Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Promoting growth in patent activity was an important stated goal of China's Medium- and Long-Term Plan for Science and Technology Development (2006–20), and it was a successful one. By the end of this ambitious blueprint, China had witnessed enormous growth in the number of granted patents, especially those granted to public universities. This vital role played by universities in technology innovation justifies further research on the role of academia with respect to the development of technology. However, most studies on patenting by Chinese universities are limited in terms of research scale and context, and patent performance is seldom investigated in great detail. This study first presents an overall analysis of the utility patents granted to Chinese public universities (not utility model patents). Then, we compare the patent performance of two elite university groups: Project 985 universities in China and member institutions of the Association of American Universities (AAU) in the USA. Our results show that Chinese universities account for a high proportion of the total patents granted in China, and the number of patents granted to universities has grown rapidly in recent decades, making them a very substantial contributor to China's innovation system. However, the value of patents did not improve as their counts surged. Compared to AAU universities, the technological and economic value of patents held by Project 985 universities is considerably lower, even for the top-patenting universities in China. These findings extend our understanding of technological innovation activity in China's academic landscape and might inspire future policies toward patent quality and impact.

The working group was held in remotely, from 12th to 20th Sept 2020. The meeting was attended by 14 experts in total, including two STECF member and two JRC experts. The EWG had two observers who attended part time. The objective of the Mediterranean Methodology EWG 20-15 was to carry out assessments and provide draft advice for stocks identified in the ToR supplied by STECF. An initial plenary session commenced at 09:30 on the first day. The ToRs were discussed and examined in detail. Stocks were allocated to participants based on expertise. An ftp repository was created ad-hoc to share documents, data and scripts and prepare the report. The stocks were evaluated by the GSA groups identified in the ToRs. Most of the work was concluded by Tuesday 20 Sept, after 7 full days of work, and some additional work at the weekend. Over the 7 working days plenary sessions were held each day to monitor progress and share results. The overall conclusions for each stock were discussed and finalized in plenary on the Tuesday. ; European Commission ; European Union, Joint Research Centre ; Published ; Refereed

Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Beitrag geht der Frage nach, welche Botschaften zum Thema Unternehmensverantwortung seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts in der deutschsprachigen Volkswirtschaftslehre vermittelt wurden und inwiefern sich daraus Bezüge zur Sozialen Marktwirtschaft der Nachkriegszeit ableiten lassen. Dabei werden Narrative aus der Jüngeren Historischen Schule, dem Ordoliberalismus sowie von Schumpeter den neoklassisch bzw. keynesianisch geprägten Lehrmeinungen der folgenden Jahrzehnte gegenübergestellt. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass gerade in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts von verschiedenen Nationalökonomen anspruchsvolle Botschaften zur sozial-, ordnungs- und innovationspolitischen Verantwortung von Unternehmen formuliert wurden, die später weitgehend aus der ökonomischen Debatte verdrängt wurden, aber gleichwohl auch aktuelle Diskussionen zur "Corporate Social Responsibility" befruchten können.

Abstract
This paper analyzes the dynamics that led to the failure of the Moroccan protest "February 20" movement. It explains how the failure is due to its internal ideological divergences and external elements. At the internal level, the "February 20" missed an excellent opportunity to constitute itself as a historical bloc as recommended by the Moroccan philosopher Mohamed Abed Al-Jabri. Largely polarized between leftist ideology and the Islamist movement. The internal ideological quarrels of the movement contributed to its subsequent failure. At the external level, faced with the central Moroccan power, the "Makhzen", leading the political game, as well as the Machiavellianism of Moroccan political actors, the "February 20" movement found itself in the rejected category. He was abandoned by those who were themselves the defenders of his own ideas, before changing sides and approaching the political power and became a blessed category.