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Financial statements are the main source of information showing the performance of an enterprise and its financial state. They are need for business management, analysis, internal and external audit, owners and state, investors, society. The set of financial statements is prepared by summarizing the company's financial year data. To prepare accountability, data is pre-accumulated and grouped in accounting records, synthetic and analytical accounting registers according to general principles: continuity, periodicity, permanence, prudence, monetary measure, accumulation, neutrality, relevance of content, importance of information (the most important ones, and necessary to know). These accounting principles are followed in the EU countries. According to A. Ivanauskienė, an annual stocktaking must be carried out before the annual financial statements are drawn up [3]. Accounting policy part includes accounting principles and a brief description of accounting methods and rules that are used by the entity in accounting and financial reporting. [2]. Accounting policies are general accounting principles, accounting methods, and rules intended for accounting management, formation and submission of financial accountability" - the definition is provided by A. Ivanauskienė [3]. For more information on accounting policies is written 6 BAS - the explanatory note of the accounting policy part should state that 'financial statements are prepared in accordance with business accounting standards. Other legal acts that have been used for accounting management and financial reporting purposes [1] are also included. At the end of the company's financial year, we have to prepare not only financial statements, but also to analyze it properly. Because only by submitting an annual analysis of financial statements we will be able to evaluate the company's performance and position. We will be able to determine whether the company's performance is profitable, whether by putting together and discussing all the reports, there is a risk for the company's future plans. Problem and Relevance - it is very important that the financial accountability reports would be prepared correctly and would perform their intended purpose. Accurate accumulation and systematization of accounting information allows to account correctly assets, capital, income and expenses. Otherwise, false information will result in distorted analysis results and its users will make wrong decisions. The aim of the work is to analyze the content of financial statements, principles of formation and use of data.Research object - financial accountability.Research objectives: 1. To analyze the essence and importance of financial accountability, to provide a systematic description of financial accountability. 2. To provide a procedure for regulating accountability and how to allocate it. 3. To set requirements for financial reporting. 4. To prove the importance of financial reporting with respect to companies.Research methods - analysis of scientific literature, including the comparison of theoretical statements, methods of generalization, logical and graphical representation. Conclusions: Financial statements should reflect fair information about the financial position and performance of the entity, as well as provide necessary information to internal and external users and disclose relevant information about significant events occurring during the reporting period. Preparation of financial statements is regulated by: Law on Accounting of the Republic of Lithuania, Law on Financial Accountability of the Republic of Lithuania, Consolidated Financial Accountability Compilation of the Republic of Lithuania, International Business Accounting Standards, National Business Accounting Standards, Accounting Policies shaped in the company. The data presented in the annual financial statements shall be prepared in accordance with the general accounting principles. The information received in the reports must be compared to the previous reporting periods and to the performance of other companies. The data obtained are needed for economic analysis, audit, planning of the company performance and forecasting ; Финансові звіти є основним джерелом інформації, що свідчать про результати діяльності підприємства та його фінансовий стан. Вони необхідні для управління, аналізу, внутрішнього і зовнішнього аудиту, власникам і державі, інвесторам, суспільству. Комплект фінансової звітності складається шляхом узагальнення даних фінансового року компанії. Дані для звітності попередньо накопичуються і групуються в облікових записах, синтетичних та аналітичних облікових регістрах у відповідності з загальними принципами: безперервність, періодичність, незмінність, обережність, грошові показники, накопичення, нейтральність, релевантність змісту і значимість інформації. Ці принципи бухгалтерського обліку дотримуються у країнах ЄС. Стаття базується на основі аналізу Стандартів обліку підприємництва, закону бухгалтерського обліку та досліджень Bagdžiūniene (2015), Ivanauskiene (2016), Kalčinskas, Kalčinskaite (2017), Stačiokas, R., Jefimovas (2016) та ін. У кінці фінансового року компанії потрібно не тільки підготувати фінансову звітність, але й правильно її проаналізувати. Щорчний аналіз фінансової звітності дає можливість правильно оцінити результати підприємства, визначити, чи прибутовою є його діяльність, чи існує ризик при складанні і обговоренні всіх звітів на майбутнє. Актуальним є те, щоб фінансова звітність була підготовлена правильно і за призначенням. Точна облікова інформація дозволяє правильно враховувати активи, капітал, прибутки і розходи. У противному випадку інформація приведе до викривлення результатів аналізу і до неправильних рішень користувачів. Постановка цілі – вивчити зміст фінансової звітності, принципи її складання та використання даих. У статті для досягнення цілі означені завдання - проаналізувати сутність і значення фінансової звітності, дати систематичний опис фінансової звітності; представити правила регулювання бухгалтерського обліку і способи його розповсюдження; встановити вимоги до фінансової звітності і визначити важливість фінансової звітності для підприємств. Методи роботи – аналіз і синтез наукової літератури, порівняння. Висновки. Фінансова звітність повинна відображати достовірну інформацію про фінансовий стан і результати діяльності підприємства, а також надати відповідну інформацію внутрішнім і зовнішнім користувачам і розкрити відповідну інформацію про визначні події, що відбулися на протязі звітного періоду; підготовка фінансової звітності, що регулюється Законом про фінансовий облік Лтовської Респубілки, Законом про фінансову звітність Литовської Респубілки, Консолідованою фінансовою звітністю Литовської Респубілки, Міжнародними стандартами бухгалтерського обліку, Національними стандартами бухгалтерсього обліку, Обліковою політикою. Інформація, отримана у звітах, повинна порівнюватися з попередніми звітаними періодами і з результатами інших підприємств. Отримані дані необхідні для економічного аналізу, аудиту, планування і прогнозування діяльності підприємства ; Финансовые отчеты являются основным источником информации, показывающим результаты деятельности предприятия и его финансовое положение. Они требуются для управления, анализа, внутреннего и внешнего аудита, собственникам и государству, инвесторам, обществу. Комплект финансовой отчетности составляется путем обобщения данных финансового года компании. Данные для отчетности предварительно накапливаются и группируются в учетных записях, синтетических и аналитических учетных регистрах в соответствии с общими принципами: непрерывность, периодичность, постоянство, осторожность, денежные показатели, накопление, нейтральность, релевантность содержания и значимость информации. Эти принципы бухгалтерского учета соблюдаются в странах ЕС. Анализ последних иссследовниий и публикаций. Статья основанна на анализе Стандартов учета предпринимательста, закона бухгалтерского учета и исследований Bagdžiūniene (2015), Ivanauskiene (2016), Kalčinskas, Kalčinskaite (2017), Stačiokas, R., Jefimovas (2016) и др. В конце финансового года компании нужно не только подготовить финансовую отчетность, но и правильно ее проанализировать. Ежегодный анализ финансовой отчетности дает возможность правильно оценить результаты предприятия, определить, прибыльна ли деятельность, существует ли риск при составлении и обсуждении всех отчетов на будущее. Актуално, чтобы финансовая отчетность была подготовлена правильно и по назначению. Точная учетная информация позволяет правильно учитывать активы, капитал, доходы и расходы. В противном случае информация приведет к искажению результатов анализа и к неправильным решениям пользователей. Постановка цели - изучить содержание финансовой отчетности, принципы составления и использования данных В статье для достижения цели намечены задачи - проанализировать сущность и значение финансовой отчетности, дать систематическое описание финансовой отчетности; представить правила регулирования бухгалтерского учета и способы его распространения; установить требования к финансовой отчетности и определить важность финансовой отчетности для предприятий. Методы работы - анализ и синтез научной литературы, сравнение. Выводы. Финансовая отчетность должна отражать достоверную информацию о финансовом положении и результатах деятельности предприятия, а также предоставлять соответствующую информацию внутренним и внешним пользователям и раскрывать соответствующую информацию о значительных событиях, произошедших в течение отчетного периода; подготовка финансовой отчетности регулируется Законом о бухгалтерском учете Литовской Республики, Законом о финансовой отчетности Литовской Республики, Консолидированной финансовой отчетностью Литовской Республики, Международными стандартами бухгалтерского учета, Национальными стандартами бухгалтерского учета, Учетной политикой. Информация, полученная в отчетах, должна сравниваться с предыдущими отчетными периодами и с результатами других предприятий. Полученные данные необходимы для экономического анализа, аудита, планирования и прогнозирования деятельности предпрмятияю

In the proposed study on the example of the cultural and spiritual situation in Germany in the end of 18th and 19th centuries, cultural and epistemological foundations for conversion to mythological imagination as strategies of social integration and national modernization were clarified, as well as – outlined political risks that follow from this. In the context of the growth of secular everyday life, focused on «exceptional humanism» of self-realization, people saw themselves as the highest value and went on the path of anthropocentric «disenchantment» of the world. At the same time, the prevailing philosophy of Cartesianism, with its opposition between the soul and the body, in the epistemological context of which was disseminated by rational discourse, exhausted its creative resource regarding the instruments of modernization and social integration of the fragmented German society. With the development of the German-speaking urban environment («bürgerliche Gesellschaft»), which slowly entered the struggle for civil rights, the need for modern national identity was formed. Dynastic political norms for centuries held the imagination and mind beyond the ideas of the rule of law on power: «The Germans, their political elite want to combine incompatible – to be a nation-state and empire at the same time» (Plesner). Under those conditions, the German communicative environment tends to contrast the organic German «culture» – the non-German artificial «civilization». Under the influence of the ideas of Romanticism, imagination and thinking turns to myth-creativity. From the point of view of romanticism, the relation between myth and mind has a different meaning than from the point of view of science. Here the true order of things accessible to reason relates not to the present, directed to the future, but to the past, since the truth that has already been realized in it is inaccessible to the present knowledge. From the point of view of romantics, the myth should not mock, but hear «the voice of the distant past» in it. «Myth becomes a bearer of one's own truth, inaccessible for rational explanation» (Gadamer). It was the return of the authority of non-discursive forms of reason, or the conversion to such a state of understanding, the inner meaning of which is its unity with the emotional experience of reality. Hegel's «Program» is becoming an illustrative one, which, in one way or another, was shared by almost all his contemporaries: «We must create a new mythology, but such a mythology should stand in the service of ideas, be the mythology of reason. Until we provide the ideas of aesthetic, that is, mythological character, people will not be interested in them. On the other hand, until mythology becomes intelligent, the philosopher will refrain from it». Artistic romanticism combined with the struggle for civil rights and the civilian modernization of social relations. However, the path of this development, unlike the Enlightenment, was perceived through the sublime importance of language, art and culture. Language is considered as a special mythological reality. Nietzsche expresses the belief that culture can develop only in myth delineated horizon of understanding. It is about the destruction of that horizon of understanding, which is defined by non-modern cultural traditions and decadent rational civilization advancement. For Nietzsche, «the world can be justified solely as an aesthetic artistic phenomenon,» which enriches our lives with Dionysian tragedy, deceit, joy and completeness? The new mind must also be emotionally enthusiastic and not devoid of instinct. F. Nietzsche concludes that «Without myth, each culture loses a healthy natural creative force, only the myths covered horizons embraces the entire movement of culture in unity». This means the «revaluation of all values» of the West and the creation of a new superman. Unlike all his contemporaries, the Marxists radically rejected myth-making, considering it to be the past state of mankind. They firmly advocated the scientific outlook and issued for him a Marxist theory as the only true revolutionary understanding of reality. However, this did not prevent Marxists from constructing an exclusively totalitarian state with a destroyed civil society and a man, just as in ancient mythological reality, deprived of freedom and security. Thus, myth-creation is determined by the function of understanding as comprehension, which is defined by the horizon of culture with all its symbolic, linguistic-poetic, artistic, subjects, economic, technological, sensory, emotional, narrative and other factors. Its main resource is bodily-emotional; its purpose is the sensory-emotional perception of reality through the simulation of affection by means of representative and epistemic-discursive guidance. The construction of a universal civil (civilizational) identity concerns its international ethical self-determination in the context of the semiosis and the philosophy of the embodied mind. Key words: mythology, comprehension (understanding), secularization, romanticism, social integration, culture, Nietzsche, national identity, civilization, Marxism, embodied mind, semiozis. ; У пропонованому дослідженні на прикладі культурно-духовної ситуації в Німеччині з кінця ХУІІІ до кінця ХІХ століть з'ясовуються соціальні й епістемологічні підстави для навернення до міфологічної уяви як стратегії соціальної інтеграції і національної модернізації, а також окреслені політичні ризики, які з цього випливають. За умов наростання секулярного повсякдення, орієнтованого на «виключальний гуманізм» («exclusive humanism») само-здійснення, людина вийшла на шлях антропоцентричного «розчаклування» світу. Водночас, панівна тогочасна філософія картезіанства з її протиставленням душі і тіла, в епістемологічному контексті якої поширювався раціональний дискурс, вичерпувала свій творчий ресурс щодо інструментів модернізації і соціальної інтеграції пофрагментованого суспільства. За тих умов у повсякденній і публічній сферах Німеччини складається тенденція протиставлення німецької «органічної культури» – ненімецькій «штучній цивілізації», а під впливом ідей Романтизму відбувається навернення мислення до міфотворчості. Міт, з погляду романтиків, треба не висміювати, але почути в ньому «голос далекого минулого». «Міт стає носієм своєї власної істини, недоступної для раціонального пояснення» (Гадамер). Йшлося про повернення авторитету недискурсивних форм розуму, або навернення до такого стану розуміння, внутрішнім змістом якого є його єдність з позасвідомими когнітивними чинниками й емоційним переживанням реальності. Показовою стала «Програма Геґеля», ідеї якої, так чи інакше, поділяли майже всі його сучасники: «ми повинні створити нову мітологію, але така мітологія повинна стояти на службі ідей, бути мітологією розуму. Доти, доки ми не надамо ідеям естетичного, тобто мітологічного характеру, народ не виявить до них зацікавлення. З іншого боку, доки мітологія не стане розумною, філософ буде її цуратися». Особливу роль у наверненні до проблем мітотворчості відіграли представники романтизму і філософія Ніцше. Він послідовно висловлює переконання, що культура може розвиватися тільки в окресленому мітом горизонті, а «життя можна виправдати винятково як естетичний мистецький феномен», що насичує його діонісійними трагізмом, оманою, радістю і повнотою. «Новий розум» має відійти від занепадницької нігілістичної традиції і навернутися до реального життя, яке є наснажене волею, емоціями, інстинктами, почуттям краси і потребою в мистецтві. Це засвідчує «переоцінку всіх цінностей» моралі, метафізики і світогляду Заходу і програмує на створення «надлюдини». На відміну від своїх сучасників, марксисти радикально відкидали мітотворчість, вважаючи її давно минулим станом людства. Вони твердо обстоювали потребу в науковому світогляді і видавали за нього свою теорію, як єдино істинне революційне розуміння історичного процесу і реальності. Проте, це не завадило марксистам, орієнтованим на «пролетарську солідарність», умоглядними засобами сконструювати винятково тоталітарну державу зі знищеним громадянським суспільством і людиною, подібно як у давній мітологічній дійсності, позбавленою свободи і безпеки. Обґрунтовано, що для мітотворчості ключовою є функція розуміння як осягнення реальності; її головний ресурс – тілесно-емоційний, її призначення – чуттєво-емоційне сприймання дійсності і моделювання афектації засобами репрезентативних та епістемно-дискурсивних настанов. Конструювання універсальної громадянської (цивілізаційної) ідентичності стосується її міжнародного етичного і правового самовизначення у контексті семіозу і філософії втіленого розуму. Ключові слова: мітологія, розуміння, секуляризація, романтизм, соціальна інтеграція, культура, Ніцше, національна ідентичність, цивілізація, марксизм, втілений розум, семіоз.

Tesi per compendi d'articles, amb diferents seccions retallades per drets de l'editor. ; Although silicon (Si) is used in most current commercial power semiconductor components, Si capabilities are insufficient for new energy conversion requirements. Some of its important limitations are related with power losses, operation temperature, radiation hardness and switching speed. Then, new semiconductor materials must be developed to face the future global energetic challenges, overcoming Si intrinsic limitations. Silicon Carbide (SiC) is a proper wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor with high critical electric field strength and a high saturation carrier's drift velocity, which makes it able to sustain higher voltages with lower conduction losses. Furthermore, in a similar way to Si, SiC native oxide (SiO2) can be formed. However, a drawback of SiC MOSFETs is their poor oxide reliability and low channel mobility values attributed to a poor SiO2/SiC interface quality, with high density of interface traps (Dit) and near interface oxide traps (NIOTs). Nitridation processes, consisting in a nitric or nitrous oxide (NO, N2O) annealing is considered as the standard post oxidation annealing approach in 4H-SiC MOSFETs, being commonly used in commercial SiC power MOSFETs for reducing the Dit and NIOTs. However the nitridation interface passivation is not enough and, furthermore the limit of the improvement provided by nitridation has been reached. This thesis is focused on 4H-SiC-based power devices, particularly, on one of the major issues in SiC technology: to find a suitable and reliable fabrication process that improves the gate oxide and SiO2/SiC interface quality and reliability. Regarding electrical performances, we will focus on two of the major challenges of this field: the improvement of the inversion channel mobility, and the gate oxide stability, in order to further reduce the on-resistance and enhance the gate oxide reliability. Both problems are related to the defects near the SiO2/SiC interface. To meet these challenges and improve the current gate oxide quality state-of-the-art, several strategies were followed. We have worked on a newly interface passivation by oxynitridation methods combined with a boron diffusion treatment through the gate oxide. This novel approach allowed us to reach significantly high channel mobility values, up to 200 cm2/Vs. We also extensively studied the impact of the boron treatment parameters on the stability performances of our test structures, revealing some stability issues, especially at high temperature operation. In parallel, we have also worked on the improvement of the dielectric reliability by using a thin layer of a high-k material. On the other hand, equally important, we studied the different fabrication issues found during the gate dielectric optimisation process. Taking into account the specific performances of our devices, we adapted the electrical and physical characterization processes required for a complete study of this kind of high mobility devices (for both, oxide and interface quality characterization, and final electrical MOSFET performance). Finally, some studies which provide information about boron treatment impact on the oxide and interface traps, and about the global electrical behaviour of our devices are included in this thesis; concretely: i) A study on MOSFET mobility anisotropy, having into account different scattering mechanisms involved in channel carrier's mobility. ii) The effect of MOSFET channel dimensions in the obtained channel mobility. iii) A comparison of B passivation effect on MOSFETs fabricated over 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC polytypes. As a result, despite our new boron doping process is still not mature to be used in commercial devices, it allowed us to progress in the understanding of some of the phenomena taking place at the SiO2/SiC interface, in the way to properly characterise and interpret them, and in the way to further improve the MOS structure on SiC. ; El silici (Si) és el semiconductor utilitzat en la majoria de components comercials de potència, no obstant, les seves propietats intrínseques són insuficients per als nous requeriments de conversió energètica, fent que sigui necessari el desenvolupament de nous materials semiconductors. Les seves limitacions estan relacionades amb les pèrdues tèrmiques, la temperatura de funcionament, la resistència a la radiació o la velocitat de commutació. Un material semiconductor adequat és el Carbur de Silici (SiC) el qual té un alt valor de camp elèctric crític i un alt valor de saturació de la velocitat de portadors, cosa que el fa capaç de mantenir altes tensions amb menors pèrdues per conducció. A més a més, com passa amb el Si, es pot formar diòxid de silici (SiO2) natiu sobre el SiC. Un inconvenient dels MOSFETs de SiC és la baixa fiabilitat del òxids i els baixos valors de mobilitat de canal, atribuïts a una mala qualitat de la interfície SiO2/SiC, que conté una alta densitat de trampes a la interfície (Dit) i al òxid proper a la interfície (NIOTs). Els MOSFETs comercials de 4H-SiC són sotmesos a un procés tèrmic standard post-oxidació. Aquest consisteix en un recuit en òxid nítric o òxid nitrós (NO, N2O), amb propòsit de reduir la Dit i els NIOTs. Tot i així, la passivació de la interfície assolida mitjançant la nitridació no és suficient i s'ha arribat al límit de millora que pot proporcionar aquest procediment. Aquesta tesi està dirigida a resoldre un dels principals problemes de la tecnologia en 4H-SiC: trobar un procés de fabricació adequat i fiable que millori la qualitat i la fiabilitat tant de l'òxid de porta com de la interfície SiO2/SiC, per a la seva aplicació en dispositius de potència. Pel que fa a les prestacions elèctriques, ens centrem en dos dels principals reptes d'aquest àmbit: la millora de la mobilitat del canal d'inversió i l'estabilitat de l'òxid de porta, per tal de reduir la resistència del canal drenador-font i millorar la fiabilitat de l'òxid de porta. Per assolir aquests reptes i millorar la tecnologia actual lligada a l'optimització de l'òxid de porta, seguim diverses estratègies: Per una banda, utilitzar una nova passivació d'interfície mitjançant mètodes d'oxinitridació combinats amb un tractament de difusió de bor (B) a través de l'òxid de la porta. Estudiant també quin és el seu impacte sobre l'estabilitat de les estructures tant a temperatura ambient com a altes temperatures. Aquest nou procés ha permès assolir valors de mobilitat del canal significativament elevats, fins a 200 cm2/Vs. Per altra banda hem treballat en la millora de la fiabilitat del dielèctric mitjançant una capa prima d'un material d'alta k. Paral·lelament, s'han estudiat diferents problemes de fabricació trobats durant el procés d'optimització del dielèctric. Tenint en compte les prestacions específiques dels nostres dispositius, vam adaptar els processos de caracterització elèctrica i física necessaris per a un estudi complet, tant de la qualitat de l'òxid i la interfície, com per al rendiment elèctric del MOSFET final. Finalment, en aquest treball s'inclouen alguns estudis que proporcionen informació sobre l'impacte que té la difusió de B sobre la Dit, els NIOTs i, en general el comportament elèctric dels nostres dispositius. Concretament: i) L'anisotropia de la mobilitat dels MOSFETs, tenint en compte els diferents mecanismes de dispersió implicats en la mobilitat dels portadors. ii) L'efecte de les dimensions del canal sobre la mobilitat obtinguda. iii) Comparació de l'efecte de passivació que té el B sobre MOSFETs fabricats en els politipus 4H-SiC i 6H-SiC. Malgrat el procés de dopatge de bor presentat encara no està suficientment madur per ser utilitzat en dispositius comercials, ens ha permès progressar en la comprensió d'alguns dels fenòmens que tenen lloc a la interfície SiO2 ; Postprint (published version)

The subject matter of the article is the maintenance of armored weapons and military equipment samples used for their intended purpose. The goal of the study is to justify the optimal values of service parameters. The tasks to be solved are: to develop a mathematical model of the functioning process of the weapons and military equipment sample subsystems with periodic maintenance taking into account its structure, time redundancy and levels of performance; to cary out composition of the weapons and military equipment sample into separate subsystems to justify the choice of the most appropriate maintenance strategy for each of them, to determine the optimal maintenance strategy taking into account the operating conditions, units and units involved. General scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge are used. The following results are obtained: It is proposed to determine the optimal values of maintenance periodicity for individual subsystems of the sample of weapons and military equipment, taking into account the reserves of time and features of operation, as well as combining the operations of maintenance of individual subsystems into a single set of works for the sample as a whole based on the representation of the process of operation of the subsystem of the subsystem of the subsystem as a mathematical model of a random semi-Markov process. Conclusions. An analysis of the existing maintenance and repair strategies has shown their single-handedly inefficient in the weapons and military equipment sample operating. The example of the T-64B shows that to put troops into practice, a proper justification and a complex combination of existing strategies is required, ie the creation of a new mixed strategy and efficient use of equipment. It is proposed to decompose the weapons and military equipment sample into separate functionally completed subsystems, justifying the choice of the most appropriate maintenance strategies for them (with periodic or maintenance status), determining for each subsystem the optimal strategy and accordingly the periodicity of maintenance taking into account the time reserves and operation features, as well as separate subsystems into a single set of weapons and military equipment sample works for the sample as a whole. Optimal values of maintenance periodicity and coefficient of technical use are obtained by means of a mathematical model of the process of functioning of the T-64B subsystems with periodic maintenance in the form of a random semi-Markov process. The results of the calculations show that for such tank subsystems as power plant, transmission and undercarriage, electrics, it is advisable to choose a maintenance strategy with periodic maintenance, and for a fire control and air purification system maintenance as a condition. The results obtained can be used in the future to develop suggestions for improving the equipment used to diagnose the technical condition of the weapons and military equipment sample. Improvement of the equipment used in the weapons and military equipment maintenance and repair will significantly increase the depth and quality of determining the technical condition of the objects, and therefore the correctness and efficiency of maintenance. ; Предметом изучения в статье является техническое обслуживание образцов бронетанкового вооружения и военной техники при их использовании по назначению. Целью исследования является обоснование оптимальных значений параметров обслуживания. Задачи: разработка математической модели процесса функционирования подсистемы образца вооружения и военной техники с периодическим техобслуживанием; обоснование параметров обслуживания образца вооружения и военной техники с учетом его структуры, почасовой избыточности и уровней работоспособности; декомпозиция образца вооружения и военной техники на отдельные подсистемы для обоснования выбора наиболее целесообразной стратегии техобслуживания для каждой из них, определение оптимальной стратегии техобслуживания с учетом условий эксплуатации, задействованной узлов и агрегатов. Методологической основой исследования стали общенаучные и специальные методы научного познания. Получены следующие результаты Предложено определение оптимальных значений периодичности технического обслуживания для отдельных подсистем образца вооружения и военной техники с учетом резервов времени и особенностей функционирования, а также совмещение операций обслуживания отдельных подсистем в единый комплекс работ для образца в целом на основе представления процесса функционирования подсистемы образца вооружения и военной техники в виде математической модели случайного полумарковских процесса. Выводы: Анализ существующей системы технического обслуживания и стратегий техобслуживания и ремонта показал их одиночную невысокую эффективность по эксплуатации вооружения и военной техники. На примере танка Т-64Б показано, что в практику войск необходимо соответствующее обоснование и комплексное сочетание существующих стратегий, то есть создание новой смешанной стратегии и эффективного использования оборудования. Предлагается декомпозиция образца вооружения и военной техники на отдельные функционально законченные подсистемы с обоснованием выбора для них наиболее целесообразных стратегий обслуживания (с периодическим или техобслуживания по состоянию), определение для каждой подсистемы оптимальной стратегии и соответственно периодичности техобслуживания с учетом резервов времени и особенностей функционирования, а также совмещение операций обслуживания отдельных подсистем в единый комплекс работ техобслуживания для образца в целом. Оптимальные значения периодичности техобслуживания и коэффициента технического использования полученные с помощью математической модели процесса функционирования подсистем Т-64Б с периодическим техобслуживания в виде случайного полумарковских процесса. Результаты расчетов свидетельствуют, что для таких подсистем танка как силовая установка, трансмиссия и ходовая часть, электрооборудование целесообразно выбрать стратегию обслуживания с периодическим техобслуживания, а для системы управления огнем и воздухоочистки - стратегию техобслуживания по состоянию. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы в дальнейшем для разработки предложений по совершенствованию оборудования, используемого при диагностировании технического состояния образца вооружения и военной техники. Совершенствование оборудования, используемого при техническом обслуживании и ремонте вооружения и военной техники позволит значительно повысить глубину и качество определения технического состояния объектов, а следовательно, правильность и эффективность техобслуживания. ; Предметом вивчення в статті є технічне обслуговування зразків бронетанкового озброєння та військової техніки при їх використанні за призначенням. Метою дослідження є обґрунтування оптимальних значень параметрів обслуговування. Задачі: розробка математичної моделі процесу функціонування підсистеми зразка озброєння та військової техніки із періодичним техобслуговуванням; обґрунтування параметрів обслуговування зразка озброєння та військової техніки з урахуванням його структури, почасової надмірності та рівнів працездатності; декомпозиція зразка озброєння та військової техніки на окремі підсистеми для обґрунтування вибору найбільш доцільної стратегії техобслуговування для кожної із них, визначення оптимальної стратегії техобслуговування з урахуванням умов експлуатації, задіяності вузлів та агрегатів. Методологічною основою дослідження стали загальнонаукові та спеціальні методи наукового пізнання. Отримані такі результати. Запропоновано визначення оптимальних значень періодичності технічного обслуговування для окремих підсистем зразка озброєння та військової техніки з урахуванням резервів часу і особливостей функціонування, а також суміщення операцій обслуговування окремих підсистем в єдиний комплекс робіт для зразка в цілому на основі представлення процесу функціонування підсистеми зразка озброєння та військової техніки у вигляді математичної моделі випадкового напівмарківського процесу. Висновки. Аналіз існуючої системи технічного обслуговування та стратегій техобслуговування і ремонту показав їх поодиноку невисоку ефективність щодо експлуатації озброєння та військової техніки. На прикладі танка Т-64Б показано, що з у практику військ потрібне відповідне обґрунтування та комплексне поєднання існуючих стратегій, тобто створення нової змішаної стратегії та ефективного використання обладнання. Пропонується декомпозиція зразка озброєння та військової техніки. на окремі функціонально закінчені підсистеми з обґрунтуванням вибору для них найбільш доцільних стратегій обслуговування (із періодичним чи техобслуговування за станом), визначення для кожної підсистеми оптимальної стратегії та відповідно періодичності техобслуговування з урахуванням резервів часу і особливостей функціонування, а також суміщення операцій обслуговування окремих підсистем в єдиний комплекс робіт техобслуговування для зразка в цілому. Оптимальні значення періодичності техобслуговування та коефіцієнту технічного використання отримані за допомогою математичної моделі процесу функціонування підсистем Т-64Б із періодичним техобслуговування у вигляді випадкового напівмарковського процесу. Результати розрахунків свідчать, що для таких підсистем танка як силова установка, трансмісія і ходова частина, електрообладнання доцільно обрати стратегію обслуговування із періодичним техобслуговування, а для системи управління вогнем та повітреочищенням – стратегію техобслуговування за станом. Отримані результати можуть бути використані в подальшому для розроблення пропозицій щодо удосконалення обладнання, що використовується при діагностуванні технічного стану зразка озброєння та військової техніки. Удосконалення обладнання, що використовується при технічному обслуговуванні та ремонті озброєння та військової техніки. дозволить значно підвищити глибину та якість визначення технічного стану об'єктів, а отже, правильність і ефективність техобслуговування.

A general search is presented for a low-mass ???+ resonance produced in association with a bottom quark. The search is based on proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb?1. The data are consistent with the standard model expectation. Upper limits at 95% confidence level on the cross section times branching fraction are determined for two signal models: a light pseudoscalar Higgs boson decaying to a pair of ? leptons produced in association with bottom quarks, and a low-mass boson X decaying to a ?-lepton pair that is produced in the decay of a bottom-like quark B such that B ? bX. Masses between 25 and 70 GeV are probed for the light pseudoscalar boson with upper limits ranging from 250 to 44 pb. Upper limits from 20 to 0.3 pb are set on B masses between 170 and 450 GeV for X boson masses between 20 and 70 GeV.[Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2019, The Author(s). ; California Earthquake Authority, CEA Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, SENESCYT State Fund for Fundamental Research of Ukraine, SFFR Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, FAPERJ CS Fund, CSF Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Ministry of Education - Singapore, MOE Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, PAEC Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT National Science and Technology Development Agency, ????: Thailand Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment, MBIE Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, IPM Ministry of Science and Technology, MOST Missouri University of Science and Technology, MST European Regional Development Fund, FEDER Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, BUAP Hispanics in Philanthropy, HIP Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG National Research Foundation of Korea, NRF Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, FAPERGS Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, SEIDI Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, MSIP Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, BMBWF Politechnika Pozna?ska, PUT Ministry of Science,Technology and Research, MoSTR U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE Academy of Finland Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES Norwegian Sequencing Centre, NSC Mountain Equipment Co-operative, MEC Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu, TAEK Research Promotion Foundation, ???? National Science Foundation, NSF Science and Technology Facilities Council, STFC Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, HGF Austrian Science Fund, FWF Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP Secretaría de Educación Pública, SEP Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, FNRS National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, NASU National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, ???? Universiti Malaya, UM Royal Astronomical Society, RAS State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM, ROSATOM Department of Science and Technology, Government of West Bengal, DST Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq Russian Foundation for Basic Research, ???? Maryland Ornithological Society, MOS College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, CAS CERN European Regional Development Fund, FEDER General Secretariat for Research and Technology, GSRT Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO Science Foundation Ireland, SFI Ministry of Education and Science, MES Louisiana Academy of Sciences, LAS Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology, IPST National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", NRC KI Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós Alap, NKFIA Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission: Z181100004218003 Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, BELSPO Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie, IWT Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung A.G. Leventis Foundation 30820817 Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO European Research Council, ERC Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture, FRIA Horizon 2020: 675440, 765710 European Regional Development Fund, FEDER Welch Foundation: C-1845 Weston Havens Foundation Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP Comisión Asesora de Investigación Científica y Técnica, CAICYT: MDM-2015-0509 Qatar National Research Fund, QNRF Chulalongkorn University, CU European Commission, EC Ministerstvo Školství, Mláde?e a T?lov?chovy, MŠMT Ministerstvo Školství, Mláde?e a T?lov?chovy, MŠMT 2012/07/E/ST2/01406, 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, MTA Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós Alap, NKFIA: 125105, 128713, 128786, 124850, 129058, 123842, 123959, 124845 ; Open Access, Copyright CERN, for the benefit of the CMS Collaboration. Article funded by SCOAP3. ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centres and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COL-CIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.). ; Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440 and 765710 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science — EOS" — be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z181100004218003; the ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendület ("Momentum") Program and the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program ÚNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, and 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).

A search is presented for excited electrons and muons in ??? final states at the LHC. The search is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb ?1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected with the CMS detector in 2016. This is the first search for excited leptons at s = 13 TeV. The observation is consistent with the standard model background prediction, and the most stringent exclusion limits to date are set on the excited lepton mass and the compositeness scale, at 95% confidence level. Excited electrons and muons are excluded for masses below 3.9 and 3.8 TeV, respectively, under the assumption that the excited lepton mass equals the compositeness scale. The best observed limit on the compositeness scale is obtained with an excited lepton mass of around 1.0 TeV, excluding values below 25 TeV for both excited electrons and muons.[Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2019, The Author(s). ; California Earthquake Authority, CEA Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, SENESCYT Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, FAPERJ State Fund for Fundamental Research of Ukraine, SFFR CS Fund, CSF Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Ministry of Education - Singapore, MOE Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, PAEC Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT National Science and Technology Development Agency, ????: Thailand Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment, MBIE Ministry of Science and Technology, MOST Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, IPM Missouri University of Science and Technology, MST Hispanics in Philanthropy, HIP European Regional Development Fund, FEDER Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, BUAP Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG National Research Foundation of Korea, NRF Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, SEIDI Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, FAPERGS Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, MSIP Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, BMBWF Ministry of Science,Technology and Research, MoSTR U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE Academy of Finland Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES Norwegian Sequencing Centre, NSC Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu, TAEK Mountain Equipment Co-operative, MEC Research Promotion Foundation, ???? National Science Foundation, NSF Science and Technology Facilities Council, STFC Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, HGF Austrian Science Fund, FWF Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP Secretaría de Educación Pública, SEP Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, FNRS National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, NASU National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, ???? Universiti Malaya, UM Royal Astronomical Society, RAS Department of Science and Technology, Government of West Bengal, DST State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM, ROSATOM Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq Russian Foundation for Basic Research, ???? Maryland Ornithological Society, MOS College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, CAS CERN European Regional Development Fund, FEDER General Secretariat for Research and Technology, GSRT Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO Science Foundation Ireland, SFI Ministry of Education and Science, MES Louisiana Academy of Sciences, LAS Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology, IPST National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", NRC KI Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós Alap, NKFIA European Regional Development Fund, FEDER Horizon 2020: 675440 Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, BELSPO Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie, IWT Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung Ministerstvo Školství, Mláde?e a T?lov?chovy, MŠMT European Commission, EC A.G. Leventis Foundation Ministerstvo Školství, Mláde?e a T?lov?chovy, MŠMT 30820817 Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO European Research Council, ERC Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture, FRIA Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, MTA Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós Alap, NKFIA: 125105, 124850, 123842, 123959, 124845 Welch Foundation: C-1845 Comisión Asesora de Investigación Científica y Técnica, CAICYT: MDM-2015-0509 Qatar National Research Fund, QNRF Chulalongkorn University, CU Weston Havens Foundation ; Open Access, Copyright CERN, for the benefit of the CMS Collaboration. Article funded by SCOAP3. ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COL-CIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.). ; Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science — EOS" — be.h project n. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendület ("Momentum") Program and the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program ÚNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850 and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts ; Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).

A search for the pair production of heavy fermionic partners of the top quark with charge 5/3 (X 5/3 ) is performed in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC. The data sample analyzed corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb ?1 . The X 5/3 quark is assumed always to decay into a top quark and a W boson. Both the right-handed and left-handed X 5/3 couplings to the W boson are considered. Final states with either a pair of same-sign leptons or a single lepton are studied. No significant excess of events is observed above the expected standard model background. Lower limits at 95% confidence level on the X 5/3 quark mass are set at 1.33 and 1.30 TeV respectively for the case of right-handed and left-handed couplings to W bosons in a combination of the same-sign dilepton and single-lepton final states.[Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2019, The Author(s). ; California Earthquake Authority, CEA Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, SENESCYT Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, FAPERJ State Fund for Fundamental Research of Ukraine, SFFR CS Fund, CSF Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Ministry of Education - Singapore, MOE Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, PAEC Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT National Science and Technology Development Agency, ????: Thailand Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment, MBIE Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, IPM Ministry of Science and Technology, MOST Missouri University of Science and Technology, MST Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, BUAP Hispanics in Philanthropy, HIP European Regional Development Fund, FEDER Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG National Research Foundation of Korea, NRF Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, SEIDI Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, MSIP U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE Academy of Finland Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES Norwegian Sequencing Centre, NSC Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu, TAEK Mountain Equipment Co-operative, MEC Research Promotion Foundation, ???? National Science Foundation, NSF Science and Technology Facilities Council, STFC Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, HGF Austrian Science Fund, FWF Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP Secretaría de Educación Pública, SEP Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft, BMWFW Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, FNRS National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, NASU Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, ???? Universiti Malaya, UM Royal Astronomical Society, RAS Department of Science and Technology, Government of West Bengal, DST State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM, ROSATOM Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq Russian Foundation for Basic Research, ???? College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, CAS European Regional Development Fund, FEDER CERN General Secretariat for Research and Technology, GSRT Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO Science Foundation Ireland, SFI Ministry of Education and Science, MES Louisiana Academy of Sciences, LAS Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology, IPST Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós Alap, NKFIA European Research Council, ERC Horizon 2020: 675440 European Commission, EC A.G. Leventis Foundation American Friends of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, AFAvH European Regional Development Fund, FEDER Welch Foundation: C-1845 Weston Havens Foundation Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP Comisión Asesora de Investigación Científica y Técnica, CAICYT: MDM-2015-0509 Qatar National Research Fund, QNRF Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie, IWT Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, BELSPO Chulalongkorn University, CU Ministerstvo Školství, Mláde?e a T?lov?chovy, MŠMT European Commission, EC Ministerstvo Školství, Mláde?e a T?lov?chovy, MŠMT 30820817 2012/07/E/ST2/01406, 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture, FRIA Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, MTA Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós Alap, NKFIA: 125105, 124850, 123842, 123959, 124845 ; Open Access, Copyright CERN, for the benefit of the CMS Collaboration. Article funded by SCOAP3. ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centres and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COL-CIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.). ; Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Founda- ; tion; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science — EOS" — be.h project n. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendület ("Momentum") Programme and the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program ÚNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850 and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).

A search is performed for events consistent with the pair production of a new heavy particle that acts as a mediator between a dark sector and normal matter, and that decays to a light quark and a new fermion called a dark quark. The search is based on data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 16.1 fb ?1 from proton-proton collisions at s=13 TeV collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2016. The dark quark is charged only under a new quantum-chromodynamics-like force, and forms an "emerging jet" via a parton shower, containing long-lived dark hadrons that give rise to displaced vertices when decaying to standard model hadrons. The data are consistent with the expectation from standard model processes. Limits are set at 95% confidence level excluding dark pion decay lengths between 5 and 225 mm for dark mediators with masses between 400 and 1250 GeV. Decay lengths smaller than 5 and greater than 225 mm are also excluded in the lower part of this mass range. The dependence of the limit on the dark pion mass is weak for masses between 1 and 10 GeV. This analysis is the first dedicated search for the pair production of a new particle that decays to a jet and an emerging jet.[Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2019, The Author(s). ; California Earthquake Authority, CEA Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, SENESCYT Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, FAPERJ State Fund for Fundamental Research of Ukraine, SFFR CS Fund, CSF Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Ministry of Education - Singapore, MOE Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, PAEC Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT National Science and Technology Development Agency, ????: Thailand Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment, MBIE Ministry of Science and Technology, MOST Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, IPM Missouri University of Science and Technology, MST Hispanics in Philanthropy, HIP Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, BUAP European Regional Development Fund, FEDER Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG National Research Foundation of Korea, NRF Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, FAPERGS Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, SEIDI Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, MSIP Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, BMBWF Ministry of Science,Technology and Research, MoSTR U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE Academy of Finland Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES Norwegian Sequencing Centre, NSC Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu, TAEK Mountain Equipment Co-operative, MEC Research Promotion Foundation, ???? National Science Foundation, NSF Science and Technology Facilities Council, STFC Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, HGF Austrian Science Fund, FWF Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP Secretaría de Educación Pública, SEP Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, FNRS National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, NASU National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, ???? Universiti Malaya, UM Royal Astronomical Society, RAS State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM, ROSATOM Department of Science and Technology, Government of West Bengal, DST Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq Maryland Ornithological Society, MOS Russian Foundation for Basic Research, ???? College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, CAS CERN European Regional Development Fund, FEDER General Secretariat for Research and Technology, GSRT Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO Science Foundation Ireland, SFI Ministry of Education and Science, MES Louisiana Academy of Sciences, LAS Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology, IPST National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", NRC KI Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós Alap, NKFIA European Regional Development Fund, FEDER Horizon 2020: 675440 Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP Qatar National Research Fund, QNRF Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, BELSPO Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie, IWT Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung Ministerstvo Školství, Mláde?e a T?lov?chovy, MŠMT European Commission, EC A.G. Leventis Foundation Ministerstvo Školství, Mláde?e a T?lov?chovy, MŠMT 30820817 2012/07/E/ST2/01406, 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 European Research Council, ERC Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture, FRIA Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, MTA Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós Alap, NKFIA: 125105, 124850, 123842, 123959, 124845 Welch Foundation: C-1845 Chulalongkorn University, CU Weston Havens Foundation ; Open Access, Copyright CERN, for the benefit of the CMS Collaboration. Article funded by SCOAP3. ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COL-CIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.). ; Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science — EOS" — be.h project n. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendület ("Momentum") Program and the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program ÚNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850 and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la ; Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.).

During the last few decades, Saudi Arabia, as one of the developing countries, has witnessed a noticeable and rapid development with regard to different development sectors and fields. This is mainly attributed to the increased revenues from oil exports. While, a huge increase in population numbers has accompanied this development, as well as higher rates of migration to the cities. In addition, there has been significant governmental support given to the development of cities and raising the living standards of citizens (Bahammam, 2002). Of late, there has been a huge increase in the size and population numbers in Saudi Arabia, more specifically in the main Region and cities. Accordingly, and due to other economic and social changes, the housing crisis has become a more serious issue in Saudi Arabia. The main objective of this research was to explore the views of Saudi citizens regarding the current housing situation, how far their needs are matched, identifying their housing needs, preferences and aspirations with regard to future housing in the main Region of Saudi Arabia, as well as the various dimensions of the housing issue from the residents' points of view. Moreover, the city of Jeddah was selected as a micro case study. This research is built upon a theoretical framework, achieved via the review of practical studies and previous reports related to the subject of this research. In addition, a descriptive analytical framework was used for the collection of the data relating to the main objective of this study, collected through questionnaires and interviews with residents and specialists. Then, it was analysed in order to determine results and final recommendations. The results demonstrated a low level of residents' satisfaction and a lack of offered products that meet their needs and financial capabilities. Therefore, this contributes significantly to the difficulties of sourcing suitable housing and exaggerates the housing issue further. Moreover, the results also showed that, for ownership, residents generally prefer to possess detached houses, such as villas and duplexes. However, the most common type of housing in Saudi Arabia are apartments, despite there being less desire to own them as permanent houses. Furthermore, the desires relating to homeownership and matching financial capabilities were not entirely complimentary for most of the respondents. This is clearly reflected in the residents' high expectations in terms of bigger houses as compared to their actual income. The respondents mainly carry the housing crisis, to higher property and housing units' prices, on one side. On the other side, to the ministry of housing as an official authority in charge of the housing sector. This study recommends that more attention be paid to the promotion of cultural awareness among Saudi Arabia's residents in order to eliminate misconceptions related to housing. Cultural misconceptions are linked to the ingrained cultural and social characteristics of the society. The main issue is promoting better use of space. In addition, a good option would be to speed up the process of providing new housing solutions that match both the housing needs and the financial capabilities of the citizens. This study is an attempt to help public and private housing authorities and sectors with regard to the development and improvement of the housing sector in Saudi Arabia through providing information that may aid better understanding in terms of the needs and desires of the residents. It may also help determine ways in which to provide suitable and affordable housing solutions. This, in turn, will create housing stability for the residents through the realisation of their expectations and better understanding of their problems, which will thus mitigate the overall housing issues. ; Durante las últimas décadas, Arabia Saudita, como uno de los países en desarrollo, ha sido testigo de un rápido y evidente progreso en diferentes campos y sectores de desarrollo. Esto ha contribuido principalmente al aumento de ingresos de las exportaciones de petróleo. El crecimiento significativo de la población ha acompañado a este progreso y a los altos índices de migración a las ciudades. Además, ha habido un importante apoyo gubernamental al desarrollo de las ciudades y al aumento de los estándares del nivel de vida de los residentes (Bahammam, 2002). Recientemente ha habido un gran incremento en el tamaño y número de poblaciones en Arabia Saudita, específicamente en las principales regiones y ciudades. De acuerdo con esto y debido a otros cambios económicos y sociales, la crisis de vivienda en Arabia Saudita ha comenzado a agravarse. El principal objetivo de la investigación es conocer el punto de vista de los ciudadanos de Arabia Saudita acerca de la vivienda actual, qué tanto cumple con sus necesidades; descubrir sus necesidades, preferencias y aspiraciones de vivienda para futuras casas en las regiones principales de Arabia Saudita; y encontrar la dimensión del problema de vivienda desde el punto de vista de los residentes. Adicionalmente, la ciudad de Jeddah fue elegida para realizar un micro caso de estudio. Esta investigación depende de un marco teórico a través de la revisión de estudios prácticos e informes previos relacionados al objeto de la misma. Además, se utiliza un marco analítico descriptivo para la recolección de la información del principal objetivo de este estudio mediante cuestionarios y entrevistas con los residentes y especialistas. Posteriormente se analizó para obtener los resultados y las recomendaciones finales. Los resultados muestran un bajo nivel de satisfacción de los residentes, así como una falta de oferta de productos que cumplan con sus necesidades y capacidades económicas. Esto contribuye significativamente a las dificultades de encontrar casas adecuadas y exagera el problema de vivienda. Los resultados muestran que para ser propietario de una vivienda, generalmente se prefiere tener casas independientes, como villas y dúplex. Esto hace frente a la alta oferta de apartamentos, ya que son el tipo de vivienda más común en todo Arabia Saudita, y es menos deseable tener apartamentos como hogares permanentes. Y los deseos de ser propietario de una casa que cumpla con las capacidades económicas no fueron muy claros para la mayoría de los encuestados. Evidentemente, esto se refleja en mayores expectativas de áreas y espacios más amplios en comparación con los ingresos. Por un lado, los encuestados de este estudio llevan la crisis de vivienda a mayores precios de propiedades y unidades habitacionales. Por otro lado, lo hace el ministerio de vivienda, como una autoridad oficial encargada de dicho sector. El estudio recomienda que se ponga una mayor atención a la promoción de la conciencia cultural entre los individuos de la sociedad para eliminar algunos conceptos erróneos relacionados a la construcción. Estas ideas erróneas están vinculadas a aspectos culturales y sociales que están profundamente arraigados entre los individuos de la sociedad, y eso promovería un mejor uso de los espacios. Además, que se acelere el proceso de proporcionar nuevos productos de vivienda que cumplan con las necesidades tanto de vivienda como financieras. Este estudio intenta ayudar a las autoridades y sectores de vivienda públicos y privados en el desarrollo y mejora del sector de vivienda. Esto a través de la provisión de información que ayudaría a entender mejor las necesidades y deseos de los residentes, lo que hará que estén disponibles viviendas adecuadas y accesibles. Esto, a su vez, creará una estabilidad de vivienda para los residentes a través del cumplimiento de sus expectativas y una mejor comprensión de sus problemas, lo que mitigará el problemas generales de vivienda ; Postprint (published version)

The purpose of the article is to present the specific relationship between the EU, which is a unique international organisation, and its Member States, which are the source of integration and, paradoxically, its natural limit. The article contains an analysis of provisional measures imposed on Poland by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) as an example of a judicial and autonomous control mechanism concerning Member States and their obligations under EU law. Case European Commission v. Poland (2017) serves as a central element of the considerations. On 27 July 2017, the CJEU imposed a temporary injunction against logging in the Polish Bialowieza Forest, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the last old-growth forest in Europe, while the case is being tried with the final Court decision expected in December 2017. Nevertheless, the Polish minister of the environment said on 31 July that the Polish government will ignore the ruling and that the logging will continue in tune with the "protective measures" for the forest, since the Bialowieza Forest seems to be under attack from the Spruce Bark Beetle. This species of beetle is a pest which colonises primarily spruce trees (Ips typographus for the lovers of the Latin language). The assumption made in the article is that provisional measures (applied under EU procedural law) have dogmatic roots in the tradition of civil proceedings in Member States. What is involved here are national procedures aimed at securing a claim in certain circumstances which establish a prima facie case on the inefficiency of the future decision. The specificity of provisional measures results from the specificity of EU law, which, in order to be effective, requires a judicial review. Provisional measures are one of the tools to guarantee its effectiveness. 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La diffusione delle tecnologie legate ai big data, cioè alla raccolta massiva di dati ed informazioni provenienti dalle più disparate fonti, induce a guardare alle realtà che ci circondano e ai mercati secondo modalità, per così dire rivoluzionarie, poiché pretendono di semplificare le procedure di analisi e di valutazione di qualsiasi evenienza fenomenica, in contrapposizione con le vecchie metodologie scientifiche improntate al principio di causalità. Questa tendenza fornisce una chiave di lettura che si basa su un semplice principio di aggregazione di dati per la definizione di trend economici, in grado di pilotare le strategie imprenditoriali delle aziende che si servano degli strumenti di ICT (Information and Communications Technology), ma non solo. L'intento di questo lavoro è quello di comprendere come i meccanismi legati allo sfruttamento dei big data possano essere impiegati dalle amministrazioni pubbliche per incrementare i livelli di efficienza nell'erogazione dei propri servizi e, sempre in quest'ottica, per perfezionare le strategie regolatorie. Gli stessi big data, intesi quale prodotto ineluttabile del ricorso alle nuove tecnologie informatiche e all'eversione digitale dell'Internet of Things, pongono non poche problematiche su due piani estremamente delicati e che in più occasioni si cercherà di analizzare simultaneamente, quali fossero le facce della stessa medaglia. Così, si parte spesso dallo strumentario posto a tutela della privacy degli individui per fornire degli spunti utili all'implementazione del vocabolario antitrust, il quale, inevitabilmente, deve essere preso in considerazione per comprendere l'evolversi delle classiche derive economiche di scala, calate, tuttavia, nella modernità dei sistemi multilaterali digitali. Sebbene di per sé l'utilizzo dei big data, per definizione, non sembri arrecare particolari insidie per la concorrenza, dal momento in cui i dati, accumulati in grandi volumi eterogenei, possano considerarsi dei beni fungibili pressoché illimitati, e, quindi, in grado di superare qualsiasi prova di sostituibilità, non pochi problemi possono scaturire in relazione al processo di estrazione di valore aggiunto da parte di chi detenga le strumentazioni tecniche, atte ad interrogare gli stessi. La comprensione dell'uso e, soprattutto, del riuso di mastodontiche quantità di dati per la creazione di conoscenza, utile a sfruttare un potere informativo in grado di affermare posizioni egemoniche nel mercato, diventa la chiave di volta per analizzare e combattere eventuali abusi da parte di operatori economici particolarmente aggressivi o che attuino attività di profilazione dei dati personali degli individui. La realizzazione di un "sistema di scatole nere", che tracci le attività ed i comportamenti dei consumatori o degli utenti che si servano di prodotti e servizi erogati sia da parte del settore privato sia di quello pubblico, si appresta a modellare criteri per la predizione delle scelte future che questi intendano compiere. La creazione, pertanto, di profili altamente dettagliati degli individui fa sì che l'offerta si modelli sulle preferenze espresse dagli stessi. Se da un lato ciò assicura l'ottimizzazione dal punto di vista dell'efficienza della produzione, andando incontro ai bisogni avvertiti e presagiti degli utenti, dall'altro testimonia anche degli inevitabili profili concernenti, talvolta, indebite interferenze nella tutela della riservatezza dei cittadini o, ancora, delle pratiche poche igieniche per il mantenimento della salubrità nel panorama competitivo del mercato. Molto spesso i due profili corrono di pari passo. Significa, cioè, che la creazione di pacchetti di dati inerenti gli aspetti più intimi della vita quotidiana di ciascuno – rischiando perennemente di scadere in una violazione della privacy, tanto da richiedere una continua evoluzione del contesto normativo comunitario e nazionale di riferimento – possano provocare lo scaturire di una serie di insidie latenti per la concorrenza: dallo svilimento dell'effetto del multi-homing delle piattaforme multiservizio, al perseguimento di pratiche di lock-in dei consumatori, da cui dipenda anche la perdita di potere contrattuale degli stessi, alla personalizzazione dei prezzi applicati. Queste riflessioni si basano principalmente sul discernimento degli effetti collaterali di un impiego piuttosto spregiudicato delle tecnologie in grado di analizzare ed interrogare, in maniera del tutto innovativa rispetto al passato, enormi dataset in continua espansione. Un ragionamento più ampio potrebbe investire l'individuazione di un mercato rilevante dei big data, nel momento in cui questi vengano considerati quali input (o, quanto meno, parti di input) di mercato. Ne consegue che, a voler adottare questa visione – non unanimemente condivisa, a dire il vero – al pari di quanto venga fatto per qualsiasi altro fattore in un sistema economico di scambio, si possano operare le classiche considerazioni sull'acquisizione di vantaggi provenienti dall'implementazione di economie di scala, scopo e velocità, tenuto conto delle specifiche caratteristiche dei big data. Ma anche a voler escludere una siffatta ricostruzione, parte della dottrina, come verrà evidenziato nel corso della trattazione, non è andata esente dal tracciare un ciclo dinamico di impiego e di estrazione di valore aggiunto dai big data. In questo si distinguono una serie di momenti e di intermediari economici in grado di suggere valore monetario dall'accesso e dall'analisi di banche dati interconnesse. Riconoscendo, dunque, l'attribuzione di un profitto legato al possesso di questo particolare vantaggio informativo, si crea, di conseguenza, una curva di domanda dei big data, che rinviene negli stessi, secondo determinate ricostruzioni (malviste dalla giurisprudenza europea e d'oltreoceano), particolari forme di barriere all'accesso al mercato. Reale punto cardine nella filiera dello sfruttamento dei big data e dei risultati di analisi inferenziale, ad essi riferiti, risiede nell'erogazione di apposite licenze che ne consentano l'impiego per usi secondari e pressoché infiniti che si aggiungono a quello iniziale per il quale gli stessi erano stati raccolti. Ciò consente che i metadati e le informazioni possano – in spregio, talvolta, alle garanzie assicurate dalle formule di consenso informato – divenire oggetto di mercificazione. Se, dunque, la "datificazione" del conosciuto e del conoscibile risulti essere la tendenza verso la quale si sta indirizzando il progresso sia tecnologico sia economico, non si può andare esenti dall'interrogarsi su quale debba considerarsi, invece, lo sviluppo dell'azione amministrativa in questo quadro evolutivo. Il ricorso all'IT rappresenta il nucleo fondamentale delle strategie, europea e nazionale, di digitalizzazione delle amministrazioni pubbliche. La creazione di un sistema di e-government rappresenta il primo passo verso una società improntata ai principi di inclusione digitale dei cittadini e di accesso elettronico ai servizi pubblici. Veicolo, questo, utile al perseguimento di tali obiettivi e che consiste nell'implementazione dell'interconnessione tra i sistemi informatici dei database pubblici attraverso il cloud computing. Tale processo contribuisce ad accrescere il volume dei dati in possesso del settore pubblico, da considerarsi già di per sé, anche al netto dell'impiego delle nuove tecnologie, il principale produttore di dati nel panorama nazionale. L'immenso patrimonio informativo pubblico, destinato costantemente ad espandersi in virtù della traduzione nella pratica delle strategie di crescita digitale, è sottoposto, tuttavia, a specifiche previsioni di trasparenza, che, nel loro complesso, compongono il più vasto quadro della disclosure regulation. L'intento che si intende perseguire nelle pagine seguenti è anche quello di comprendere come l'ottemperanza agli obblighi informativi da parte delle amministrazioni pubbliche partecipi alla trasformazione o, meglio, all'integrazione dell'e-government in un regime di Open Government. Ciò significa che i dati di provenienza pubblica debbano considerarsi "open" e, quindi, liberamente accessibili da parte di chiunque senza alcuna discriminazione. L'ubiquità della disclosure regulation trascende, inevitabilmente, gli scopi per i quali essa era stata realizzata e investe, con i flussi informativi che ne scaturiscono, il mercato. Da una rilevanza meramente interna di controllo sull'operato della pubblica amministrazione si passa a dover analizzare – in una prospettiva, invece, "esterna" - l'impatto che gli scambi di informazioni abbiano nelle dinamiche concorrenziali tra gli operatori economici. Comprendere come la regolazione in materia di trasparenza travalichi i confini propri dell'azione amministrativa fornisce lo spunto, anche, per riflettere sugli aspetti che ne determinano la fallacia. Fintanto che i dati e le informazioni di provenienza pubblica, resi ostensibili e riutilizzabili per fini commerciali nel mercato, risultino essere semplicemente oggetto di regolazione, non si possono apprezzare i vantaggi che potrebbero scaturire dalla manipolazione degli stessi. I risultati dell'analisi inferenziale, ottenibili grazie al ricorso ai dispositivi di big data analytics, possono fungere da propulsore per il rinnovamento, almeno in termini di principio, dell'intervento regolatorio, permettendo, così, un'azione più rapida, efficiente e mirata. I big data, diventano, ovvero, strumento di regolazione.

There is great geographical overlap between key areas of natural resources, global biodiversity and regions of acute poverty. The world's poorest people, including 59% of the population of Asia, Africa and Latin America live in rural areas alongside great natural resources on which they heavily rely for food source and income generation. However, proximity does not imply free unlimited access and often involves a great deal of trade-offs and risk ranging from natural weather and catastrophic shocks affecting resource availability, productivity and even human lives, to changes in governance and resource use regulations. In this dissertation, I study the linkages between natural resources use, livelihoods, governance and the environment, using the case study of Madagascar, a low-income country with great biodiversity and natural resources endowment. In particular, I study how different types of regulations and restrictions affect household resource use and well-being. In Chapter 1, I evaluate the health and wealth trade-offs of the widely practiced fire use in agriculture in Madagascar, using high-frequency satellite data to model pollution exposure taking advantage of random variation in wind direction. In Chapter 2, I study how poor households cope with natural disasters using the quasi-experiment setting of high frequency cyclones in Madagascar. In Chapter 3, I take advantage of a unique dataset coupled with the staggered rollout of a biodiversity conservation policy to study the impacts of community-based conservation on bushmeat hunting in northeastern Madagascar.In the first chapter, I study the impacts of agricultural fires on local health and on agricultural productivity in Madagascar. Every year, despite agricultural fires being illegal, 25% to 50% of grasslands and 7% to 10% of forests are set on fire due to slash-and-burn agriculture and livestock farming. This leads to great pollution throughout the island, yet there is limited empirical evidence on the health impacts of fires in the island. I first estimate the health impacts of fires by using high frequency and high resolution satellite data on fire location and wind speed on the day of fire to model pollution exposure around population centers. Identification comes from the random variation in wind direction and the frequent change in pollution source. I find that agricultural fires greatly impact birth outcomes and respiratory health of infants and that fires are responsible for over 4,000 "missing infants", or 0.7% of all births across the island every year. To identify the agricultural impacts of fires, I use an instrumental variable strategy taking advantage of a rapid expansion of protected areas in Madagascar that led to tripling of protected areas and delimitation of numerous potential parks. I use proposed parks, areas that were physically delimited as potential official protected areas, as an instrument for fires. Delimitation of proposed parks led to reduced fire activity, however, since parks were not actually implemented, surrounding populations were unaffected by potential economic returns or changes in behavior that would raise concerns regarding the validity of the exclusion restriction. Grassland fires led to increased livestock production and yields for cassava and corn, whereas forest fires increased corn farming land and harvest, leading to decreased food prices. These quantity and price effects increased consumer surplus by USD1.884 billion per year, implying that, for the output gains to outweigh the mortality impacts, one would have to assume a value of statistical life of less than USD440,000, whereas typical values for VSL range from 4 million to 9 million USD. Therefore the mortality costs of fires alone, excluding hospitalization costs and morbidity, exceed the benefits from increased agricultural production. Given that land use rights are ambiguous and government resources in regulating forest fires are limited, a more cooperative and integrative approach such as payments for ecosystem services might be effective in incentivizing farmers to engage in less frequent more sustainable fire activity.In the second chapter, I use cyclone track data and hourly wind direction data to model cyclone exposure and study the impact of tropical storms in Madagascar. Madagascar is the second most exposed country to multi-disaster risks in Africa, and experiences multiple episodes of droughts, floods, locust invasions and cyclones every year. On average, the island yearly experiences three to five cyclones that claim 10% to 30% of annual GDP in post-disaster losses and damages. Indeed, 74% of total labor is employed in agriculture, furthermore, agricultural products including exports amount to 45% of GDP. Yet, there is little government effort in terms of risk mitigation, resilience building and even disaster relief. Looking at the impact of cyclones on household well-being along multiple dimensions, I find that both rural and urban households are negatively impacted by cyclones in Madagascar despite better infrastructure and less reliance on natural resources in urban areas. While rural areas experience more physical losses than urban areas as measured by cyclone e↵ects on housing and access to electricity, rural households are able to smooth consumption and are less prone to cyclone-driven poverty compared to their urban counterparts. In this latter group, average cyclones have no significant impact on physical assets, but lead to lower consumption and higher rates of transient poverty. I show that this is the result of a strong informal safety net between rural and urban families through informal insurance and relief in the form inter-household transfers. To provide relief to rural families, urban households reduce expenditure in non-food expenditure including education. This suggests that, while partially effective in managing risk and achieving consumption smoothing along some key dimensions, lack of formal insurance diverts resources away from potentially productive investments such as education and towards unequivocally necessary informal relief.In the third chapter, I use a unique household-level panel data to evaluate how community- based conservation impacts bushmeat or wildlife hunting and consumption in the northeastern rainforests of Madagascar, where lemurs, bats, carnivores, tenrecs and bush pigs are commonly consumed to satisfy nutritional needs. Taking advantage of the staggered rollout of the policy, I find that community-based conservation has decreased overall hunting in the study area by reducing opportunistic hunting and hunting by less reliant, richer house- holds. This effect was larger among relatively more educated households. Furthermore, community-based conservation successfully modified consumption patterns among poorer households such that illegal hunting (hunting of lemurs and bats) was reduced and substituted by hunting practices conforming with conservation practices (seasonal hunting of sustainable prey). While these results are encouraging given the increasing shift towards decentralization, it is important to note that, in my study setting, community-based conservation was found to have some limitations. First, effects did not persist and faded over time. Second, not all types of hunting were successfully reduced and the policy led to increased active hunting through weapons and traps as households respond by retaliating and over- extracting resources in fear of completely losing access in the future. The effectiveness of community-based conservation on opportunistic hunting and bushmeat purchase was found to be heterogeneous based on income and education. Better community integration and dissemination of community conservation design principles is therefore recommended as it has proven to effectively reduce illegal hunting and also has the potential of solving the retaliation and fear-based extraction behavior. Furthermore, given that biodiversity is a global public good, local users should not be the only bearers of conservation costs and alternative livelihood strategies need to be introduced for the long-run success of conservation efforts.

Education of students in today's conditions requires new ideas and concepts that are related to the peculiarities of the socio-economic situation in society, namely: revaluation of values, changes in priorities of prestigious professions, contradictory attitude to education in the labor market, lack of a clear youth policy, adequate to modern conditions.Today's education should become not just one of the subsystems of the social sphere, which satisfies a number of personal needs, but also a specific domain of social life, in which the future is modeled, resources of development are formed, and the negative effects of the functioning of other social institutions are compensated. As a result, the education system essentially extends its sphere of influence. One of the most important characteristics of student youth is its social needs, a large proportion of which is implemented in the field of education. Concerning higher education, certain requirements are put forward regarding the implementation of social needs of student youth; at the same time it is the institutional environment that mostly influences the formation of student social.Defining the development vectors of the education system requires the search for answers to questions relating to contemporary students, its social needs and expectations in relation to higher education, as well as the clarification of the conditions correspondence that education creates to realize its demands. The article highlights the peculiarities of student social needs in the field of education and their implementation; the content of such concepts as «needs», «social needs», «educational needs» were clarified.It was emphasized that social needs are connected with the inclusion of the individual in the family, in various social groups and communities, in the various spheres of production and non-production activities, in the life of society as a whole. These are the needs for work, social and economic activity, as well as spiritual culture, that is, everything that is a product of social life. They are needs of a special kind, the satisfaction of which is necessary to support the life of the social person, social groups and society as a whole.Social needs are met by the organizational efforts of society members through social institutions. Satisfying needs ensures social stability and social progress, dissatisfaction generates social conflicts. Social institutions are the leading components of the social structure of society, which integrate and coordinate the actions of society members, social groups and regulate social relations in various spheres of public life. Four groups of social needs were defined:- Vital for the social person needs, whose dissatisfaction leads to the elimination of a social person or the revolutionary transformation of social institutions, within which this satisfaction occurs;- Needs, the satisfaction of which ensures the functioning of the social person at the level of social norms, as well as allows the evolution of social institutions to be realized;- Needs, the satisfaction of which occurs at the level of minimum social norms, which ensures the preservation of the social person, but not its development; - Needs, the satisfaction of which provides comfortable (for data of socio-cultural area and social time) conditions of operation and development.The article gives attention to the relation between the concepts of «social needs» and «educational needs» and shows where they overlap. The existence of educational needs is an essential feature of students. Educational need is a need arising from the contradiction between the existing and necessary (desired) level of education and encourages the person to eliminate this contradiction.Educational needs were defined as the needs for the formation of the education means of those personal qualities that contribute to personal self-realization and the formation of personal qualities in the field of education that will enable them to obtain the desired social benefits and improve the social well-being of the individual. Such qualities are: high level of intellectual development; theoretical knowledge and practical skills necessary for professional activity; communicative skills and a high level of culture; personal qualities (integrity, workability, creativity, etc.). Education itself is a factor that allows the formation and accumulation of socially significant qualities in an individual's arsenal that enable them to receive the benefits, satisfy the urgent needs and be realized as an active and active-oriented member of society.It was emphasized that in today's conditions, students according to their characteristics are quite different from all other sections of the population, first of all ideological formation, influence mobility and their kinds of needs, which to a great extent determine its social well-being.Social needs of students are considered in connection with the functions of education, primarily with the functions of intelligence reproduction of society, vocational, economic and social. The article used data from nationwide surveys of students «Higher Education in Ukraine: Students' Public Opinion» and «Higher Education in Reform Conditions: Changes in Public Opinion» conducted by Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation in 2015 and 2017 respectively; the data of a sociological survey «Values of Ukrainian Youth», conducted in 2016 by the Center for Independent Sociological Research «OMEGA», by request of Ministry of Youth and Sport of Ukraine.Based on the data of sociological research, we concluded that the level of social needs satisfaction of students in the field of higher education is not high. We need more detailed analysis of students who are studying at various educational institutions, as well as to identify the trends that are characteristic for education sections in different areas of study. ; В современной социологии научные поиски исследователей активизируются в направлении изучения сущностных характеристик студенческой молодёжи как особой социальной группы, которой присущи динамичные изменения, значительная степень мобильности по социальным показателям, высокий интеллектуальный потенциал и активное участие в социальных преобразованиях. Внимание ученых к студенческой молодёжи обусловлено высокой динамикой развития общества и изменением статуса и роли студенчества в нём. Одной из наиважнейших характеристик студенческой молодёжи выступают её социальные потребности, часть которых реализуется в сфере образования.К высшему образованию выдвигаются определённые требования относительно реализации социальных потребностей студенческой молодёжи. В то же время оно является той институциональной средой, котрая в наибольшей мере влияет на формирование социальных потребностей студенчества.В статье обоснована актуальность исследования социальных потребностей студенческой молодёжи, освещено их содержание, уделено внимание характеристикам современного студенчества. Освещены потребности студенчества, которые удовлетворяются в процессе учёбы в высшем учебном заведении и досуговой деятельности, которая осуществляется в образовательной среде.Уточнены понятия «социальные потребности», «студенческая молодь», «образовательные потребности». Охарактеризованы потребности студенчетства как специфического слоя, уделено внимание комплексу социальних потребностей студенческой молодёжи, которые удовлетворяются при помощи института образования. ; У сучасній соціології наукові пошуки дослідників активізуються у напрямку вивчення сутнісних характеристик студентської молоді як особливої соціальної групи, якій притаманні динамічні зміни, значний ступінь мобільності за соціальними показниками, високий інтелектуальний потенціал та активна участь у соціальних перетвореннях. Увага науковців до студентської молоді зумовлена високою динамікою розвитку суспільства і зміною статусу і ролі студентства у ньому. Однією з найважливіших характеристик студентської молоді виступають її соціальні потреби, велика частка яких реалізується у сфері освіти.До вищої освіти висуваються певні вимоги стосовно реалізації соціальних потреб студентської молоді, водночас вона є тим інституційним середовищем, яке впливає найбільшою мірою на формування соціальних потреб студентства. У статті обґрунтована актуальність дослідження соціальних потреб студентської молоді, висвітлено їх зміст, приділено увагу характеристикам сучасного студентства. Висвітлені потреби студентства, які задовольняються у процесі навчання у вищому навчальному закладі та суспільній і дозвіллєвій діяльності, яка здійснюється у освітньому середовищі.Уточнено сутність понять «соціальні потреби», «студентська молодь», «освітні потреби». Охарактеризовано потреби студентства як специфічної верстви, приділено увагу комплексу соціальних потреб студентської молоді, які задовольняються за допомогою інституту освіти.

HIV incidence among men who have sex with men (MSM) has risen in most Western countries. This has been largely attributed to increased high-risk sexual behaviours that occur from combinations of drivers operating in specific social, economic, cultural, and political contexts. MSM constitute a key population at increased risk for HIV, but not all MSM are at equivalent risk. Male and transgender sex workers (SW) are MSM subgroups considered most vulnerable to HIV infection. So far, knowledge on drivers of increased HIV among MSM is limited. Difficulties in reaching hard-to-reach groups have challenged research with key populations. Several methods for recruiting difficult-toaccess populations have emerged. This thesis intends to contribute to improve knowledge on prevalence of HIV, high risk behaviours and its determinants among MSM in Portugal. The specific objectives are to: 1)Estimate the prevalence of HIV and assess high-risk behaviours among a population of MSM in Portugal; 2)Explore and understand the complex links of HIV risk-taking practices and the adoption of protective measures among MSM most vulnerable groups; and 3)Critically analyse different methods for most effectively targeting MSM in HIV research and reach those most-at-risk. This thesis is expected to contribute to improve knowledge on HIV burden and risk factors among MSM in Portugal, and identify prevention needs to inform actions for reducing the spread of infection in MSM. This thesis is also expected to contribute to conducting future research with this hard-to-reach population. This work was based on the literature review on HIV and MSM developed throughout the thesis, the results obtained in the cross-sectional studies conducted about the prevalence of HIV, high-risk behaviours and drivers of infection among MSM, and the critical review of the methods for most appropriately targeting MSM in HIV research. Our findings show a high prevalence of HIV among the MSM studied – 8.8% (95%CI: 7-11%). More than a third of respondents reported visiting venues where MSM frequently seek sexual partners and have sex (cruising venues). A significantly higher proportion of cruising venues' visitors reported to be HIV-positive (14.6% [95%CI: 11-18%] vs. 5.5% [95%CI: 4-7%] among non-visitors). Cruising venues' visitors also engage more frequently in high-risk sexual behaviours as multiple sexual partners, group sex, and unprotected anal sex. Our findings show that different subgroups of MSM present disparate levels of HIV risk. Male SW presented high levels of HIV infection (5.0% [95%CI: 1-10%] self-reported; 10.7% [95%CI: 0-23%] reactive to rapid test), and reported frequently high-risk sexual behaviours as multiplicity of sexual partners, inconsistent condom use and drugs use. Among transgender SW (TSW), the proportion of HIV infection was 14.9% [95%CI: 8-21%]; findings show an overlap of sexual risk behaviours and an association of poor socioeconomic context with increased HIV risk and underuse of health services. Emerging methods for most effectively targeting MSM in HIV research - chain-referral, venue-based, respondent-driven, time-location, internet sampling methods, and community-based participatory approach - face common challenges but present several advantages on recruitment efficiency, especially of mostvulnerable subgroups, and evidence obtained on MSM's needs. There are diverse risk profiles of MSM population. Tailored interventions should integrate strategies to reduce risk behaviours, intensify harm reduction, improve uptake of HIV testing and promote access to HIV health services, while tackling socioeconomic, partnering, and structural contexts conducive to increased risk. Further research producing relevant knowledge more 'translatable' into effective actions that address MSM's health needs and improve health gain is needed. ; A incidência da infecção pelo VIH em homens que praticam sexo com homens (HSH) tem aumentado na maioria dos países ocidentais. Tal tem sido atribuído ao aumento de comportamentos de risco resultantes de combinações de factores que operam em contextos sociais, económicos, culturais e políticos específicos. Os HSH constituem uma população-chave em maior risco para o VIH, mas nem todos os HSH se encontram em igual nível de risco. Homens e pessoas transgénero trabalhadores do sexo (TS) são subgrupos de HSH considerados particularmente vulneráveis à infecção pelo VIH. O conhecimento actual sobre os factores do aumento da infecção pelo VIH em HSH é limitado. As dificuldades em alcançar grupos de difícil acesso têm desafiado a investigação com populações-chave. Neste contexto têm emergido vários métodos para recrutar estas populações. Esta tese pretende contribuir para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a prevalência do VIH, comportamentos de risco e seus determinantes em HSH em Portugal. Os objectivos desta tese são: 1)Estimar a prevalência do VIH e examinar os comportamentos de risco numa população de HSH em Portugal: 2)Explorar e compreende as complexas ligações de práticas de risco para o VIH e a adopção de medidas protectoras em grupos mais vulneráveis de HSH; e 3)Analisar criticamente diferentes métodos para alcançar mais adequadamente HSH na investigação em VIH e alcançar os grupos em maior risco. Com esta tese espera-se contribuir para um melhor conhecimento sobre a prevalência de VIH e factores de risco em HSH em Portugal, e identificar necessidades de prevenção para informar acções com vista à redução da transmissão do VIH nos HSH. Com esta tese espera-se também contribuir para o desenvolvimento de investigação futura com esta população de difícil acesso. O presente trabalho baseia-se na revisão de literatura sobre VIH e HSH desenvolvida ao longo do período da tese, nos resultados obtidos nos estudos transversais realizados sobre a prevalência de VIH, comportamentos de risco e factores da infecção em HSH, bem como na análise crítica dos métodos para alcançar mais adequadamente HSH na investigação em VIH. Os nossos resultados mostram uma elevada prevalência de VIH nos HSH estudados - 8.8% (IC95%: 7-11%). Mais de um terço dos inquiridos reportou frequentar locais onde HSH procuram parceiros sexuais e têm relações sexuais (locais de encontro sexual). Uma proporção significativamente mais elevada de frequentadores de locais de encontro sexual reportou ser VIH-positivo (14.6% [IC95%: 11-18%] vs. 5.5% [IC95%: 4-7%] nos nãofrequentadores). Os frequentadores de locais de encontro sexual também reportam mais frequentemente comportamentos sexuais de risco como múltiplos parceiros sexuais, sexo em grupo e sexo anal desprotegido. Os nossos resultados indicam que diferentes subgrupos de HSH apresentam diferentes níveis de risco para o VIH. Homens TS apresentam elevados níveis de infecção pelo VIH (5.0% [IC95%: 1-10%] auto-reportado; 10.7% [IC95%: 0-23%] resultado reactivo ao teste rápido), e reportam frequentemente comportamentos sexuais de risco como a multiplicidade de parceiros sexuais, o uso inconsistente do preservativo e o uso de drogas. Nos indivíduos transgénero TS, a proporção de infecção pelo VIH foi de 14.9% [IC95%: 8-21%]; os resultados mostram uma intersecção de comportamentos sexuais de risco e uma associação de contextos socioeconómicos desfavoráveis com um aumento do risco para o VIH e reduzida utilização dos serviços de saúde. Métodos emergentes para alcançar mais adequadamente HSH na investigação em VIH – de referência em cadeia, baseados em locais, orientados pelos respondentes, de tempo-local, por internet, e abordagem de investigação baseada na comunidade – enfrentam desafios comuns, mas apresentam várias vantagens ao nível da eficiência do recrutamento, especialmente de subgrupos mais vulneráveis, e da evidência obtida sobre as necessidades dos HSH. Existem diferentes perfis de risco na população de HSH. Intervenções adequadas devem integrar estratégias para reduzir comportamentos de risco, intensificar a redução de danos, aumentar a realização do teste para o VIH e promover o acesso aos serviços de saúde e VIH, abordando os contextos socioeconómicos, relacionais e estruturais que conduzem a um maior risco. É necessária investigação que produza conhecimento relevante e mais "traduzível" em acções efectivas, que respondam às necessidades em saúde dos HSH e contribuam para ganhos de saúde.

Parker County proposes to build the eastern segment of a loop north of the City of Weatherford, in Parker County, Texas). This portion of the loop, designated East Loop, is approximately 6.65 miles long. It begins at the intersection of the eastern terminus of the Ric Williamson Memorial Highway (or West Loop) at State Highway 51 north of the city. The proposed route continues eastward for approximately 4 miles, crosses Farm-to-Market 730 before turning south for approximately 2 miles, crosses US Highway 180 at Center Point Road, and follows Center Point Road to terminate at Interstate Highway 20. The East Loop project is owned and funded by Parker County. As a political subdivision of the State of Texas, Parker County is required to comply with the Antiquities Code of Texas (9 Texas Natural Resources Code 191). A permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is also required for the proposed project. Therefore, the USACE, as a federal agency, has the responsibility for complying with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), as amended (Section 106). Section 106 requires consideration of the effects of the proposed project on properties listed in, or determined eligible for, the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and ultimately designation as a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL). Freese and Nichols, Inc., the design and environmental consultant to Parker County, contracted with Cox|McLain Environmental Consulting, Inc. (CMEC), to conduct the intensive archeological and reconnaissance historic resources surveys necessary for compliance with the Antiquities Code and Section 106. Melissa M. Green (Principal Investigator) and Brett Lang carried out the archeological survey for Parker County under Texas Antiquities Permit 8127, and Emily Reed and Izabella Dennis conducted the historic resources survey; all are staff of CMEC. Fieldwork was conducted in September 2017. Widths of the proposed roadway vary between 120 and 390 feet, but the average width is 200 feet. The archeological area of potential effects (APE) consists of the entire 195.39-acre footprint of new location roadway and a 600-foot long, 30-foot wide drainage ditch easement added to the project for a total 196.62-acre APE. The historic resources APE consists of a 300-foot-wide buffer area around the proposed project corridor. The APE is located primarily on uplands but crosses Willow Creek, Holder Branch, Underwood Branch, and a number of small intermittent channels. The land is mostly undeveloped with some residential/commercial areas, particularly near each terminus, that will be impacted. Ground surfaces within the APE were mostly covered in grasses, allowing for some limited visibility ranging from 0 to 30 percent, though ground visibility in forested areas and eroded pastures allowed for higher ground visibility at 70 to 100 percent. Existing impacts to the project corridor include residential and commercial development, buried utilities and other infrastructures associated with the developments, oil and gas production and storage, stock tank construction, livestock grazing or training, and erosion resulting from all of the above. A total of 48 shovel test units were excavated judgmentally across the area of potential effects; 36 were sterile for cultural materials and 12 were associated with sites. Initially, right-of-entry was not allowed on several individual parcels representing approximately 2.14 miles (48.29 acres) of the proposed corridor during the original survey in September 2017, but were investigated in June and July of 2018 once right-of-entry was granted. Potential for prehistoric archeological deposits in the area of potential effects is considered low, and the potential for historic deposits is considered moderate. The proposed roadway corridor partially impacts previously recorded sites 41PR163/41PR164, 41PR165, and 41PR166, as well as the NRHP-listed Byron Farmstead Historic District. The district comprises 85.5 acres with three recorded archeological sites (41PR163, 41PR164, now combined, and 41PR166), or contributing elements, within its boundary. All of these sites were revisited during the survey. Although located outside of the project corridor, site 41PR163, the original log cabin of the Byron Farmstead, and site 41PR164, the later bungalow on the farmstead were visited due to their close proximity to the project and to help assess the indirect impacts to these sites and contributing elements of the historic district. Based on the field visit, the boundaries of sites 41PR163 and 41PR164 have been adjusted and combined and now include a previously unrecorded dairy location, but contributing element to the district, within the new combined site limit (41PR163/41PR164). Since site 41PR163/41PR164 is already a contributing element of the Byron Farmstead Historic District, it is recommended for designation as a SAL. Site 41PR166 is the dairy operation owned by a separate family member and not originally a contributing element to the district. The site is mostly intact and retains most of its integrity. It has now been recommended as a contributing element to the historic district, and ultimately for SAL designation, demonstrating the long-time use of the larger property for and family commitment to cattle and dairying. Site 41PR166 will be partially impacted by the proposed road corridor. In addition to the archeological sites located on the Byron Farmstead Historic District, there are three contributing buildings, two contributing structures, one contributing site, and one noncontributing site. For unknown reasons, an additional 13 resources located within the historic district's boundary were not documented in the NRHP nomination form or assigned contributing/non-contributing status. As a result of this survey, eight of the previously undocumented resources are recommended as contributing and five are recommended as non-contributing to the Byron Farmstead Historic District. Due to the construction of the proposed roadway through the Byron Farmstead Historic District, there would be an adverse effect on the district by diminishing the integrity of feeling, setting, and association. Although previously recorded site 41PR165, remnants of a small farmstead, would be partially impacted by the proposed roadway corridor, it is recommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP or for designation as a SAL because it does not retain integrity and none of the remaining components would add any additional information concerning cattle ranching in the area. One additional historic site, 41PR185, was recorded during the survey. This site is a farmstead on a hilltop west of Holder Branch measuring 35 meters east/west by 55 meters north/south. The site is composed of a collapsed rock root cellar, rock and mortar pile, six fence posts, and large sections of sheet metal siding. The site will be entirely impacted by the proposed construction, but is recommended as not eligible for listing in the NRHP or for SAL designation. All materials (notes, photographs, administrative documents, and other project data) generated from this work will be housed at the Center for Archaeological Studies at Texas State University in San Marcos, where they will be made permanently available to future researchers per 13 Texas Administrative Code 26.16-17. CMEC submitted the previous version of this report to the Texas Historical Commission (THC) on March 1, 2018, for review. In the response letter dated March 30, 2018, THC concurred with the eligibility recommendations for the historic resources, and requested additional information regarding recorded archeological sites. THC also requested further review of the applicability of Section 106 in relationship to the USACE areas of jurisdiction (Appendix B). Since that time, USACE has indicated Section 106 is applicable to the Byron Farmstead Historic District, and CMEC has been granted access to previously inaccessible parcels to complete the archeological survey. This version of the report has been updated to provide additional information from the archeological survey and to reflect the applicability of Section 106, including an assessment of effects to historic properties and archeological sites. If any unanticipated cultural materials or deposits are found at any stage of clearing, preparation, or construction, the work should cease and THC personnel should be notified immediately.