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This is the final version as it appears for the citation: Jordan, Soren. 2016. "Politics: Basic Concepts." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Adminis- tration, Public Policy, and Governance, ed. Ali Farazmand. Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_1403-1 The page numbers here are consistent with the published version. Corresponding author: Soren Jordan (sorenjordanpols@gmail.com).

In the spring of 1995, when Lane Kirkland's old order was toppling and John Sweeney's young(er) Turks were poised to revitalize the American labor movement, one of the movement's leading operatives gave me his take on what was behind the revolt. "We didn't join the labor movement when it represented 20 percent of the work force," he said—and by "we," he meant a generation of more militant organizers, children of the sixties, who were then in their forties—"only to see it drift down to 5 percent on our watch."

Internet and new digital technologies played remarkable, novel roles in the 2007 French presidential campaign. They produced unexpected shifts in daily operations of parties, which had to reverse their tactics as a result of information flows and the need to respond to revelations from unauthorized videos broadcast on the Web. There were forums and interactive debates online (Ségolène Royal's team was the innovator in these), and campaigners were mobilized via instant messaging. In short, political communication departed from beyond the traditional paths of a party apparatus, public relations teams, and mainstream journalism. Activists online helped to create the content of political debates, and this, in turn, fed into the traditional media.