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© 2019 by the authors. Groundwater is widely acknowledged to be an important source of drinking water in low-income regions, and it, therefore, plays a critical role in the realization of the human right to water. However, the proportion of households using groundwater compared with other sources is rarely quantified, with national and global datasets more focused on facilities-rather than resources-used. This is a significant gap in knowledge, particularly in light of efforts to expand water services in line with the inclusive and integrated agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals. Understanding the prevalence of groundwater reliance for drinking is critical for those involved in water services planning and management, so they can better monitor and advocate for management of water resources that supports sustainable services for households. This paper contributes data that can be used to strengthen the integration of resource considerations within water service delivery and inform the work of development partners supporting this area. We approach this issue from two perspectives. Firstly, we collate data on the proportion of households using groundwater as their primary drinking water source for 10 Southeast Asian and Pacific nations, finding an average of 62% (range of 17-93% for individual countries) of households in urban areas and 60% (range of 22-95%) of households in rural areas rely on groundwater for drinking. Together, these constitute 79% of the total population across the case study countries. Secondly, we review current and emerging groundwater resource concerns within each country, using a systems thinking approach to assess how groundwater resource issues influence household water services. Findings support the case for governments and development agencies to strengthen engagement with groundwater resource management as foundational for achieving sustainable water services for all.

ABSTRACTU TheP success of Golkar in overcoming multiple management conflicts in 2014-2015 had an impact on the management of the Bali Province. This makes Golkar seen as a strong political party in the institutional system, infrastructure, and internal party mechanisms. This strength is the main attraction of the writer to analyze it with the theory of Talcott Parson Functionalism with the concept of the scheme A-G-I-LP (Adaptation,pGoal Attainment, eIntegration, land pLatency). This study uses a qualitativei descriptiveo approachi. Thep resultsi of thei studyp indicate that Golkar's success in defending itself from the shocks of party internal conflicts stemmed from the Party's strength. According to the theory used the results of the study showi thati first, thei adaptation scheme, used by Golkar as a form of the main force in maintaining existential and determining the direction of the Golkar party in the new political era. Second, the goal attainment scheme shows that Golkar's strength is based on an ideological foundation, intellectual strength, and work-oriented orientation. Butu on thei otherp handi, the strong leadership in the Golkar party plays a very important role as a driver of cadre consolidation in maintaining the existence of the party in the community. Third, Golkar in maintaining party resistance also prioritizes the consistency of cadres in framing a good party platform as its Integrity. And fourth, Golkar in identifying itself as an open, moderate and democratic party, so in the framework of safeguarding this, the Golkar Party continues to maintain the Pancasila ideology as the latency that underlies each of its actions and maintains its old brand, which is Golkar. Keyword: Golkar, Scheme (A-G-I-L) Golkar Party and Double Management.

A wide range of organizations are pursuing economic performance objectives in various organizational contexts. However, in parallel with their continued economic performance some of them pursue performance objectives of social utility.Our research is organized around three articles that analyze, independently from each other, several governance or management systems whose respective deployments have effects on economic performance and social utility performance that some organizations set as objectives to be achieved simultaneously, and which may generate new tensions between logics.Our results shed light on how specific management tools influence the articulation of different logics and can support a militant structure in its pursuit of social utility objectives and legitimize, internally, its action. They also show the relative impact of new legislative and regulatory constraints on the governance of mutual insurance companies and, consequently, on the tensions between the approaches they pursue simultaneously. They also bring out the strong links that exist between different populations, each with its own logic within the same organization, when it comes to the type of management of one.We show that an organization of the social economy is not reduced to its status, or even to its original hybridity, and that it can carry an integrative logic of "common well-being", qualified as a policy in this research, because it wants to simultaneously achieve social, societal, economic and environmental performance objectives.We also provide elements that allow a better understanding of the posture of researcher - observer - participant. ; Un grand nombre d'organisations poursuivent des objectifs de performance économique dans des contextes organisationnels divers. Or, parallèlement à la poursuite de leur performance économique, certaines d'entre elles poursuivent des objectifs de performance d'utilité sociale.Nous avons entamé cette recherche afin de comprendre comment des organisations hybrides de l'économie sociale, ...

Purpose of the Study: Tax avoidance means the use of gaps in tax laws for non-payment or late payment of taxes for companies, which is affected by different factors. The present study investigates the impact of diversification on tax avoidance in companies. To this end, the financial information of 384 firms during the period of 2011- 2016 in the Tehran Stock Exchange was examined. Methodology: In this research, the required financial information was summarized, classified, and calculated in Excel software and the data were analyzed by using E-views software. The dependent variables were effective tax rate and book-tax difference, while the independent variable was corporate diversification, which shows how to divide the market between business sectors (units) in a company. Control variables include size, financial leverage, company's loss-making, ROA, capital expenditures, R&D, market to book value, CEO ownership, and management of ownership. Conclusions/Results: The findings obtained from this study demonstrate that at a 95% confidence level, there is no significant relationship between diversification and effective tax rates in companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange. However, at a 90% confidence level, diversification reduces the effective tax rate. Furthermore, no reliable evidence was found regarding the effect of diversification on book-tax difference at a 95% confidence level. Novelty: Tax is a charge imposed by the government on all organizational profits. Various enterprises have complex operations due to their institutional structure, which makes it possible to increase tax avoidance in these companies. The production or sale of a variety of products (diversification) is bigger and has more complex organizational structures that increase the cost of management and non-management decisions, making it difficult for companies to coordinate their policies. Thematic classification: G10, M41

The Millennium Development Goals and the 17 Global Goals for Sustainability Development have been acting as a global and inclusive framework for the implementation of a new and sustainable development model (United Nations, 2015). Higher Education Institutions (HEI) are a privileged space for the analysis of the necessary conditions for a sustainable future, and can represent a crucial role in providing the theory and practice of sustainability, by reducing their own impacts (UNEP, 2013) and extending their engagement to the activities that support and extend teaching and research: i) the management of campi and operations; ii) campus planning, design, construction and rehabilitation of buildings and infrastructures; iii) purchasing practices; iv) mobility and v) involvement with the community (Leal Filho et al., 2015). But, HEI face important sustainability challenges over resource use, being Energy one of the most significant. This paper focus on the energy consumption, and associated indicators, over a 10-year period, in a HEI in Portugal. Although literature on sustainable consumption of energy in HEI is not abundant, two studies stand out, Altan (2010) and Lo (2013). Altan (2010) analyse the energy efficiency of several types of interventions (technical, non-technical and management) in UK HEI, while Lo (2013) does a similar study for eight Chinese HEI, stressing the role played by stakeholders, such as administrators, governmental agencies, networks, students and non-governmental organizations. This paper adds to this literature by enriching benchmark data on: energy consumption in HEI, the efficiency of technical, non-technical and management energy interventions, and by providing evidence of the need for the development of new indicators in a context of continuous and rapid change of future demands for higher ...

Engaging private landowners in the conservation of American woodcock (Scolopax minor; hereafter, woodcock) in the northeastern United States is important because most forests in the region are privately owned. For this reason, a consortium of conservation agencies in the region has been encouraging private landowners to create young forest vegetation types. This study summarizes the achievements and lessons learned through 3 components of a collaborative outreach program as practiced in Rhode Island, USA since 2008: 1) providing technical and financial assistance to private landowners to support woodcock habitat creation, 2) developing a woodcock management demonstration area in the Great Swamp Wildlife Management Area to support research and landowner trainings, and 3) conducting research on landowner involvement in the creation of young forest. We found that the financial and technical assistance was an important factor motivating private landowners to create young forest. Furthermore, response to a follow-up questionnaire after our trainings was encouraging; 83% of the participants followed up with forest management on their own properties, and creation of young forest was the most common activity. The woodcock demonstration area strongly supported the training programs by allowing landowners to see regenerating clearcuts of 4 different ages in close proximity, and it was used as a research site to determine how woodcock selected certain-aged young forest patches. Our spatial analysis confirmed that the extent of young forest created in Rhode Island during the 7 years after 2004 was almost double the extent created during the previous 7 years, and that private landowners created more habitat than either government agencies or nongovernment organizations. We conclude that private landowners can play an important role in the conservation of woodcock, and recommend an expanded outreach program to mobilize them.

Groundwater is widely acknowledged to be an important source of drinking water in low-income regions, and it, therefore, plays a critical role in the realization of the human right to water. However, the proportion of households using groundwater compared with other sources is rarely quantified, with national and global datasets more focused on facilities&mdash ; rather than resources&mdash ; used. This is a significant gap in knowledge, particularly in light of efforts to expand water services in line with the inclusive and integrated agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals. Understanding the prevalence of groundwater reliance for drinking is critical for those involved in water services planning and management, so they can better monitor and advocate for management of water resources that supports sustainable services for households. This paper contributes data that can be used to strengthen the integration of resource considerations within water service delivery and inform the work of development partners supporting this area. We approach this issue from two perspectives. Firstly, we collate data on the proportion of households using groundwater as their primary drinking water source for 10 Southeast Asian and Pacific nations, finding an average of 62% (range of 17&ndash ; 93% for individual countries) of households in urban areas and 60% (range of 22&ndash ; 95%) of households in rural areas rely on groundwater for drinking. Together, these constitute 79% of the total population across the case study countries. Secondly, we review current and emerging groundwater resource concerns within each country, using a systems thinking approach to assess how groundwater resource issues influence household water services. Findings support the case for governments and development agencies to strengthen engagement with groundwater resource management as foundational for achieving sustainable water services for all.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS:.Outline the development and purpose of the partnership brokering database in REDCap. Provide an overview of the tool and how it works. Discuss how this tool facilitates partnership-brokering activities and discuss plans for future use METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) is a secure, web-based application developed at Vanderbilt University to assist with systematic data management of small and medium sized projects. CCH utilized REDCap to build a custom data management warehouse entitled the Partnership Brokering Tool. Information compiled in various formats (handwritten notes, spreadsheets, etc.) over the past 10 years by CCH staff, was then systematically organized and entered into the Partnership Brokering Tool. The tool captures information such as individual contact information, organizational affiliation (academic, community, faith, government etc.), research interests (35 categories - asthma, diabetes, heart disease, etc.), communities of foci (children, elderly, LGBTQ, ethnicity, etc.), and target geographic community served (Chicago north, south, suburban, Illinois, etc.). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Data was compiled on 451 community groups and organizations and 77 partners in academia thus far. Community organizations represent a range of community sectors including advocacy and policy groups, community-based, faith-based organizations, foundations, media, schools, etc. throughout the Chicagoland area. Data analysis activities are underway, however, results will also be shared regarding characteristics of the communities these organizations serve including:. Age range. Special populations (as defined by the CSTI grant). Underrepresented racial and ethnic communities. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The Partnership Brokering Tool has provided a format for CCH to systematically gather information about the relationships staff have cultivated with community groups and organizations. Unlike an email management system, this REDCap project is ...

BACKGROUND: Human resources for health (HRH) are the cornerstone of health systems, enabling the improvement of health service coverage. The systematic fortification of healthcare in Myanmar has accelerated since a new ruling party took office. Since 2006, Myanmar has been listed as one of the 57 crisis countries facing critical health workforce shortages. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the current situation of HRH in the public health sector where major healthcare services are provided to the people of Myanmar. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May 2017 by collecting secondary data from the official statistic of the Ministry of Health and Sports (MoHS), official reports, press-releases, and presentations of Government officials. The data were collected using a formatted excel spreadsheet. A descriptive analysis was applied and the density ratio per 1,000 population for medical doctors and health workers was calculated. FINDINGS: In total, 16,292 medical doctors and 36,054 nurses working at 1,134 hospitals were under the management of MoHS in 2016. The finding revealed that 13 out of 15 States and Regions were below the WHO recommended minimum number of 1 per 1,000 population for medical doctor. The distribution of medical doctors per 1,000 population in the public sector showed a gradually decreasing trend since 2006. Urban and rural medical doctor ratios observed wide disparities. INTERPRETATION: The HRH shortage occurred in almost all State and Regions of Myanmar, including major cities. Wide disparities of HRH were found in urban and rural areas. The Myanmar government needs to consider the proper cost-effective HRH supply-chain management systems and retention strategies. The projection of health workforce, distribution of workforce by equity, effective management, and health information systems should be strengthened.

This study aims to determine the role and level of importance, level of strength and level of legitimacy in food self-sufficiency programs implemented in the region. Food self-sufficiency is a food security program that is very important so that the program involves many stakeholders and the role of each stakeholder in the success of the program. This study uses a stakeholder management approach in the data analysis used. This research was conducted in North Bengkulu Regency in the UPSUS PAJALE program. The results of the study are the role of the local government stakeholders, the Food Crops and Extension Agency has a high level of importance, strength and level of legitimacy compared to other stakeholders so that the level of coordination and collaboration between stakeholders is needed so that the UPSUS PAJALE program can run smoothly and successfully.Keywords: Food Self-Sufficiency, UPSUS PAJALE, Stakeholder Management ; This study aims to determine the role and level of importance, level of strength and level of legitimacy in food self-sufficiency programs implemented in the region. Food self-sufficiency is a food security program that is very important so that the program involves many stakeholders and the role of each stakeholder in the success of the program. This study uses a stakeholder management approach in the data analysis used. This research was conducted in North Bengkulu Regency in the UPSUS PAJALE program. The results of the study are the role of the local government stakeholders, the Food Crops and Extension Agency has a high level of importance, strength and level of legitimacy compared to other stakeholders so that the level of coordination and collaboration between stakeholders is needed so that the UPSUS PAJALE program can run smoothly and successfully.

Purpose of the Study: This paper investigates high performers as those who are highly competent and possess the necessary skills for a job. In conducting businesses globally, public employees are also exposed to diverse cultural situations. Due to cultural challenges and complexities, public sector employees in Malaysia need to embrace the right capabilities to deal effectively with global customers. One of the key managerial competencies needed for dealing effectively with people from different cultural backgrounds is cultural intelligence or cultural quotient (CQ). The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between CQ, task performance, and contextual performance in a cross-cultural context. Methodology: The data used for this study is derived from the questionnaire survey distributed among Malaysian public service employees in two selected government agencies. A total number of 174 valid responses were successfully obtained. Data were analyzed using Partial Lease Square (PLS) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results: The results showed that knowledge CQ and drive CQ have positive influence on employees' task performance and contextual performance. The findings of this study have important implications for organizations. Our study provides empirical evidence that CQ can serve as a predictor for employee's work performance in a cross-cultural situation. Implications: This study implements a valuable contribution to the body of knowledge in the fields of human resource management and cross-cultural management studies in Malaysia. It also augments the growing corpus of literature related to the concept of CQ and individual work performance. Human resource management (HRM) should focus on developing employee's CQ so that they are able to connect and adapt in any global business environment. CQ can be enhanced through proper guidance, training, and development programs.

Water resources management remains a critical challenge for most of the players in the water sector. This is worsened by the unpredictable climatic conditions that are experienced on the globe in the recent past and present. It is evident that in most parts of Africa, women and young children shoulder the heavy burden of providing water to their families. This leaves them with little time for other demanding day-to-day assignments. This study seeks to analyze the effect of governance of community water projects on sustainability of community water projects in Suam Catchment area of West Pokot County in Kenya. The findings would be of value to stakeholders, partners, policy makers, planners, donor agencies and relevant government agencies in formulating policies to address the challenges and hindrances to Integrated Water Resources Management.The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. It had a total population of 96 respondents drawn from different strata. This study used census-sampling technique where the entire population was used as sample size hence, 96 respondents. Data collection tools were questionnaires and interview schedules. Data was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively with quantitative analysis employing both descriptive statistics involving mean, median, frequency distributions and percentages as well as inferential statistics.Qualitative data was analysed in themes and appropriately merges with its respective objectives under quantitative analysis. The study found out that there were between 11-15 projects in the Suam catchment area. The officials of the water projects were not democratically elected and there was no women participating in the management. The study concludes no significant relationships between governance structures. It is recommended that the Ministry of Water and Sanitation implement policy pertaining to management of water resources.

The impact is that many of the SMK, SMA and MA graduates have not been able to compete in the business world and in the Industrial world especially the SMK that dominates Surabaya's open unemployment rate of 11.74 percent, from the data indicating that there is a poor relationship between education and employment. The public policy model implemented in SMKs in Surabaya including SMK N 7 Surabaya is still centralized at the central of government. The impact of these policies is the implementation of policies that seem slow and not on target. The relationship between schools and business actors also does not work well if it is based on not absorbing graduates of SMK N 7 Surabaya in the fields of work around the school environment. This research intends to examine more deeply the public policy of the management of production units in SMKs and the models that can improve the management of SMK industrial units, where later than reporting these SMK production units becomes clear, it is hoped that the performance of these production units will also increase. The public policy evaluation model which is used as the basis for this research theory is to compare the results obtained with the objectives or targets of public policy determined to assess how far a public policy can produce results. Based on the research that has been done, a conclusion can be drawn that SMK N 7 Surabaya is in an unfavourable condition in using its internal strengths to overcome internal weaknesses. The public policy model in the management of the production unit of SMK 7 N Surabaya as a whole is in the good category with average scores, an average of 77.33%.

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is a pioneering piece of legislation that aims to protect and enhance aquatic ecosystems and promote sustainable water use across Europe. There is growing concern that the objective of good status, or higher, in all EU waters by 2027 is a long way from being achieved in many countries. Through questionnaire analysis of almost 100 experts, we provide recommendations to enhance WFD monitoring and assessment systems, improve programmes of measures and further integrate with other sectoral policies. Our analysis highlights that there is great potential to enhance assessment schemes through strategic design of monitoring networks and innovation, such as earth observation. New diagnostic tools that use existing WFD monitoring data, but incorporate novel statistical and trait-based approaches could be used more widely to diagnose the cause of deterioration under conditions of multiple pressures and deliver a hierarchy of solutions for more evidence-driven decisions in river basin management. There is also a growing recognition that measures undertaken in river basin management should deliver multiple benefits across sectors, such as reduced flood risk, and there needs to be robust demonstration studies that evaluate these. Continued efforts in 'mainstreaming' water policy into other policy sectors is clearly needed to deliver wider success with WFD goals, particularly with agricultural policy. Other key policy areas where a need for stronger integration with water policy was recognised included urban planning (waste water treatment), flooding, climate and energy (hydropower). Having a deadline for attaining the policy objective of good status is important, but even more essential is to have a permanent framework for river basin management that addresses the delays in implementation of measures. This requires a long-term perspective, far beyond the current deadline of 2027.

This research is a qualitative descriptive study using data from the results of need assessment and the design of the initial phase model. Need assessment is needed to identify and map the symptoms of climate change in two research locations and how fishermen map existing institutions. The data are then used to formulate the initial model of institutional capacity for fishermen. The conclusions from the first year research are: (1) the understanding and knowledge of fishermen about climate change is relatively similar in two locations, namely empirical based on experience and pragmatic based on the characteristics of weather anomalies; (2) With a relatively low educational background, work ethic and a certain degree of rationality and efficiency for survival, fishermen in both research locations have a certain capacity to deal with climate change problems by building social relations, culture, community relations and their habitat; (3) fishermen make a relatively similar pattern of adaptation, namely changing professions temporarily, but still as a fisherman is the main job; (4) there are institutional arrangements in both locations consisting of government institutions (vertical institutions and regional offices), semi-official institutions, and fishermen groups or associations that are related to budget allocations and programs; (5) local institutions in both research locations have sought to increase their capacity through training, direct assistance or regional fisheries management programs so that fisheries resource management can be carried out sustainably; (6) general components that must exist in the initial institutional capacity. The model of the institutional improvement of fishermen consists of the development of human resources, business opportunities, improvement of resource management and environmental improvement carried out in an integrated and synergistic manner.Keywords: Capacity building, fishermen institutions, adaptation patterns, climate change, initial models