Suchergebnisse

Purpose: Different socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of households have been examined over time, across the world. Developing countries are struggling and striving to achieve the path of economic development. Methodology: The present study has based on primary data, collected through a household survey during the year 2019. Human capital constitutes education, health, skills and on-the-job training are the most significantly related to the prosperity of the households. Findings: The results of the study conclude human capital is the most significant and influential factor that would play a vital role in promoting the prosperity and development of the Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Implications: Government should develop various projects to promote education in Pakistan. Vocational training schools would help to enhance the skills of the households.

Purpose: Countries across the world have acknowledged that poverty alleviation has to be of critical importance among the objectives of economic development. This paper sheds light on the Multan division, as one of the important divisions of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Design/Methodology/Approach: The primary data was collected through a household survey during the year 2019, using the Binomial Logit and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression techniques. Findings: The study concluded that the occupation of the household head in the primary sector and large household size are significant and positively related to household poverty. However, the human capital of the household is found to be significant and negatively related to household poverty in the Multan division. Economic development or per capita income of the households are found to be significant and positively related to the human capital of the households. Implications/Originality/Value: The provision of job opportunities by the government would be helpful in poverty alleviation and the development of this region.

This study aims to explore the impact of governance, foreign direct investment and human capital on trade liberalization in developing countries (lower income, middle income and upper middle income). The study employed fixed effect for the period of 2000 to 2019. Results show governance, foreign direct investment and human capital are highly significant with trade liberalization in the case of lower-income countries. In the case of middle-income countries, empirical findings demonstrate governance and foreign direct investment are highly significant with a negative sign, while human capital has positive on trade liberalization. In the case of upper-middle-income countries, results show human capital and foreign direct investment affect positively, while governance has a negative effect on trade liberalization. On the behalf of results it is suggested that in the countries where human capital is high, most of the inflowsof foreign direct investment happen. It means that the government can develop human resources to attract more foreign direct investments. The governments of developing countries should also concentrate on education, including training facilities and other quality educational facilities for human skill development.

Analyzing the factors affecting human capital at household level increases the productivity of people living in developing countries. A primary data was collected through a household survey to study the factors affecting human capital in Southern Punjab using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression technique. The findings show that the location of the household in rural areas, occupation of the household head in the primary sector, household size, household poverty and female/male ratio shows significant and negatively affecting the human capital of the households in Southern Punjab. Moreover, per capita income, number of earners in the household, remittances are significant and positively affecting the human capital of the households in Southern Punjab. The annual budget allocation for education in Pakistan is very low, so Government should allocate a significant amount of funds to the education sector.

Economic growth is a researchable debate in the context of trade openness relation in testing trade-led growth hypothesis. This study explores the relation of economic growth with trade openness to test the trade-led growth hypothesis by using a recently developed nonlinear ARDL model over the period 1984-2017 in Pakistan. The results reveal that trade openness affects economic growth differently when it decomposes into positive and negative components, and trade openness decrease has a more impact on economic growth in the presence of labor, capital, FDI and institutional performance as control variables. The mixed relationship of openness-growth in the long-run does not completely verify the trade-led growth and shows non-linear impacts of trade openness on economic growth in Pakistan. The study suggests the policies for government officials and policymakers after unearthing the asymmetric association between trade openness and economic growth that would help to make trade policies for Pakistan.

The strategies expected to mitigate poverty tend to identify factors that are closely related to poverty and that could have influenced the policy implications. A household level data was collected to examine the poverty status and factors affecting poverty in Southern Punjab. A logistic regression technique was employed for the present analyses. The findings show that age and education of the household head, own house, spouse participation, remittances, number of earners in the household and physical assets reduces the probability of being poor in Southern Punjab. However, large household size, occupation in the primary sector, high dependency ratio and mental disability are associated with an increased probability of being poor in Southern Punjab. Government should adopt effective policy measures to generate employment and encourage the attainment of education for the poor households for the mitigation of poverty in this region.

The impact of pandemic Covid-19 appears to be quite uncertain across globe. The nations are trying to overcome its impact on their economies. It has affected the production, distribution and life style. Coronavirus pandemic has taken more than 5 lacs lives globally and paralysed the global economy. The developing countries like Pakistan expect to face substantial economic set back from this situation. This study analyses the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on Pakistan economy through observing the relationship between incidence of cases and number of tests conducted. Furthermore, it examines the impact of the demand-side and supply-side shocks due to Covid-19 pandemic on Pakistan economy. On supply side, this pandemic has halted the domestic and international supply chain, causing a shortage of inputs and necessities. On demand-side, decreased domestic and international demand have resulted in massive layoffs and poverty scares. Government and State Bank of Pakistan have announced different relief packages for controlling the situation but due to poor health infrastructure and lack of social protection, the people remain vulnerable to medical and financial misery. These unprecedented circumstances call for immediate policy changes for saving millions of people from virus and poverty.

The Households having low socio-economic status possess less resource in term of wealth and income to resist against any kind of external shocks. Apart from heath shocks (physical and mental disabilities) there are numerous other factors that force them to follow subsistence life style having low per capita income. A primary level data has been collected to examine the socio economic status of households in Southern Punjab for the year 2019.The findings show that household size, occupation, dependency ratio, mental disability and physical disability are negatively affecting economic development across the region. However, age, education of the household head, own house, spouse 's participation, remittances, number of earners in the household and value of physical assets are increasing economic development in Southern Punjab. Developing strategies, adequate planning and their timely implementation is very crucial for the government to pursue the process of economic growth and development of the poor countries like Pakistan.

The objective of this paper is to discuss the short- and long-run relationships between national savings and its monetary and fiscal determinants in Pakistan, during the period 1972-2010. In this study, monetary determinants are M2, Deposit rate, Inflation rate and fiscal determinants are budget deficit, government expenditures, government savings and government revenue (taxation) of national savings. The bounds testing approach to integrated cointegration is used, which is applicable irrespective of whether the underlying variables are of order one or order zero. To estimate the short- and long-run elasticities, the autoregressive distributed-lag (ARDL) and error correction model (ECM) is used. The study concludes that deposit rate and government expenditures is showing positive relationship with national saving in both long run and short run. M2 is negatively related with national saving in long run but highly significant. Inflation rate is presenting a positive relationship with national saving in short run. The coefficient of government saving is larger in short run as compare to long run. No serial correlation exists in both models. Macroeconomic stability combined with solid prudential regulations of financial institutions may create an environment that will raise national savings.

Climate change has become one of the most imperative problems of this century. Climate change is a grave global threat, and Pakistan has been ranked eighth on the list of countries most vulnerable to climate change by the German watch Global Climate Risk Index. The increasing amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), the foremost contributor to environmental degradation, seems to provoke this problem. Agriculture-based economies have always been dependent on the vagaries of nature and climate. Present study analyses the climate change, environmental degradation, input index and economic growth impact on crops production in Pakistanfrom 1977 to 2016. Our study employsAuto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) to check the long run association among the variables. The results shows that positive association among climate change and crops production in the longrun.On the behalf of results policymakers must drive attention to adopt advanced cultivation processes using farming practice through international research institutions' assistance to further improve crops production in Pakistan.

The current study explores the association of human capital, foreign direct investment, economic growth and population with the environment in Pakistan. Our study adopted the time series econometric estimation methodology autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) over 1980-2019. Interestingly our study results show that increase in human capital will clean the environment in both the short and long run. The study also validates the pollution haven hypothesis by proving the positive link of foreign direct investment with the ecological footprint. The findings also corroborate the existence of the long-run linkage of economic growth with the environment. The study suggests that policymakers and government officials should develop and promote the education sector that eventually mitigates environmental degradation.

This study aims at investigating the relationship between trade openness and economic growth after incorporating the role of institutions. Generalized method of moments (GMM) system technique is applied by using data of 17 major emerging market economies (EMEs) for the period 1995-2018. The empirical evidence suggests that trade liberalization affects economic growth positively and significantly while institutions play a supportive role in this regard. The interaction terms are also generated to test the impact of the institutional environment on the trade-growth relationship. The empirical results are robust to various specifications,confirming the positive role of institutions in trade- growthnexus. The countries should develop a conducive institutional and political environment to ensure the beneficial growth effects of trade liberalization policy.

Migration has become an important part of the current global economy. People migrate from their homes for different purposes although this study endeavors to estimate the role of internal and external migration on poverty alleviation in rural areas of the Multan district. Binary logistic regression is applied to the data of 170 rural households. Poverty has been measured by the headcount index, poverty gap, and squared poverty gap, estimates show the high incidence of poverty in rural areas of Multan district. The findings reveal that rural to urban migration, foreign remittances, educational attainment of the household head, household head age and livestock population turn out to be discouraging aspects of poverty while physical disability and household size turn out to be encouraging aspects of poverty. To eradicate poverty easiness in internal and external migration should be ensured by the government.