Suchergebnisse

The British vote to leave takes the European Union into new legal and political territory. With application of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union on the cards for the first time, it is already clear that leaving is not simply the reverse of joining, neither procedurally nor politically. The remaining EU-27 will need to develop an "exit doctrine" defining the rules for dealing with the United Kingdom as soon as it officially announces its intention to leave. Article 50 leaves ample political options for shaping the highly complex processes for releasing the United Kingdom from membership, reshaping its relationship with the Union and revising the treaties for an EU-27. Already crisis-stressed and disorientated before Brexit, the Union needs a renewal of integration, starting with the member states and their role in the EU system. (author's abstract)

Speaking at the inauguration ceremony in June after being sworn in for the third time as the president of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan promised the nation that his policies in the coming five years would "crown the second century of the republic with the Century of Türkiye". Turkey has undergone a massive transformation in the last two decades since the Justice and Development Party (AKP) rose to power in 2002. Undoubtedly, the reconfiguration of civil-military relations has been one of the most critical markers of such change. The Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) has, under AKP rule, become an executor of foreign policy in an empowered security ecosystem consisting of the Ministry of Interior (MoI), the National Intelligence Organization (MİT), and the defence industry. These shifts in the security environment as such have been shaped by the dynamics of regime change in Turkey and post-Cold War security imperatives. (author's abstract)

Eine Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse des offiziellen Besuchs des Generalsekretärs des ZK der KPdSU M. S. Gorbacev in Frankreich. Die Schwerpunkte der Gespräche bildeten die Fragen der europäischen und internationalen Sicherheit, Abrüstungsvorschläge, die Entwicklung der Handelsbeziehungen und der wissenschaftlich-technischen Zusammenarbeit zwischen den beiden Ländern. (BIOst-Ldg)

This article focuses on the current conflict over the role of traditional birth attendants in the assistance to the reproduction (pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium) and the similarities between this and the time in which midwifery was not longer more a women's job. The speeches of international agencies that dictate the public politics on maternal health —UNFPA, WHO— remind us what happened centuries ago in Europe and the United States, at the time that medical practice was consolidated as a profession and universal and official science. Through these questioning about the capabilities of midwives, first expressed to address complications and then for normal deliveries —eutocic—, placing them as outside the formal health system figures. ; Este artículo se centra en el actual conflicto sobre el papel que deben desempeñar las parteras tradicionales en la asistencia a la reproducción y los paralelismos con el momento en que la partería dejó de ser un oficio de mujeres. Los discursos de organismos internacionales nos recuerdan lo sucedido siglos antes, cuando la práctica médica se consolidaba como profesión y ciencia universal y oficial. Éstos cuestionan las capacidades de las parteras, para atender complicaciones y para atender partos normales, lo que coloca a las parteras como figuras externas al sistema sanitario oficial.

This article focuses on the current conflict over the role of traditional birth attendants in the assistance to the reproduction (pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium) and the similarities between this and the time in which midwifery was not longer more a women's job. The speeches of international agencies that dictate the public politics on maternal health —UNFPA, WHO— remind us what happened centuries ago in Europe and the United States, at the time that medical practice was consolidated as a profession and universal and official science. Through these questioning about the capabilities of midwives, first expressed to address complications and then for normal deliveries —eutocic—, placing them as outside the formal health system figures. ; Este artículo se centra en el actual conflicto sobre el papel que deben desempeñar las parteras tradicionales en la asistencia a la reproducción y los paralelismos con el momento en que la partería dejó de ser un oficio de mujeres. Los discursos de organismos internacionales nos recuerdan lo sucedido siglos antes, cuando la práctica médica se consolidaba como profesión y ciencia universal y oficial. Éstos cuestionan las capacidades de las parteras, para atender complicaciones y para atender partos normales, lo que coloca a las parteras como figuras externas al sistema sanitario oficial.

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In 1974, the UN General Assembly defined "aggression" as the unjustified & thus unlawful use of military force by one country against another. The armed conflict in the Caucasus, initiated by the Georgian leadership in Aug 2008, exemplifies both an unlawful & a lawful use of military force. While only the UN Security Council may define a particular act as aggression, it is acknowledged that "the sheer use of force first entails the right to use force in response." In this case, Georgian troops premeditatedly attacked a Russian unit present in South Ossetia as part of the Joint Peacekeeping Force. Nonetheless, the nature of the Georgian attack & the extent of the Russian response have brought into question the viability & applicability of the limits on the legitimate use of force in international relations. This paper examines the case in terms of the absolute legitimacy of the letter of international law as defined in relevant Articles of the UN Charter. Adapted from the source document.