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AbstractFollowing decades of skirmishes, Australia's relationship with the European Union (EU) has finally come of age. With the commencement of negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement, the outlook is promising for enhanced cooperation. Yet there are distinctive—and at times diverging—hierarchies of interests. This article argues that, although the EU and Australia regard each other as like‐minded partners, their interests and domestic pressures do not necessarily denote comprehensive convergence. This is due to the burden of memory, divergent concerns and values, some mutual neglect and an element of mutual misunderstanding.

Television, radio, daily papers and the Internet all deliver news to viewers, listeners and readers. Which media are the most popular in Ireland and across the European Union? The Eurobarometer surveys offer journalism and communication researchers a very useful source of data about consumption of news in Ireland and across the EU. [1] This article analyses the latest Eurobarometer surveys, and earlier data from a national survey in Ireland, to develop a snapshot of patterns of news consumption and a profile of Internet use and users in Ireland and across the EU.

This concluding article assesses the past decade of international scholarship on the European Union (EU) and normative power as represented by the contributions to the special issue. It argues that the normative power approach (NPA) makes it possible to explain, understand and judge the EU in global politics by rethinking the nature of power and actorness in a globalizing, multilateralizing and multipolarizing era. To do this, the article assesses the past decade in terms of normative power engagement, internationalization and comparison. The article then argues that rethinking power and actorness involves reassessing global theory and pouvoir normatif in action. The article concludes by setting out three ways of developing the NPA in its second decade: macro-approach, meso-characterization and micro-analysis. Following the suggestion of Emanuel Adler, Barry Buzan and Tim Dunne, the article sets out how studying the normative foundations of power through the NPA combines the normative rethinking of power and actorness with the structural changes of a globalizing, multilateralizing and multipolarizing era.

The article is devoted to the issues of criminal law ensuring the protection of intellectual property in some European countries. The author explores the European legislation on responsibility for violation of intellectual rights. Special attention is paid to the structure of legal regulation of criminal liability for these offenses. Active integration of Latvia into the world community, joining the World Trade Organization, joining the relevant international agreements in this regard, forces the intellectual property protection issues to be oriented towards developed European countries. When looking for positive law enforcement practice, it is necessary to analyse national legal provisions that have a wealth of experience in combating intellectual property violations and are members of the TRIPS Agreement. In this context, it seems appropriate to refer to the legislation of other European countries that have a wealth of experience in dealing with encroachments on intellectual property.

167Economics, trade and finance — Economic sanctions — Consequences — European Community law — Implementation in Community law of sanctions imposed by United Nations Security Council — Security Council Resolutions 1267 (1999), 1333 (2000) and 1390 (2002) — Council Regulation (EC) No 881/2002 — Duty to take measures to freeze funds and other financial assets of individuals and entities associated with Usama bin Laden, Al-Qaeda network and Taliban — Designation by Sanctions Committee — Applicants suspected of supporting terrorism — Applicants listed by Sanctions Committee — Applicants listed in Annex I to Regulation — Applicants' funds frozen in European Community — Applicants seeking annulment of Regulation — Whether effects of Regulation to be maintained on applicantsInternational organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Security Council having primary responsibility for maintenance of international peace and security — Threat of international terrorism — Decision under Chapter VII of United Nations Charter — Economic sanctions — Security Council Resolutions 1267 (1999), 1333 (2000) and 1390 (2002) — Sanctions Committee — Listing of applicants — Duty on Member States to implement SCRs — United Nations Charter, Article 25 — Obligation to give effect to decision of Security Council prevailing over other international obligations — United Nations Charter, Article 103International organizations — European Community — Implementation of sanctions imposed by United Nations Security Council — Security Council Resolutions 1267 (1999), 1333 (2000) and 1390 (2002) — Council Regulation (EC) No 881/2002 giving effect to SCRs in Community — Whether Community having competence to adopt Council Regulation — Legal basis of Regulation — Whether Articles 60 and 301 of European Community Treaty appropriate and sufficient legal basis — Whether Article 308 of EC Treaty providing legal basis — Whether Community act applying generally — Whether infringement of Article 249 of EC Treaty — EC Treaty constitutional principles — Requirement that Community acts respect fundamental rights — Listing of applicants in Annex I of Regulation — Whether Regulation breaching fundamental rights of applicants — Validity of RegulationRelationship of international law and municipal law — 168United Nations — United Nations Charter — European Community — EC Treaty — Relationship between international legal order under United Nations and internal and autonomous Community legal order — Community act intending to give effect to international law obligations — Regulation implementing Resolution adopted by Security Council under Chapter VII of United Nations Charter — Whether Community judicature excluded in principle from judicially reviewing Community act in light of fundamental freedoms — Judicial review being constitutional guarantee forming part of foundations of Community — Whether international agreement affecting allocated powers or legal autonomy of European Community — United Nations Charter, Article 103International tribunals — Court of Justice of the European Communities — Judicial review of acts of Community institutions — EC Treaty constitutional principles — Requirement that Community acts respect fundamental rights — Whether act reviewable — Standard of review — Whether Court of Justice having authority to review Community act giving effect to United Nations Security Council Resolutions — Whether Court thereby reviewing Resolutions — Whether basis in EC Treaty for immunity from jurisdiction for Regulation — Whether Regulation lawfulHuman rights — Rights of defence — Right to be heard — Right to effective judicial review — Right to property — Whether restrictions justified — Principle of proportionality — Guidelines provided by international human rights instruments in which Member States of European Community involved — European Convention on Human Rights — Whether United Nations sanctions system adequately protecting fundamental rights — Nature and effect of restrictive measures on applicants — Whether infringement of applicants' fundamental rightsTerrorism — Threat of international terrorism — Maintenance of international peace and security — Security Council — Chapter VII of United Nations Charter — Security Council Resolutions — Economic sanctions — Enforcement — Freezing funds in fight against terrorism — Whether inappropriate or disproportionate — Whether annulment of EC Regulation with immediate effect capable of seriously and irreversibly prejudicing 169effectiveness of measures — Whether judicial review disrupting United Nations sanctions system — The law of the European Community

In order to capitalize on its increasing legislative powers, the European Parliament (EP) has had to specialize internally. The scholarly literature has predominantly studied the structural manifestations of specialization, such as the allocation of committee seats among parliamentarians. This article sheds light on a second selection process: participation in legislative negotiations. For every given legislative dossier, parliamentarians have to decide whether and how strongly to participate in the negotiations. The literature on office allocation contains assumptions about the role of office-holders in negotiations. The first aim of this article is to test the validity of these assumptions. The second aim is to apply theories used in studies on office allocation to negotiations and gain insight into the following questions: Are actors with extreme preferences more active than others? What is the role of experts? How do party politics play out? Although we find effects of preferences and expertise on negotiations, the evidence is most compatible with the view that negotiations serve EP party groups to form and exchange policy positions.

An appraisal of the EU Directive on Trade Secrets /Jens Schovsbo, Timo Minssen, Thomas Riis --The Directive on Trade Secrets and its background /Jens Schovsbo --Trade secrets law as part of information law /Henrik Udsen, Jens Schovsbo and Berdien van der Donk --Through the looking glass : trade secret harmonization as a reflection of US law /Sharon K. Sandeen --UK implementation of the Trade Secrets Directive /Tanya Aplin and Richard Arnold --The implementation of the Trade Secrets Directive in the Nordic countries /Jens Schovsbo and Niklas Bruun --Germany : the Trade Secrets Protection Act of 2019 /Ansgar Ohly --Implementation of the Trade Secrets Directive into national law : Portugal and Spain /Ana Nordberg and Bárbara Díaz Alaminos --The Trade Secrets Directive and employees /Bengt Domeij --Choice of law in EU trade secrecy cases /Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss and Mireille van Eechoud --Trade secrets, big data and artificial intelligence innovation : a legal oxymoron? /Ana Nordberg --Enforcement of rights in trade secrets /Thomas Riis --AIRR data under the EU Trade Secrets Directive : aligning scientific practices with commercial realities /Jakob S. Sherkow and Timo Minssen --Protection for artificial intelligence in personalised medicine : the patent/trade secret trade off /Nari Lee --The impact of trade secrets for publicly funded research collaborations in Europe /Neethu Rajam.

How effective and relevant is European Union political conditionality for the promotion of democracy in third countries? This article reports the results of a panel study of 36 countries of the East European and Mediterranean neighbourhood of the EU for the years 1988—2004. The analysis shows robust and strong effects of EU political conditionality on democracy in the neighbouring countries if the EU offers a membership perspective in return for political reform. Absent the offer of membership, however, EU incentives such as partnership and cooperation do not reliably promote democratic change. The analysis controls for economic development and transnational exchanges as two alternative potential causes of democratization. Although economic and geographical factors have an impact on democratization in the European neighbourhood as well, EU political conditionality remains a significant influence.

This review constitutes a part of the Core Organic project 'ProYoungStock' – Promoting young stock and cow health and welfare by natural feeding systems. The overarching aim of the project is to improve young stock rearing systems concerning animal welfare-friendly husbandry, feeding and disease prevention by identifying approaches on different levels. More natural rearing systems are one approach to solve welfare problems in current calf rearing. Previous studies have shown considerable variations in herd characteristics and management strategies between organic dairy farms in Europe. The differences have been associated with regional and national conditions for organic farming. However, it is possible that differences in national legislation also play a part in these variations. Relevant EU and national rules on organic production and animal welfare were compiled in the following seven European countries: Sweden (SE), France (FR), Poland (PL), Germany (DE), Italy (IT), Austria (AT), and Switzerland (CH). The purpose was to provide information on drivers and barriers for cow-calf contact systems in organic dairy production and to identify possible areas for improvement and/or harmonization. Our results did not identify any major barriers in national rules for the use of rearing systems allowing cow-calf contact. Instead, cow-calf contact is promoted by the requirement to feed organic calves preferably maternal milk during the first three months of their life. Specifications regarding calf rearing derives from animal protection legislation rather than regulations of organic farming but milk hygiene regulations can also have an influence on practicability of cow-calf contact. Variations in national legislation can affect details of design and implementation of cow-calf systems, however, other factors (e.g. overall conditions for organic dairy farming, traditions, economics and disease prevention strategies) rather than regulations likely play more important roles.

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Although awareness of the misuse of medicines is increasing, data on the extent of the problem in the European Union (EU) are lacking. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In order to assess the magnitude and severity of the problem, a systematic review of the literature on the misuse of analgesics, opioid substitution medicines and sedatives/hypnotics (with the exception of benzodiazepines) was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Relevant literature was identified between 2001 and 2011. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The main groups of misused medicines include opioid analgesics, methadone, buprenorphine and Z-drugs. Regional trends in medicine misuse indicate heterogeneity across the EU with respect to misused medicine types and research activities. Prevalence, high-risk populations and factors contributing to medicine misuse are discussed. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The implications of these findings for prevention, treatment, and policy in the EU are considered.

This article discusses the ideas creation model that was initially formulated by Paul Romer and later generalized and empirically applied by Charles Jones. In particular, we generalize Jones´ model to include catching up to a technological frontier, which improves the empirical results for European countries, and ensures convergence to the technological frontier in the steady state.

W kontekście narastającego kryzysu projektu integracyjnego w Europie to współpraca transgraniczna wydaje się być jednym z dynamicznie rozwijających się wyjątków. Dotyczy to w szczególności instytucji Europejskiego Ugrupowania Współpracy Terytorialnej (EUWT). Ostatnie lata to znaczący przyrost ilości utworzonych ugrupowań oraz inicjatyw zmierzających do ich powołania. Jednakże bliższe spojrzenie na rozwój EUWT może sugerować bardziej złożony obraz sytuacji. Z jednej strony, bowiem stanowić mogą one przejaw pragmatyzmu instytucjonalnego jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, z drugiej, realizacji polityk narodowych państw członkowskich. Celem prezentowanego tekstu jest krytyczne spojrzenie na instytucję EUWT jako elementu dynamizacji procesów integracyjnych na poziomie lokalnym i regionalnym w Unii Europejskiej. Autor stawia pytanie o zróżnicowanie motywacyjne i przestrzenne tworzonych EUWT w Unii Europejskiej. Zakłada on, iż aktorzy w różnych częściach Unii Europejskiej angażują się w tworzenie ugrupowań z uwagi na odmienne czynniki, co przekłada się na zróżnicowaną "gęstość" ich występowania w poszczególnych makroregionach wspólnoty. Analiza przeprowadzona została przez pryzmat głównych teoretycznych szkół integracyjnych w obszarze studiów nad Unią Europejską i procesami integracji międzynarodowej. Wnioski pokazują Francję i Węgry jako głównych graczy w Europie w zakresie EUWT, każde z tych państw motywowane jest jednak przez odmienne czynniki. ; In the context of the mounting crisis of the European integration project, cross-border cooperation appears to be one of the dynamically developing exceptions. This in particular concerns the instrument of the European grouping of territorial cooperation (EGTC). Recent years have seen a considerable increase in the number of groupings established and initiatives aimed at establishing new ones. A more inquisitive approach to the development of EGTCs can produce different conclusions, however. On the one hand, EGTCs can exemplify the institutional pragmatism of local authorities, on the other – the implementation of EU member states' national policies. The purpose of this paper is to take a critical look at EGTCs as an element invigorating integration processes at the local and regional levels of the European Union. The author explores the different motivations and spatial differentiation of EGTCs that is emerging in the European Union. The premise of this paper is that in different parts of Europe, actors commit to establishing EGTCs for different reasons, which translates into the varying 'density' of EGTCs in specific EU macroregions. The analysis is conducted taking into account the main theories of integration in the field of European Union studies and the processes of international integration. The conclusion is that France and Hungary are the main European players with respect to EGTCs, although each state is stimulated by different factors.