Suchergebnisse

5Sovereign immunity — Foreign State-owned corporations — New York corporation owned by British nationalized industry — Jurisdiction of the United States Labor Relations Board — Whether appropriate for Board to exercise jurisdiction over State-owned corporation — The law of the United States

The political scientist and the politician of our day both tend to be skeptical of international law. The political scientist, who is interested in studying the distribution of power, sees in the classic rules of international law neither an adequate description of the conduct of states nor an effective prescription for ordering national conduct. The politician, who is interested in the exercise of power, finds it difficult to realize what he considers vital national interests within the traditional legal framework. Both scholars and practitioners apparently feel that the older rhetoric of international law—nonintervention, peaceful settlement of disputes, the law of war—is to a great extent irrelevant to a world in turmoil. Bombings without declaration of war, illegal reprisals, campaigns of political assassination, and military intervention to crush internal revolt are accepted as part of the backdrop of world conflict. It seems increasingly clear that the classic rules of international law and the basic political and moral principles on which they rest are now used less and less by the great powers even as points of reference. Nothing sounds more old-fashioned than Secretary Stimson's remarks of less than forty years ago, in advising against the establishment of a national intelligence service, that "gentlemen don't read each other's mail."

Historical development of norms and advocacy to advance the human rights of women - Methods for research and practice on the human rights of women - Human rights issues and violations in the private sphere -- Gender-specific challenges in protecting and fulfilling social and economic human rights - Benefits and limitations of legal strategies to realise the human rights of women - Navigating the nexus of religion, culture and the human rights of women -Tensions between global norms and advocacy and national and local approaches to the human rights of women

The paper aims to lay out a framework for evaluating value shifts in the international legal order for the purposes of a forthcoming book. In view of current contestations it asks whether we are observing yet another period of norm change (Wandel) or even a more fundamental transformation of international law – a metamorphosis (Verwandlung). For this purpose it suggests to look into the mechanisms of how norms change from the perspective of legal and political science and also to approximate a reference point where change turns into metamorphosis. It submits that such a point may be reached where specific legally protected values are indeed changing (change of legal values) or where the very idea of protecting certain values through law is renounced (delegalizing of values). The paper discusses the benefits of such an interdisciplinary exchange and tries to identify differences and commonalities among both disciplinary perspectives.

Measured against institutionalism and modified structural realism, realism provides the most coherent explanation of the international arrangements pertaining to the issue-area of civil aviation. Although institutionalized international organizations govern technical and safety issues, no single regime has emerged to govern the important commercial matters that bear on states' relative gains and losses. Instead, since World War I states have entered into a multiplicity of denounceable bilateral agreements that in turn reflect the balance of bargaining power between them. States that have attempted to reorganize the system have been driven by their own interests and capabilities, with the stronger aviation powers professing a preference for liberalism.

THE ARTICLE DISCUSSES THREE IMPORTANT CHANGES OCCURRING IN THE DIPLOMATIC FUNCTION: A GROWING POLITICZATION OF THE DIPOLMATIC FUNCTION; AN INCREASING IMPORTANCE ATTACHED TO ISSUES AND SUBSTANTIVE INFORMATION, RATHER THAN PERSONALITY AND AN EMPHASIS ON MANAGERIAL RATHER THAN STRATEGIC CONCERNS THESE ARE NEW CONCERNS FOR THEORETICAL LITERATURE.