Suchergebnisse

The low level of development of this topic in Russian historiography can be explained by the fact that, most often, this problematics is considered through the prism of general issues of culture of the Soviet period, party and state cultural policy, aspects of intelligentsia studies.This study aims at identifying the artistic concept of the leftist direction in the visual arts of the early 20th century, considering its variability, showing its origins, relations with the Soviet government and within the artistic environment, analyzing the reasons for its prohibition and exodus for many decades.The article pays special attention to the genesis of the very concept of "leftist art", which was applied both in relation to new radical trends and in relation to the work of artists who considered themselves among the proletarian culture. The article attempts to separate the concepts of "avant-garde", "modernism", "futurism". The authors focus on the art of the avant-garde, whose representatives, at the time of the Bolsheviks' coming to power, took all the key positions and began to actively promote their creativity. The article pays attention to the reform of art education, as a result of which the Academy of Arts and the Higher Art School were abolished, and the Petrograd Art Training Workshops were created instead, where previous teaching methods were cancelled, talented masters were dismissed, and disciplines based on the principles of the avant-garde were introduced into education in the majority. The authors outline the changes in the traditions of museology, when, by the decision of the avant-gardists, museums began to be headed not by art historians, but by artists themselves, who became responsible for opening exhibitions and acquiring new works of art — at public expense and mainly of an avant-garde orientation.Based on archival materials and periodicals of the 1920s, the article analyzes the tasks of Soviet cultural policy, the art views of Soviet political leaders and art historians who were on the new government's side. The authors consider the political views of representatives of proletarian culture (Proletkult) and the reasons for their disagreements with party leaders. The article substantiates the conclusion about the discrepancy in the understanding of the role of fine art among the government, avant-garde artists, and Proletkult representatives.

The compositions of aqueous chloride-fluoride and ethylene glycol citrate electrolytes and conditions for electrochemical deposition of Ni – Sn coatings, providing the production of an alloy based on Ni3Sn2 intermetallic with nickel content of 36– 40 wt. %, have been proposed. The effect of sodium and ammonium fluorides additives, as well as non-ionic surfactant OS-20 in an aqueous electrolyte or hydrochloric and citric acids in ethylene glycol electrolyte on the internal stresses and corrosion resistance of coatings has been determined. The lowest internal stresses and the highest corrosion resistance have been found to be characteristic of coatings with a fine-grained dense structure that does not change with increasing of thickness (within 1–10 μm), which include a Ni3Sn2 single crystalline phase with minimal deviations from stoichiometry. To the greatest extent, these characteristics are provided during the deposition of coatings from ethylene glycol citrate electrolyte.

The period of détente is usually associated with a decrease of confrontation in US-Soviet relations, the signing of agreements on the limitation of strategic weapons and anti-missile defense systems and the development of trade and economic relations, scientific and cultural exchanges. Strengthening security in Europe is considered another facet of détente. From this perspective détente is viewed as an alternative to the Cold War, and the end of détente is seen as a missed opportunity to develop international relations in the direction of a secure world with working mechanisms for harmonizing the interests of both the great powers and other countries.The article deals with the history of relations in the triangle USA – USSR – China in 1977– 1980. The evolution of Washington's foreign policy strategy and the inclusion to it policies towards the USSR and China in these years came at the background of pronounced Soviet– Chinese antagonism. In the first months there was no clear plan in the actions of the Carter administration, there was a sharp rivalry for influence on the president between individual political figures (first of all – S. Vance and Zb. Brzezinski). They proposed different scenarios of the development of the US–Soviet and US – China relations. Throughout the Carter presidency, the US used as much as possible the tensions between Moscow and Beijing. In the framework of tripartite relations, each of the sides consistently pursued its own course aimed at achieving unilateral benefits. There were no attempts to establish a trilateral dialogue with an agreed agenda. The processes of détente practically did not affect the complex of international problems that existed within the American – Soviet – Chinese triangle. Moreover, Washington's use of the «Chinese card» prevented the reduction of tensions in American–Soviet relations and strengthened the Cold War logic and methods in the planning and implementation of US foreign policy.

The article is devoted to the evaluation of the feasibility and efficiency of modernization of the microarc oxidation process (MAO) by changing the conditions and parameters of sparking, as well as the selection of criteria for assessing the quality and predicting the service properties of formed ceramic-like coatings. The predominant role in changing the nature of structure formation and in ensuring the predicted quality and properties of the oxidized alloy is played by the intensity of sparking, which occurs in the process of electric discharges migrating along the treated surface of the object immersed in the electrolyte. Intensity of sparking determines the conditions for obtaining equidistant coatings: the less stochastic the nature of sparking around the oxidized part is, the more evenly and rapidly the thickness of the formed coating increases and its density is higher. These considerations allowed us offering the option of upgrading method of the anode MAO (AMAO), wherein only the anodic component of the current, causing thereby obtaining thin coatings with extensive porosity by stabilizing the process of arcing through the use of the system of quasi cathodes in the electrolysis bath. In this study, we consider the possibility of controlling the parameters of coatings obtained by the AMDO method in its standard and upgraded versions, by fixing in real time the nature of the distribution of spark discharges, indirect evidence of which is the change in the current density over time and the uniformity of the thickness of the coatings created. Taking into account the influence of micro-arc oxidation on the structural and qualitative features of formed layers, it was assumed that the surface of the coating obtained by the modernized method should have a higher quality, one of the indicators of which is a more smooth and uniform relief. Thus, another criterion for the efficiency of the modernized process can serve as amplitude and step parameters of roughness, which, without allowing an objective assessment of the microprofile of the formed coating, can give more extensive information about the nature of the increase in its thickness and quality changes, determining the level of operational capabilities of metal objects with such a coating.

The deliberate activity of terrorist groups to destroy cultural heritage sites triggered the securitization of World Cultural Heritage concept. Among the actors of the securitization process, the UN Security Council plays a special role as the main body responsible for ensuring and maintaining international peace and security. Within the framework of UN Security Council resolutions, the base was gradually prepared linking the destruction and plunder of World Cultural Heritage sites, the illicit trafficking of cultural property with the financing of terrorist activities. This process took place in line with the securitization process, increasingly linking the protection of cultural sites with the maintenance of international peace and security. The article assesses the impact the in activities of the UN Security Council on the process of securitization of the World Cultural Heritage and on the development of regional legislation in the field of protection of such heritage. ; Целенаправленная деятельность террористических группировок по разрушению объектов культурного наследия и общечеловеческой ценности спровоцировала процесс секьюритизации таких объектов. Среди акторов секьюритизации особую роль играет Совет Безопасности ООН, как главный орган на международной арене, ответственный за обеспечение и поддержание мира и безопасности. В рамках резолюций Совета Безопасности ООН происходила постепенная подготовка базы, связывающей разрушение и разграбление объектов всемирного культурного наследия, незаконный оборот культурных ценностей с финансированием террористической деятельности. Этот процесс происходил в русле секьюритизации, все прочнее связывая вопросы защиты культурных объектов с поддержанием международного мира и безопасности. В статье дается оценка влияния деятельности Совета Безопасности ООН на процесс секьюритизации всемирного культурного наследия и на развитие регионального законодательства в сфере защиты такого наследия.

Basing on ethnographic, archival and archaeological data, the authors of the article analyze the features of the development of cattle breeding among the Katai Bashkirs from ancient times up to our days. Due to traditions and geographical and climatic factors, cattle breeding has been the main occupation of the Katai Bashkirs until today. The Katai Bashkirs live in the mountain-forest zone of the Southern Urals in the territory of the Inzer basin in the Beloretsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The peculiarities of the natural and geographical zone, primarily its inaccessibility and the lack of large open spaces, have created conditions for preservation of ethnic traditions, for separate development of material and spiritual culture of the ethnoterritorial group of the Bashkirs. The study of the Katai Bashkirs of the Inzer basin allows tracing changes in the way of life of the Bashkirs from semi-nomadic one to the formation of farms and the development of horse breeding. The origin of the Katai (kytai, ktai) tribal group is associated with the Mongolian tribes of the Kara-Khitais, or Khitans, that came to the territory in question at the end of the 14th century. In the 15th - 16th centuries the territory of the Inzer basin was part of the Historical Bashkortostan. The field materials of one of the authors of the article, as well as written and archaeological data, speak of the nomadic way of life of the Bashkirs during the Middle Ages. After resettlement to the territory of the Inzer basin, the Katai Bashkirs adapted to local natural conditions and began to lead a semi-nomadic way of life. In the 18th century there was a sharp change in economic activity. At the end of the 19th century, the cattle number reduced. This was due to the fact that Russians captured Bashkir lands and constructed mining plants in the territory of the Inzer basin, and it led to reduction of pasture and hayfields. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Katai Bashkirs were still engaged in semi-nomadic cattle breeding. Mass exodus ceased in 1921-1922. According to informants, the last nomadic migration was in 1932. At the end of the 20th century, farms for breeding horses appeared in this territory.

On the basis of the international experience of employment of hired workers in military formations and resource opportunities of i Interior Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine the organizational and staff structure of recruiting units and approaches to professional and psychological selection of recruiters is offered. ; З урахуванням міжнародного досвіду зайнятості найманих працівників у військових формуванняхта ресурсних можливостей внутрішніх військ МВС України запропоновано організаційно-штатнуструктуру вербувального підрозділу та підходи до професійно-психологічного відбору вербувальників

On the basis of the international experience of employment of hired workers in military formations and resource opportunities of i Interior Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine the organizational and staff structure of recruiting units and approaches to professional and psychological selection of recruiters is offered. ; З урахуванням міжнародного досвіду зайнятості найманих працівників у військових формуванняхта ресурсних можливостей внутрішніх військ МВС України запропоновано організаційно-штатнуструктуру вербувального підрозділу та підходи до професійно-психологічного відбору вербувальників

In this article the essence of banks' nationalization is revealed, the main differences between nationalization and liquidation are defined, and the reasons for the increase of these processes in the banking system of Ukraine over the past few years. Furthermore, the procedure of nationalization of commercial banks in Ukraine is described in details. In addition to that, an issue of nationalization of the largest Ukrainian bank - PrivatBank is highlighted, the causes of this event are studied, positive and negative consequences of nationalization for the bank are analyzed, and moreover, it is investigated how the process of nationalization influences the development of the Ukrainian economy in general. Besides, the state of PrivatBank functioning after nationalization is examined and what is more, the main views of the Ukrainian Government, PrivatBank leaders and external experts concerning the nationalization of one of the major Ukrainian commercial banks are given. Finally, the development strategy of PrivatBank activity is scrutinized and ways of solving the problem of banking system instability in Ukraine are proposed. ; В статье раскрыта сущность национализации банков, выявлены основные различия национализации от ликвидации и выяснены причины роста этих процессов в банковской системе Украины за последние несколько лет. Подробно описан порядок проведения национализации коммерческих банков в Украине. Были освещены вопросы национализации крупнейшего банка страны - ПриватБанка, изучены причины этого события, положительные и отрицательные последствия национализации для банка и проанализировано, как этот процесс повлиял на развитие экономики Украины в целом. Исследовано состояние функционирования ПриватБанка после проведения процедуры национализации и основные взгляды правительства Украины, руководителей ПриватБанка и внешних экспертов по проведению национализации одного из основных коммерческих банков Украины. Рассмотрены стратегии развития деятельности ПриватБанка и предложены пути решения проблемы нестабильности банковской системы в Украине. ; У статті розкрито сутність націоналізації банків, виявлено основні відмінності націоналізації від ліквідації та з'ясовано причини зростання цих процесів у банківській системі України за останні декілька років. Докладно описано порядок проведення націоналізації комерційних банків в Україні. Було висвітлено питання націоналізації найбільшого банку країни ‒ ПриватБанку, вивчено причини цієї події, позитивні та негативні наслідки націоналізації для банку та проаналізовано, як цей процес вплинув на розвиток економіки України в цілому. Досліджено стан функціонування ПриватБанку після проведення процедури націоналізації та основні погляди уряду України, керівників ПриватБанку та зовнішніх експертів стосовно проведення націоналізації одного з основних комерційних банків України. Розглянуто стратегію розвитку діяльності ПриватБанку та запропоновано шляхи вирішення проблеми нестабільності банківської системи в Україні.

In this article the essence of banks' nationalization is revealed, the main differences between nationalization and liquidation are defined, and the reasons for the increase of these processes in the banking system of Ukraine over the past few years. Furthermore, the procedure of nationalization of commercial banks in Ukraine is described in details. In addition to that, an issue of nationalization of the largest Ukrainian bank - PrivatBank is highlighted, the causes of this event are studied, positive and negative consequences of nationalization for the bank are analyzed, and moreover, it is investigated how the process of nationalization influences the development of the Ukrainian economy in general. Besides, the state of PrivatBank functioning after nationalization is examined and what is more, the main views of the Ukrainian Government, PrivatBank leaders and external experts concerning the nationalization of one of the major Ukrainian commercial banks are given. Finally, the development strategy of PrivatBank activity is scrutinized and ways of solving the problem of banking system instability in Ukraine are proposed. ; В статье раскрыта сущность национализации банков, выявлены основные различия национализации от ликвидации и выяснены причины роста этих процессов в банковской системе Украины за последние несколько лет. Подробно описан порядок проведения национализации коммерческих банков в Украине. Были освещены вопросы национализации крупнейшего банка страны - ПриватБанка, изучены причины этого события, положительные и отрицательные последствия национализации для банка и проанализировано, как этот процесс повлиял на развитие экономики Украины в целом. Исследовано состояние функционирования ПриватБанка после проведения процедуры национализации и основные взгляды правительства Украины, руководителей ПриватБанка и внешних экспертов по проведению национализации одного из основных коммерческих банков Украины. Рассмотрены стратегии развития деятельности ПриватБанка и предложены пути решения проблемы ...