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Women, when endowed with economic resources and having control over meaningful decisions, tend not only to benefit themselves but also their households and communities. Access to training can enhance the income-earning ability of women, thereby leading to an increase in her ability to question and use resources for betterment of life and to make rational decisions. Using data from a primary survey of working women in the urban informal sector in Agra, this paper examines the role of skills acquired through training, amount of income earned the interaction term of high income coupled with skills acquired in determining economic empowerment. The index of economic empowerment is constructed using eleven indicators. We have further examined if economic empowerment of self-employed women who have acquired training to do intricate work is significantly different from the women who work for wages. The main results of our paper show that higher income earned does lead in enhancing economic empowerment of women in our sample. However, the interaction term, that is training acquired along with higher incomes earned plays a significant role in determining economic empowerment. We also find that the self-employed women are more economically empowered than the women who work for wages. Given the results of the paper, one of the policy recommendations is to create training camps to impart knowledge and skills to women at a relatively younger age which will boost employment opportunities and can help women earn higher incomes which are a dire need. This will ensure greater economic empowerment.

Political campaigns delegate a wide range of responsibilities and tasks among a staff and base of volunteers dedicated to supporting their candidate. Their ability to aid in advertising a positive message, and facilitating a powerful mobilization effort, is critical to any campaign's success. However, it's never as easy as it sounds. Every campaign has internal struggles that makes winning a challenging endeavor. What makes for a well-run campaign, one that accomplishes its goals and intentions, is what every political operative is eager to know. As campaigns usually desire media attention as a form of free advertising (also known as "earned media"), the campaign processes are becoming inherently transparent. How a campaign handles this transparency, while still operating with a certain level of secrecy to prevent an opponent's counter strategy, is a difficult problem. Transparency sometimes makes visible structural missteps and errors. My poster seeks to showcase techniques a candidate and campaign manager uses in order to successfully engage and manage an organization within America's democratic process.

This study investigates empirically the role of supplemental instruction (SI) as a means of enhancing student performance in the first accounting course. SI is a proactive educational intervention program that targets traditionally "high-risk" courses and employs collaborative learning techniques emphasizing learning strategies and critical-thinking skills. This emphasis on "learning to learn" has been advocated by the Accounting Education Change Commission (AECC) as a goal of the first accounting course.
ANCOVA-based results from 1,359 students in nine sessions of Principles of Accounting indicate that SI was effective at increasing academic performance; after controlling for self-selection bias, participation in both voluntary and mandatory SI sessions was found to be positively associated with the total points earned in the course. Additionally, a step pattern is observed in the increased performance for both the voluntary and mandatory attendance phases of the study, indicating that the level of SI attendance may play a role in the benefits obtained. The implications of this analysis for the accounting curriculum are addressed.

Karachi's size and composition of population makes it a 'mini Pakistan' in many ways. Due to its unique characteristics Karachi has earned an un-ignorable and a distinctiveposition in National and Provincial politics of Pakistan and Sind. As a city it hasthe largest number of seats in national and provincial assemblies.1 It has been observed that the local developments taking shape in Karachi result in political changes on national level. There is hardly any parallel city to Karachi in terms of its political equation to overall politics of a particular country. Karachi's political dynamics and political handling has always played its role in major political changes and developments of Pakistan.It has become imperative to study Karachi as a political catalyst to understand the nitty-gritties associated in this phenomenon. This paper particularly studies the role of various representative groups of the city in the formation and removal of the federal governments of Pakistan in a historical perspective.

This research work is to explore the role, status and perception of female education with respect to a budgetary change in District Peshawar. Education changes people leadership and makes them live with flexibility. The objectives were (i) To find the perception of female education regarding socio economic status (ii) to know the role of women as mother, wife and daughter, is to be assessed. The research study was restricted to Peshawar. For the administration of the study tool, a random sampling technique was used. A simple random sample, of 240 participants, of Peshawar District was chosen randomly. The main findings of the study included: (1) Somewhere between 5,001 and 10,000 Rs, wages of a mind sweeping number of respondents were consistent. In all cases, most respondents earned different settlement wells to Rs.5000; (2) the mostly respondents ensured criticality for the female as the directorate deals with budgetary problems and personality

AbstractThis paper reports an investigation into the changes in the wage distribution in Poland in the first half of the 1990s. We concentrate on the effects of privatization and international trade. We show that the tendency towards increased dispersion in wages halted between 1992 and 1996, despite a rapid expansion in private‐sector work. We also show that, during the same period, private‐sector workers typically earned less than their state‐sector counterparts on an hourly basis, and this gap widened. However, if one controls for experience, tenure and size of workplace, then there existed a small positive private‐sector premium. On the effects of international trade, we find suggestive circumstantial evidence that the increase in trade with Western Europe raised wages and employment in manufacturing.

Provisioning for basic human needs is done in three main kind of institutions: the familial household; the commercial enterprise selling goods and services; the institutions of the Welfare State that provide education, medical care and other goods and personal services to all or to some specific groups of citizens in need. The purpose of this book is to study the interplay of these institutions and their impact on well-being, and to analyze key policies and measures that have been implemented in European countries. Institutions determine labour demand (men and women are hired by the institutions of the Welfare State or by market providers of care), the possibilities of consumption (wages earned can be used to buy goods and services only if such goods and services are provided by the market) and allocate people's time, in particular women's time, between paid work and unpaid domestic production and provision of care, shaping both the gender relations and time use of people of both sexes. The proper balance of these institutions is a prerequisite of well-being both of the care givers and of the care receivers, and also for satisfactory gender relations. The chapters in this book focus on the following sub-topics: gender and welfare regimes; gender, well-being and the provision of care in the family and the household; and gender and well-being in the labour market. They emphasise the interdependence of social and labour market policies in the context of fundamental changes in both working patterns (the increase in female labour-force participation rates) and social needs (including population ageing) and demonstrate that we need a more integrated approach to welfare policy which takes account not only of basic welfare entitlements, but also the need for supportive forms of service provision and employment regulation

While the cost estimates of reminders by mail are readily available for policy-makers, estimation of their benefits requires thoughtful analysis. For this purpose, we used data about earned income tax credit (EITC) reminders by mail which the Israel Tax Authority sent to eligible applicants during the period of 2008–2011. Using a framework of repeated letters, we identify those who applied for the EITC in response to such a reminder. Using an analytical framework of learning, we characterised different types of reactions to these reminders, with an emphasis on their role in persuading individuals to apply. We estimate the persuasive role of receiving reminders – which prompts an increased uptake – at 1.5%. Using independently-performed questionnaires, we characterise the 'letter-dependent' population, defined as those who depended on receiving reminders for requesting the EITC transfer. We find that these applicants were older; they received a lower transfer, they had a fair level of knowledge of the programme and they did not actively seek out information about the amount of the expected transfer.

The article reports the findings of a pathbreaking national study that examines executive compensation in American environmental nonprofits. This article seeks to accomplish two goals: (1) examine the gender disparities in the pay of chief executive officers (CEOs), executive directors, and presidents in environmental organizations; and (2) analyze the ethnic/racial differences in the wages of the top executive in said nonprofits. The study uses financial information from Internal Revenue Service Form 990 to examine top executive salaries in 2,703 organizations. The author collected data from tax forms filed between 2018 and 2020. The article examines how gender and race/ethnicity are associated with compensation. It also analyzes how region, organizational type, urbanization, organizational revenue, staff size, the board size, the receipt of bonuses and incentives, the size of the bonuses/incentives, and the size of the base wages are related to overall compensation. Men occupied 51.2% (1,383) and women 48.8% (1,320) of the top executive positions in the organizations studied. Whites dominate the CEO position, that is, 92% or 2,488 of the CEOs were White, and 8% (215) were people of color. The study found significant gender pay gaps. While the median compensation for men was $117,468, it was $88,568.50 for women. Hence, women CEOs earned 75.4% of what men were paid. There was also an ethnic/racial pay gap. The study found that White CEOs earned a median income of $102,801. The median wage for Asian CEOs was 97.6%, Black CEOs was 96%, Latinx CEOs was 80.8%, and Native American CEOs was 73.4% of what White CEOs earned. White men obtained the highest median compensation of all gender, and racial/ethnic groups studied. The total compensation also varied by region, organizational revenues, organizational type, level of urbanization, staff size, board size, receipt of bonuses and incentives, the size of bonuses/incentives, and size of base wages. The size of the organization's revenue, whether a CEO received bonuses/incentives, region, the CEO's race/ethnicity, the CEO's gender, and size of the staff were significant factors in the multivariate regression model.

AbstractMalawi earned a great deal of praise for its programme to build gravity‐fed piped water schemes in rural areas, because the government limited its own role by turning over many responsibilities to the community. Unfortunately, the government has not been able to provide the supporting services and recurrent financing necessary under even this limited role. As a result, the schemes are functioning at about 50% of capacity. These problems did not arise because programme designers and implementers neglected to plan for operation and maintenance. Rather, they thought that a very good system was in place. However, both observers and those directly concerned failed to identify or act on flaws in the planned system for a number of reasons, such as the blinding success of the construction programme, and a willingness to accept rather than evaluate underlying critical assumptions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Based on a yearlong observational study of participants in a "Live Action Role Playing" group called "Dagorhir," using the manhood acts perspective, we focus on how masculinity is constructed among low-status, subordinate men who self-define as "nerds." We demonstrate that through fantasy role-playing, men are given opportunities to increase their group status, while women are typically relegated to subordinate positions. Increasing status in Dagorhir involved a type of self-enhancement strategy that we termed "epic glory," which positioned men as social dominants. Epic glory was earned through training activities, at Dagorhir events, and through simulating dramatic death scenes. Such actions served as a performance of masculinity that was not possible for these men outside the role-playing experience. Importantly, women were excluded from many of the opportunities to enact epic glory, which helped reproduce inequalities both among males and between males and females participating in the events.

The enormous natural resources of India's forests including Non-Wood forest products (NWFPs), such as medicinal and aromatic plants, leaves, seeds, nuts, fruits and gums offer employment that provide up to half the income of about 25 % of the country's rural labor force. Despite of the potential benefits that are offered by non-wood forest products, it has been widely documented that forest still offers little in terms of opportunities for expanding livelihood options and assets required to reduce livelihood vulnerability. Based on this, a study was carried out to determine the contribution of NWFPs towards poverty reduction by assessing potentials and constraints experienced by adjacent local communities towards their exploitation. The specific objective of the study is to assess the role of NWFPs contribution to tribal income and also influence on the poverty reduction. The study was conducted in Kodaikanal and Palani range in Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu state. The data were collected personally in cooperation with forest officers and other officials of the district by using pre-tested interview schedule. The findings reveals that the 65 selected households involved for collection of myrobalam (kadukkai), honey, amla, broom grass, stone flower, pepper, and coffee. These products were easily accessible and available to them and these activities are the important source of employment and income. The tribes earned at an average per day, from the collection of NWFPs of Rs700 for broom grass, Rs.650 for kadukkai, Rs.600 for amla, Rs.500 for pepper, and Rs.400 for coffee and stone flower. Regarding honey collection, the tribes earned Rs.400 per liter. Majority of the respondents (92.3 %) were facing the problems related to lack of transport facilities for NWFPs existence of bad weather (76.9 %), deforestation(69.2 %), fluctuated market price (61.5 %), lack of storage facilities for NWFPs (56.9 %), over collection of outsiders (38.4 %), low infrastructure facilities for NWFPs (18.4 %), lack of skill oriented training for NWFPs(16.9 %) and lack of timely information for marketing of NWFPs (15.3 %). It is suggested that there is a need to take necessary steps by the government to eliminate these existing problems faced by the respondent of study area. Respondents expected nearby Ration shop and Primary health centre from the district authority.

10/28/2020 Castro names Adishian-Astone, Moffitt to additional administrative roles – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2014/12/15/castro-names-adishian-astone-moffitt-to-additional-administrative-roles/ 1/3 CASTRO NAMES ADISHIAN-ASTONE, MOFFITT TOADDITIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE ROLES Home | PRESS RELEASES | Castro names Adishian-Astone, Mo􀃞􍹴tt to additional administrative roles Previous  Next  Fresno State President Joseph I. Castro named two experienced managersto interim appointments in administrative and nancial positions. E􀃠􎁥ective today, Deborah Adishian-Astone, associate vice president forauxiliary operations and enterprise development, will take on additionalduties as interim Vice President for Administration. Clinton G. Mo􀃞􍹴tt,associate vice president for nancial services, will become interim ChiefFinancial O􀃞􍹣cer. Both will serve on the President's Cabinet. The appointments will begin a transition to replace Vice President andCFO Cynthia Teniente-Matson, who leaves the university next month after10 years to become president of Texas A & M – San Antonio. Adishian-Astone currently oversees Auxiliary Services, which supportsve University auxiliary organizations including the AgriculturalFoundation of California State University, Fresno; Associated Students,Inc.; California State University, Association, Inc.; Fresno State Programs       Search . SECTIONS ACADEMICS  CAMPUS &COMMUNITY  RESEARCH  ALUMNI  PRESS RELEASES  FEATURED VIDEOS  NEWS SOURCES Fresno StateMagazine  CommunityNewsletter  Fresno State  The Collegian  Bulldog Blog  ACADEMICS CAMPUS & COMMUNITY RESEARCH ALUMNI ATHLETICS FEATURED VIDEOS  ABOUT PRESS RELEASES MEDIA GUIDE ARCHIVES10/28/2020 Castro names Adishian-Astone, Moffitt to additional administrative roles – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2014/12/15/castro-names-adishian-astone-moffitt-to-additional-administrative-roles/ 2/3 By Shirley Armbruster | December 15th, 2014 | Categories: PRESS RELEASES | Tags: alumni , faculty/sta􀃠􎁼 | 0 Comments SHARE THIS STORY, CHOOSE YOUR PLATFORM!     RELATED POSTS for Children, Inc.; and the Fresno State Foundation. She joined the sta􀃠􎀠 in1988 as an assistant facilities planner, advanced to facilities planner,director of facilities planning and executive director of Auxiliary Servicesbefore her current position. A Fresno State alumna, Adishian-Astone earned a bachelor's degree inbusiness administration with an emphasis on marketing andmanagement and a master's in business administration. She completedthe Management Development Program at the Harvard Graduate Schoolof Education. Financial Services, headed by Mo􀃞􍹴tt, is composed of four departments:Accounting Services, Procurement and Support Services, and theUniversity Budget O􀃞􍹣ce. He joined the Fresno State administration inJune 2007 after working for 19 years at Utah State University. He earned a bachelor's degree in accounting from Utah State Universityand is a certied public accountant. Castro said searches to ll the two positions on a permanent basis will beundertaken next year. Matson is the second Fresno State vice president to move into a universitypresidency in the last 15 months. In September 2013, William Covino,provost and vice president for Academic A􀃠􎁡airs, became president ofCalifornia State University, Los Angeles. Matson joined the Fresno State administration in March 2004 and hasbeen a leader in executing many initiatives such as the Madden Libraryrevitalization and fundraising, the Campus Master Plan, partnerships withother government agencies and several process improvement initiatives. Go Bulldogs  Videos  Social MediaDirectory   10/28/2020 Castro names Adishian-Astone, Moffitt to additional administrative roles – Fresno State News www.fresnostatenews.com/2014/12/15/castro-names-adishian-astone-moffitt-to-additional-administrative-roles/ 3/3 SAÚL JIMÉNEZ-SANDOVALAPPOINTEDINTERIMPRESIDENT TRANSPORTATIONINSTITUTE RELEASESPROMISINGFINDINGSOF NURSING MUNIT CONTFREE HEALSERVICESO Fresno State News Hub isthe primary source ofinformation about currentevents a􀃠􎁥ecting CaliforniaState University, Fresno, itsstudents, faculty and sta􀃠􎀻;providing an archive ofnews articles, videos andphotos, as well as links tomajor resources on campusas a service to theuniversity community. CONTACT US CALIFORNIA STATEUNIVERSITY, FRESNO 5241 N. Maple Ave. Fresno, CA 93740 P: 559.278.4240 Email Us SECTIONS ACADEMICS  CAMPUS & COMMUNITY  RESEARCH  ALUMNI  PRESS RELEASES  FEATURED VIDEOS  Sign up for theCommunity Newsletter Fresno State NewsArchives Copyright 2012 - 2016 Avada | All Rights Reserved | Powered by WordPress | Theme Fusion      