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Kansengelijkheid, dat is wat we als samenleving graag willen. We willen dat het niet uitmaakt waar je geboren bent voor de kansen die je krijgt in je leven en dat ongeacht herkomst iedereen evenveel kans heeft op het volgen van een passende opleiding en op wonen in een gezonde leefomgeving. We willen dat iedereen in goede gezondheid ouder kan worden en de kans heeft om zich uit te drukken door muziek of poëzie en nog veel meer. Maar dit is niet het geval en dat is al heel lang zo. Praktisch opgeleiden leven ongeveer vijftien jaar korter dan mensen die een theoretische opleiding hebben gevolgd. Kinderen uit gezinnen waarvan de ouders een lager inkomen hebben, krijgen vaker een lager schooladvies aan het eind van groep acht dan hun klasgenootjes met dezelfde cito score uit een welvarend gezin. Er is een kansenkloof die vaak van generatie op generatie wordt overgedragen. Toch lukt het kinderen, jongeren of hele gezinnen soms wél om kansen te pakken in een omgeving waarin die niet voor het oprapen liggen. Heel vaak, of eigenlijk bijna altijd, hebben gidsen hier een cruciale rol in gespeeld (Notten, 2021). En het goede nieuws is: gidsen zijn we in potentie allemaal.

Background: In 2011-2013, >95% of the global opioid analgesics consumption occurred in three regions, accounting for 15% of the world population. Despite abundant literature on barriers to access, little is known on the correlation between actual access to opioid analgesics and barriers to access, including legal and regulatory barriers. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between access to strong opioid analgesics and barriers to access in national legislation and regulations in 11 central and eastern European countries that participated in the Access to Opioid Medication in Europe (ATOME) project. Design: Two variables were contrasted to assess their correlation: the country level of access to strong opioid analgesics indicated by the Adequacy of Consumption Measure (ACM) and the number of potential legal and regulatory barriers identified by an external review of legislation and regulations. Measurements: A linear correlation was evaluated using a squared linear correlation coefficient. Results: Evaluation of the correlation between the ACM and the number of potential barriers produces an R-2 value of 0.023 and a correlation plot trend line gradient of -0.075, indicating no correlation between access to strong opioid analgesics and the number of potential barriers in national legislation and regulations in the countries studied. Conclusions: No correlation was found, which indicates that other factors besides potential legal and regulatory barriers play a critical role in withholding prescribers and patients essential pain medication in the studied countries. More research is needed toward better understanding of the complex interplay of factors that determine access to strong opioid analgesics.

The 'Anthropocene' is now being used as a conceptual frame by different communities and in a variety of contexts to understand the evolving human–environment relationship. However, as we argue in this paper, the notion of an Anthropos, or 'humanity', as global, unified 'geological force' threatens to mask the diversity and differences in the actual conditions and impacts of humankind, and does not do justice to the diversity of local and regional contexts. For this reason, we interpret in this article the notion of an Anthropocene in a more context-dependent, localized and social understanding. We do this through illustrating examples from four issue domains, selected for their variation in terms of spatial and temporal scale, systems of governance and functional interdependencies: nitrogen cycle distortion (in particular as it relates to food security); ocean acidification; urbanization; and wildfires. Based on this analysis, we systematically address the consequences of the lens of the Anthropocene for the governance of social-ecological systems, focusing on the multi-level, functional and sectoral organization of governance, and possible redefinitions of governance systems and policy domains. We conclude that the notion of the Anthropocene, once seen in light of social inequalities and regional differences, allows for novel analysis of issue-based problems in the context of a global understanding, in both academic and political terms. This makes it a useful concept to help leverage and (re-)focus our efforts in a more innovative and effective way to transition towards sustainability.

AbstractIntroductionTo adequately ascertain drug safety and efficacy, drug trials need to include participants from all groups likely to receive the medication following approval. Pregnant women, however, are mostly excluded from trials, and women participating are often required to use highly effective contraception and taken off study product (even off study) if they conceive. There is little commercial incentive for including pregnant women in clinical trials, even when preclinical animal and human pharmacokinetic and safety data appear reassuring. With this conservative approach, large numbers of pregnant women are exposed to drug postlicensing with little known about drug safety and efficacy, and little done to systematically monitor outcomes of pregnancy exposure.DiscussionThe article focuses on antiretrovirals for treating and preventing HIV, and presents potential approaches which could extend to other therapeutic areas, to obtaining adequate and timely data to inform use of these drugs in this population. Most importantly the pregnancy risk profile of investigational agents can be systematically stratified from low to high risk, based on guidelines from regulatory bodies. This stratification can determine the progress through preclinical work with animals and non‐pregnant women to opportunistic studies among women who become pregnant on a clinical trial or within routine clinical treatment. Stratification can include pregnant women in clinical trials, concurrent with Phase II/III trials in non‐pregnant adults, and ultimately to postmarketing surveillance for outcomes in pregnant women and their infants. Each step can be enabled by clear criteria from international and local regulatory bodies on progression through study phases, standardized protocols for collecting relevant data, collaborative data sharing, pregnancy outcomes surveillance systems supported by committed funding for these endeavours.ConclusionsA formalized step‐wise approach to including pregnant women in antiretroviral drug research should become the new norm. Systematic implementation of this approach would yield more timely and higher quality pregnancy dosing, safety and efficacy data. Through more vigorous action, regulatory bodies could responsibly overcome reluctance to include pregnant women in drug trials. Funders, researchers and programme implementers need to be galvanized to progressively include pregnant women in research – the use of newer, more effective drugs in women is at stake (349).

The anthropological discourse and outsiders' representations / Selma van Londen -- Representations and indigenous voices / Barbara Helen Miller, Cunera Buijs, Kim van Dam -- "The best among all heathen" : representations of the Greenlanders in manuscripts of Moravian pioneers (1733-1737) / Thea Olsthoorn -- Conjurors and devoted Christians in the frozen wastes : images of Inuit and narratives by Reverend S.M. Steward in the Ungava District (1899-1924) / Frédéric Laugrand -- From coincidence to compelling cooperation : Johan Turi, Emilie Demant Hatt and Hjalmar Lundbohm / Nellejet Zorgdrager -- Presentation and representation : Johan Turi and Muitalus Sámiid birra / Nellejet Zorgdrager -- Encounters : reflections on anthropology, matters of representation, and the role of cultural brokers / Willem C.E. Rasing -- Meeting of representations : the case of the Sámi identity representation in museums in northern Norway / Charlotte de Jong -- From tormented romanticism to loving diversity : representing indigenous Arctic cultures in the National Museum of World Cultures / Cunera Buijs and Julie Edel Hardenberg -- Artistic representations of Inuit by Inuit : from past to present / Lisa Koperqualuk -- Conflicting markers on the market : representations of reindeer meat leading to provocation, protest and withdrawal / Rozan van Klaveren -- Nuuk City relates to the world : the Greenlandic fashion influencers on social media / Rosannguaq Rossen -- Sámi children collect cloudberries guided by place names / Barbara Helen Miller and Sigvald Persen -- Life histories of Sámi fishermen and communities / Sigvald Persen, Barbara Helen Miller and Mark Stewart Dolson -- 'If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together' : Yup'ik elders working together with one mind / Ann Fienup-Riordan.

1. The Belgian legal tradition: does it exist? / Dirk Heirbaut -- 2. Basic features of the legal system / Mark van Hoecke and Michiel Elst -- 3. Constitutional law / Francis Delperee -- 4. Administrative law / Robert Anderson -- 5. The judicial system and procedure / Jean Laenens and George Van Mellaert -- 6. Family law / Patrick Seaeve -- 7. Successions, donations inter vivos and wills / Christian De Wulf -- 8. Property law / Helene Casman -- 9. Contracts / Walter De Bondt -- 10. Tort law / Hubert Bocken -- 11. Commercial law and business transactions / Eddy Wymeersch -- 12. Corporations and partnerships / Koen Geens -- 13. Taxation / Andre Spruyt -- 14. Labour and social law / Willy Van Eeckhoutte -- 15. Criminal law / Alain De Nauw and Joelle Rozie -- 16. Private international law / Johan Erauw

Background and aimsBarriers linked to drug control systems are considered to contribute to inequitable access to controlled medicines, leaving millions of people in pain and suffering. Most studies focus on access to opioids for the treatment of severe (cancer) pain. This study aims to identify specific access barriers for patients with opioid dependence in legislation and regulations of 11 central and eastern European countries. MethodsThis study builds on a previous analysis of legislation and regulations as part of the EU 7th Framework Access To Opioid Medication in Europe (ATOME) project. An in-depth analysis was undertaken to determine specific barriers for patients with opioid dependence in need of opioid analgesics or opioid agonist therapy (OAT). For each country, the number and nature of specific potential barriers for these patients were assessed according to eight categories: prescribing; dispensing; manufacturing; usage; trade and distribution; affordability; penalties; and other. An additional keyword search was conducted to minimize the omission of barriers. Barriers in an additional category, language, were recorded qualitatively. Countries included Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Turkey. ResultsTen of the 11 countries (all except Estonia) showed specific potential barriers in their legislation and regulations. The total number of barriers varied from two (Slovenia) to 46 (Lithuania); the number of categories varied from one (Slovenia) to five (Lithuania). Most specific potential barriers were shown in the categories prescribing', usage' and other'. The total number in a single category varied from one to 18 (Lithuania, prescribing). Individual differences between countries in the same specific potential barrier were shown; for example, variation in minimum age criteria for admission to OAT ranging from 15 (Lithuania, in special cases) to 20years (Greece). All countries had stigmatizing language in their legislation. ConclusionsPatients with opioid dependence are likely to experience specific barriers to accessing opioids in addition to those experienced by other non-dependent patients.

Verlagsinfo: Wenn das ehemals große deutsche Judentum noch heute einen Sinn für unsere Gesellschaft hat. so vielleicht den, daß darüber nachgedacht wird, in welchem Maße auch heutige Deutsche das benötigen, was die besten dieser ermordeten oder vertriebenen Juden einte: kritisches Bewußtsein und der Wille zu Humanität.

Einleitung: Intersektionalität und Postkolonialität : Kritische feministische Perspektiven auf Politik und Mach /Heike Mauer und Johanna Leinius --Stuntreiter*innen: Intersektionalität und Postkolonialität in der deutschsprachigen politikwissenschaftlichen Forschung /Nikita Dhawan und Birgit Sauer --Teil I.Begriffsarbeit.Gratwanderungen zwischen Differenz und Gleichheit : Intersektionalität und Postkolonialität als Perspektiven der kritischen feministischen Forschung /Johanna Leinius und Heike Mauer ;Queere Intersektionalität? Kritik und Transformation gesellschaftlich-kapitalistischer Verhältnisse /Laura Mohr ;Die Kategorie der Religion : Ein macht- und herrschaftsanalytisch vernachlässigter Begriffin der Politischen Theorie /Zubair Ahmad ;Gayatri Spivak und der Wille zur Wahrheit : Die aktuellen Debatten um Islam, Patriarchat und Rassismus vor dem Hintergrund von 'French Feminism in an International Frame' und 'Can the Subaltern Speak?' /Floris Biskamp --Teil II.Staat und Institutionen.Die Eliminierung der 'Anderen' : Inhaftierung als Herrschaftsmittel /Sonja John ;Intersektionale Ungleichheiten : Die Ökonomisierung des deutschen Wohlfahrtsstaates und seine Folgen /Monika Götsch und Katrin Menke ;Von Patient*innenzellen und Patient*innenzahlen : Intersektionale Perspektiven auf biomedizinische Forschung /Helene Gerhards --Teil III.Soziale Bewegungen.Dekolonial und intersektional? Widersprüche der Herrschaftskritik in der südafrikanischen Studierendenbewegung /Antje Daniel ;'In Verteidigung unserer natürlichen Ressourcen' : Postkoloniale ökologische Bewegungen, Geschlechterverhältnisse und die Sicherung von Existenzgrundlagen /Christine Löw ;Ein "überkonfessionelles Bündnis" gegen die 'Ehe für alle?' : Die ambivalente Haltung antifeministischer Akteure zum Islam /Christopher Fritzsche --Teil IV.Fazit.(K)einen Schlusspunkt setzen : Die Herausforderungen von Intersektionalität und Postkolonialität im deutschsprachigen Kontext /Johanna Leinius und Heike Mauer --Über die Autor*innen.

Books reviewed in this article: Christopher Wills, Children of Prometheus: The Accelerating Pace of Human Evolution Helen Fisher, The First Sex: The Natural Talents of Women and How They Are Changing the World Lionel Tiger, The Decline of Males Francis Fukuyama, The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order Tom Kirkwood, Time of Our Lives: The Science of Human Aging Margo J. Anderson And Stephen E. Fienberg, Who Counts? The Politics of Census‐Taking in Contemporary America Alain Desrosières, The Politics of Large Numbers: A History of Statistical Reasoning. Translation by Camille Naish of La politique des grands nombres: histoire de la raison statistique. Henk A. de Gans, Population Forecasting 1895–1945: The Transition to Modernity Massimo Livi‐Bacci and Gustavo De Santis (eds.), Population and Poverty in the Developing World William A. Jackson, The Political Economy of Population Ageing Dorothy J. Solinger, Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market

Book reviewed in this article: The European Challenge 1992; The Benefits of a Single Market, by Paolo Cecchini Coping with the Economic Crisis: Alternative Responses to Economic Recession in Advanced Industrial Societies, edited by Hans Reman, Heikki Paloheimo, and Paul F. Whiteley Entrepreneurship in Europe, edited by Robert Coffee and Richard Scase Service Economies in Europe: Opportunities for Growth, by Wolfgang Ochel and Manfred Wegner Regional Impact of Community Policies in Europe, edited by Willem Molle and Riccardo Cappellin British Space Policy and International Collaboration, by James Eberle and Helen Wallace, Chatham House Paper No. 42 Mitterrand's France, by Sonia Mazey and Michael Newman Business and Politics in Britain, by Wyn Grant with Jane Sargent British Imports of Consumer Goods: A Study in Import Penetration 1974–85, by Ann D. Morgan Common Market Law of Competition, by Christopher Bellamy and Graham Child The Effect of Treaties in Domestic Law, edited by Francis G. Jacobs and Shelley Roberts for United Kingdom Committee of Comparative Law Juridification of Social Spheres: a comparative analysis in the areas of labor, corporate, antitrust and welfare law, edited by Gunther Teubner

Book reviewed in this article: National Foreign Policies and European Political Cooperation, edited by Christopher Hill. Continuity and Change in France, edited by Vincent Wright, George Allen and Unwin The Road lo Europe: Irish Attitudes 1948–61, Miriam Hederman Political Forces in Spain, Greece and Portugal, by Beate Kohler. Religion in West European Politics, edited by Suzanne Berger. Policy making in the European Community, edited by Helen Wallace, William Wallace and Carole Webb. Investing in Europe's Future, edited by Arnold A. Heertje State Investment Companies in Western Europe. Picking Winners or Backing Losers?, edited by B. Hindley Industrial Location and Regional Development in the European Community: The Flew Model by Willem Molle. European Integration and the Common Fisheries Policy, by Michael Leigh. Comunità Europea e Protezione Dell'Ambiente, by Paolo Bianchi and Giovanni Cordini, Casa Editrice Dott. Yearbook of European Law, Vols. 1 and 2, 1981 and 1982, edited by F. G. Jacobs Der Europäische Gerichtshof Als Verfassungsgericht und Rechtsschutzinstanz, edited by Jürgen Schwarze, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden‐Baden Le schéa communautaire des préférences généralisés, Xavier Cornu Publications Universitaires Européennes, Peter Lang Australia and the European Communities in the 1980s, by Alan Burnett

Introduction to employees intellectual property rights / Sanna Wolk -- Choice of law / Gyooho Lee -- Jurisdiction / Benedetta Ubertazzi -- Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments / Marketa Trimble -- Part IIA. National legal rules in Europe: Ownership and harmonisation efforts at EU level / Sanna Wolk -- Belgium / Hendrik Vanhees -- Denmark / Jeppe Brinck-Jensen, Morten Rosenmeier & Helene Egede Scotwin-- Finland / Niklas Bruun & Maria-Leena Mansala -- France / Michel Abello, Jâerãome Tassi, Estelle Vard -- Germany / Jan Bernd Nordemann & Christian Czychowski -- Hungary Gusztâav Bacher -- Italy / Andrea Ottolia -- Latvia / Ilmåars éSatovs -- Lithuania / Edita Ivanauskiene -- The Netherlands / Rogier de Vrey & Willem Hoorneman -- Poland / Kacper Szkalej -- Portugal / Lâigia Gutierrez Setâubal -- Slovenia / Elizabeta Zirnstein & éSpelca Meéznar -- Spain / Luis-Alfonso Durâan & Laura Nadal -- Sweden / Sanna Wolk -- Switzerland / Yaniv Benhamou & Cyrill Rieder -- Turkey / Ekrem Soylu & Korcan Dericioéglu -- The United Kingdom / Belinda Isaac -- China / Ella Cheong & Li Luo -- Hong Kong / Ella Cheong -- Japan / Tsugizo Kubo -- Republic of Korea / Gyooho Lee -- Singapore / Susanna Leong -- Australia / Ann Monotti -- Canada / Norman Siebrasse -- United States of America / Joseph Jeffrey Hawley, Marketa Trimble & Darryl C. Wilson -- Argentina / Martin Bensadon -- Brazil / Elisabeth Kasznar Fekete -- Chile / Cristâobal Porzio -- Colombia / Josâe Roberto Herrera Diaz -- Ecuador / Maria Rosa Fabara Vera, Pablo Fabara Vera & Gerardo Naranjo Ormaza -- Mexico / Jorge Gomez, Liliana Arellano & Jonathan Rangel -- Uruguay / Gustavo Fischer -- Uganda / Ronald Kakungulu-Mayambala -- Employees' intellectual property rights : an epilogue / Kacper Szkalej & Sanna Wolk.

AbstractIntroductionIn 2016, South Africa (SA) initiated a national programme to scale‐up pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among female sex workers (FSWs), with ∼20,000 PrEP initiations among FSWs (∼14% of FSW) by 2020. We evaluated the impact and cost‐effectiveness of this programme, including future scale‐up scenarios and the potential detrimental impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsA compartmental HIV transmission model for SA was adapted to include PrEP. Using estimates on self‐reported PrEP adherence from a national study of FSW (67.7%) and the Treatment and Prevention for FSWs (TAPS) PrEP demonstration study in SA (80.8%), we down‐adjusted TAPS estimates for the proportion of FSWs with detectable drug levels (adjusted range: 38.0–70.4%). The model stratified FSW by low (undetectable drug; 0% efficacy) and high adherence (detectable drug; 79.9%; 95% CI: 67.2–87.6% efficacy). FSWs can transition between adherence levels, with lower loss‐to‐follow‐up among highly adherent FSWs (aHR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.40–0.85; TAPS data). The model was calibrated to monthly data on the national scale‐up of PrEP among FSWs over 2016–2020, including reductions in PrEP initiations during 2020. The model projected the impact of the current programme (2016–2020) and the future impact (2021–2040) at current coverage or if initiation and/or retention are doubled. Using published cost data, we assessed the cost‐effectiveness (healthcare provider perspective; 3% discount rate; time horizon 2016–2040) of the current PrEP provision.ResultsCalibrated to national data, model projections suggest that 2.1% of HIV‐negative FSWs were currently on PrEP in 2020, with PrEP preventing 0.45% (95% credibility interval, 0.35–0.57%) of HIV infections among FSWs over 2016–2020 or 605 (444–840) infections overall. Reductions in PrEP initiations in 2020 possibly reduced infections averted by 18.57% (13.99–23.29). PrEP is cost‐saving, with $1.42 (1.03–1.99) of ART costs saved per dollar spent on PrEP. Going forward, existing coverage of PrEP will avert 5,635 (3,572–9,036) infections by 2040. However, if PrEP initiation and retention doubles, then PrEP coverage increases to 9.9% (8.7–11.6%) and impact increases 4.3 times with 24,114 (15,308–38,107) infections averted by 2040.ConclusionsOur findings advocate for the expansion of PrEP to FSWs throughout SA to maximize its impact. This should include strategies to optimize retention and should target women in contact with FSW services.

Introduction / Alain Fayolle, Sarah Jack, Wadid Lamine and Didier Chabaud -- Part I the evolution of networks across entrepreneurial stages -- 1. Entrepreneurial network composition and the venture creation process: an empirical investigation / Tammi Redd, Michael A. Abebe and Sibin Wu -- 2. Dynamic social networks of entrepreneurs: five years of change in the networks of Dutch entrepreneurs / Marianne De Beer, Gerald Mollenhorst and Veronique Schutjens -- 3. Social networks of the entrepreneur and formation of business opportunities: an exploratory study / Didier Chabaud and Joseph Ngijol -- 4. Start-ups repositioning in business networks / Lise Aaboen and Frida Lind -- Part II formal networks: a new research agenda? -- 5. Business and professional networks: scope and outcomes in oxfordshire / Helen Lawton-Smith and Malika Virahsawmy -- 6. Women entrepreneurs and the process of networking as social exchange / Claire M Leitch, Richard T. Harrison and Frances M. Hill -- 7. Cooperation vs. coordination relations in SME's network: a new view of collective strategy dynamics / Christophe Leyronas and Stéphanie Loup -- Part III context: a benign neglect? -- 8. The competitiveness of entrepreneurial firms from a network perspective / Christian Lechner -- 9. The role of family members in entrepreneurial networks: beyond the boundaries of the family firm / Alistair R. Anderson, Sarah L. Jack and Sarah Drakopoulou Dodd -- 10. Network structures of nascent entrepreneurs: an exploratory study of advisor networks in mena countries / Sarfraz Mian and Shahid Qureshi -- 11. Ubuntu in family businesses: a case in the Democratic Republic of the Congo / Albert B. R. Lwango -- Part IV debates and perspectives: theoretical challenges -- 12. Entrepreneurial mingling secrets: investigating the performance impact of network structure for control-based entrepreneurship using agent-based simulation / Willem Jansen, René Mauer and Malte Brettel -- 13. Entrepreneurial social network and actor-network theory / Wadid Lamine; Alain Fayolle and Hela Chebbi.