Alekseev, G. L. Znamenskiy, A. M. Kolodiy, V. K. Mamutov, S. P. Pohrebnyak, O. O. Uvarova, M. V. Tsvik, V. S. Shcherbina and etc.Paper objective. The purpose of the article is an attempt to highlight the contemporary content of the issues of the principles of commercial law and their legislative consolidation in order to improve and rectify existing deficiencies in order to give them effectiveness and practical value.Paper main body. Principles of law, as the most effective legal means, should be used by the legislator as much as possible. Each codified act must contain the basic provisions in which the basic principles of legal regulation or principles, which are "rules of the game" for all the participants of the legal relationship falling within the scope of its regulation, must be determined. The established rules should be binding on the legislator, who adopts regulations that must comply with the established principles of law, and for law enforcement officials.Despite the actuality and effectiveness of the principles of law in the Commercial Code of Ukraine there are no rules on the principles of commercial law, and certain principles contained in separate articles of the code are not effective because of the lack of legal techniques for setting out them.The general provisions of the sectoral code contain Art. 5 "Constitutional Principles of Law Enforcement in the Sphere of Management", Art. 6 «General principles of management», the analysis of which is seen as follows.All provisions of Article 5 of the Commercial Code of Ukraine (with the exception of the rule of the optimal combination of market self-regulation of economic relations of economic entities and state regulation of macroeconomic processes) completely duplicate the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine, which, by virtue of Part 3 of Art. 8 of the Main Law, have the highest force of law and therefore directly applicable and do not require to reintroducing them to other normative legal acts for giving them effectivenessContents of Art. 6 of the Commercial Code of Ukraine partially coincides with the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine and Article 5 of the Economic Code of Ukraine. The legal technique that is used in the implementation of the principle of freedom of entrepreneurship is flawed and restricts the rights, which are guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine, that is inadmissible. The legal technique of the implementation of the principle of limiting state regulation of economic processes and the principle of the prohibition of unlawful interference of government bodies and local self-government bodies, their officials in economic relationships is imperfect also.Conclusions of the research. All of the foregoing gives grounds for concluding that:1. The economic code of Ukraine in the part of defining the bases of law and order in the sphere of economic activity and principles of management, contains provisions that are simple duplication of the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine, that are in majority cases are only useless, but sometimes this provisions even are contradictory to the Constitution of Ukraine due to the imperfection of legal technique their implementation. There are the lot of unnecessary repeats in the economic code of Ukraine itself.2. All these disadvantages exist at a time when, the basically codified act of the branch of economic law does not contain an article about the principles of economic law, which should be the basis for determining the direction of legal regulation of economic relations, for giving an opportunity to resolve legal conflicts and fill gaps in economic law, for interpretations of legal norms and establishing standards, values and guidelines for the participants in economic relations.3. The problem of principles of economic law seems to be an independent and especially actual object of economic and legal research, and therefore requires special complex scientific researches in order to make the principles of economic law a real instrument of economic and legal regulation in conditions of the extraordinary dynamics of development of economic legislation and the existence of luge numbers of conflicts of law. Short Abstract for an article ОAbstracts: The article is devoted to the analysis and research of the problem of the principles of economic law and their legislative consolidation with the aim of improving and correcting the existing shortcomings for giving the principles of economic law a practical value. The article gives a detailed analysis of article 5 and article 6 of the Commercial Code of Ukraine.
