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In relation towards Russia, there is a tacit consent of the West not to apply
basic principles of modern international law. Such rule is not applied in one
state only or in some short post-Cold war period? Unique rules have been
applied in that case for almost 300 years, since the creation of the Russian
Empire. Breaking the rule of diplomatic immunity in case of a Russian
diplomat in 1708 in London and his arrest are an incident that could be
compared to taking of hostages in the US embassy in Teheran. Also, breaking
the Convention on Malta from 1798 by Great Britain shows that even the most
basic principles of international contract law, pacta sunt servanda are not
respected when it comes to Russia. Judgment in case ?Wimbledon? in front of
SSMP shows that sometimes it is legal even to start a violent war against
Russia. Double standards are applied by the West when it comes to recognizing
the independence of Kosovo, 2008 and Crimea, 2014 and breaking the contract
signed with the ex Ukrainian president Janukovic in 2014. Different standards
when it comes to aggression of Saudi Arabia on Yemen and sanctions towards
Russia because of the Ukraine in 2015, show that its custom legal case or one
sided legal rule that the West applies towards Russia. Sometimes, as with the
diplomatic boycott of 9 May celebration in Moscow, the EU does not even ask
for unanimous approval of such custom legal rules. That is why it could be
concluded that customary laws are not based on the idea of justice and
respect for international law and not even on state reason (raison d? ?tat).
This has arisen directly from the theory of customary law that does not
recognize the mutuality of application of rules between civilized and
barbaric countries. That is why such behaviour towards Russia can be defined
as regional customary law that is applied unilaterally by the groups of
states.

This brief narrative captures the second wave of "immigrant sanctuary"—a term used to describe the state and local government practice of restricting police departments from participation in immigration enforcement. The immigrant sanctuaries of the Homeland Security era are of unique significance given the ongoing dialogue among legal scholars regarding the significance of local law enforcement participation in national and domestic security administration after 2001, as well as the legal framework structuring cooperative security governance. Despite the broad powers wielded by the federal government in security administration, the Supreme Court's holding in Printz v. United States serves as a substantial check against federal overreach. Hand wringing by legal scholars over the Court's reasoning in Printz and the rigid rules against commandeering attached to this reasoning have obscured the fact that the case now stands as a bulwark against the expansion of federal authority over state, county, and local police. Given the holding in Printz, ICE cannot require the active participation of subnational police in immigration enforcement and must instead—despite its previous assertions to the contrary—solicit this support through state and local governments who may, in turn, participate in immigration enforcement of their own volition. In the empirical portion of this article, I present the case of immigrant sanctuary as a platform from which to consider the promise and peril of anti-commandeering jurisprudence in the Homeland Security era. My empirical analysis of immigrant sanctuary is based on an original dataset I created, made up of coded data from seventy-five immigrant sanctuary laws and policies and basic demographic information from the associated jurisdictions. I build a backdrop upon which to consider the data analysis in Part I, by explicating the anti-commandeering rule and outlining the legal debate over its costs, benefits, and constitutionality in the Homeland Security era. In Part II, I provide an ...

The concept of "psychosocial risks at work" gathers several work-related suffering risks. These risks are, at the same time, related to the generating acts of pain and to the expressions of suchpain on employees' health. Despite its formulation, this concept refers to events affecting both mental and physical health of workers. Such affecting events share the same social ground. Indeed, psychosocial risks are mainly caused by the companies' organization themselves, management methods or harmful relationships. Even though the expression of psychosocial risks was formerly developed out of the legal environment, it is now generally used in law to deal with issues of health and safety at work. However, the comprehensive understanding of such risks is not yet obvious from a legal perspective. These are complicated to define and delimit, tinged with subjectivity and unlikely to be understood in light of the employment law history. However, law is increasingly taking into account the different dimensions of the workers' individuality. Also, if the psychosocial risks fail to be recognized, so far, as an independent and entire legal concept, both laws (domestic and international) and case law are more and more referring to it. Therefore, measures and legal solutions applicable to the working relationships in private companies enable to prevent such risks, punish or compensate them. As such, a wide range of people, whether related or not to the company, are able to duly face these factors. ; Le concept de « risques psychosociaux au travail » rassemble plusieurs phénomènes de souffrance liés au travail. Ces risques se réfèrent à la fois aux actes porteurs de souffrance et aux expressions de cette souffrance sur la santé des salariés. Malgré sa formulation, ce concept renvoie à des événements qui portent atteinte tant à la santé psychique que physique des travailleurs. Ces atteintes d'origine professionnelle ont pour trait commun leur caractère avant tout social. En effet, les risques psychosociaux sont principalement ...

Статья посвящена анализу норм обычного права марийских крестьян в XVIII XIX веках, регламентирующих институт брачно-семейных отношений. В этот период регулирование правовых отношений жителей сельской местности осуществлялось на основе официальных законов. Процесс оформления российского законодательства происходил не без определенного влияния обычного права и допускало применение в судопроизводстве местных юридических обычаев. Это позволяет сформировать представление о семейных правах населения Марийского края, подвергшихся влиянию российского законодательства, которое было введено после присоединения территории Среднего Поволжья к Российскому государству в середине XVI века. Исследуется правосознание марийских крестьян, роль обычного права в форме правотворчества общины и ее институтов. Делается вывод о значении сельской общины, содержащей богатый фактический материал о реальной жизни марийской деревни Поволжья. ; In the paper the author carries out an analysis of the norms of a customary law of the Mari peasants in the XVIII XIX centuries, which were regulating the institute of the matrimonial relations. During this period the regulation of the legal relations between the rural population was carried out on the basis of official laws. The process of registration of the Russian legislation occured with the help of certain influence of a customary law and allowed an application in legal proceedings of local legal customs. It allows creating an idea of the family rights of the people of the Mari region, who were under the influence of the Russian legislation, which was entered after accession of the territory of Central Volga area to the Russian state in the middle of the XVI century. We investigate the legal awareness of Mari peasants, the role of the customary law in the form of law-making community and its institutes. The main conclusion of the paper is connected with the value of the rural community containing rich actual material about the real life of the Mari village of the Volga region.

This article elaborates over a fundamental subject for the right functioning of political parties in a democracy: the funding of its activities. after 35 years of spanish democracy, with various laws passed on the financing activities of political parties, there is still a significant problem present in current political activity already diagnosed by the political science and law: irregular funding, corruption and a lack of transparency and publicity expected in a democracy. the persistent lack of legal efficiency in the subject of funding justifies the pursuance of a critical analysis which follows the following interrelated objectives: to contextualize the relevance of funding within political parties for the functional stability of democracy; to analyze the spanish financing model in democratic times, putting special emphasis on the current lo 8/2007 act; to reveal the persistence of old diseases, and the new lost opportunity in terms of improving the funding, transparency and control of political parties which has meant the recent legal reform (lo 5/2012, 22th of october). ; EL PRESENTE ARTÍCULO ABORDA UN TEMA ELEMENTAL PARA EL CORRECTO FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS: EL FINANCIAMIENTO DE SU ACTIVIDAD. TRAS 35 AÑOS DE DEMOCRACIA ESPAÑOLA, Y VARIAS LEYES EN MATERIA DE FINANCIACIÓN DE PARTIDOS, LOS GRANDES MALES DIAGNOSTICADOS POR LA CIENCIA POLÍTICA Y EL DERECHO PERSISTEN: LA FINANCIACIÓN IRREGULAR, CORRUPCIÓN, FALTA DE TRANSPARENCIA Y PUBLICIDADES LÓGICAS EN DEMOCRACIA. LA INEFICIENCIA LEGISLATIVA EN MATERIA DE FINANCIACIÓN JUSTIFICA UNA REFLEXIÓN QUE PERSIGA LOS SIGUIENTES OBJETIVOS INTERRELACIONADOS: CONTEXTUALIZACIÓN SOBRE LA RELEVANCIA QUE EL FINANCIAMIENTO PARTIDARIO TIENE EN LA ESTABILIDAD FUNCIONAL DE LA DEMOCRACIA; ANÁLISIS SOBRE LA CONFORMACIÓN LEGAL DEL MODELO ESPAÑOL DE FINANCIAMIENTO, CON ESPECIAL ÉNFASIS EN LA VIGENTE LEY ORGÁNICA N. 8, DE 4 DE JULIO DE 2007 (LO 8/2007); DENUNCIA SOBRE LA PERSISTENCIA DE LOS VIEJOS MALES ASÍ COMO LA NUEVA OPORTUNIDAD PERDIDA EN LA MEJORA DEL FINANCIAMIENTO, TRANSPARENCIA Y CONTROL DE LOS PARTIDOS TRAS LA RECIENTE REFORMA LEGAL.

A First Amendment chilling effect occurs when a governmental action creates a consequence that deters an individual from exercising expressive rights. But in some cases, the chilling effect does not stem directly from the governmental action, but instead from intervening private actions. For example, the mandatory disclosure of campaign contributions may "chill" contributors, due to the potential threat of retaliatory acts by private actors, such as criticism, protests, boycotts, threats, or violence. Is there a point at which the chilling effect is attributable to that private reaction, rather than to the challenged governmental action? And should we distinguish between chilling effects resulting from illegal and legal private reactions? I argue that the answer to both of these questions is yes. We should distinguish among three categories of chilling effects: governmental chill, illegal private chill, and legal private chill. I outline a new framework for the analysis of mandatory disclosure laws and other potential private chill scenarios. The category of governmental chill is defined by whether the government has violated a constitutional rule as embodied in substantive doctrine. For example, the government may have engaged in invidious discrimination, it may have promulgated a vague or overbroad law, or it may have created a burden on protected rights that was not justified by countervailing state interests. Both negative-rights and positive-rights accounts of free expression provide a mandate for judicial intervention in these cases. By contrast, in illegal and legal private chill cases, the government has not violated any constitutional rule, but a chilling effect has still arisen as a result of specific, feared private actions. Instead of a negative- or a positive-rights claim, such cases are better conceptualized as requests for accommodation-in other words, requests that the court intervene to facilitate the exercise of protected rights, even at the expense of the legal prerogatives of other private ...

In anthropological and legal literature, the phenomenon termed 'legal pluralism' has been interpreted as a co-presence of legal orders which act in relation to their own 'levels' of referring 'fields'. The Afghan normative network is generally described in terms of pluralism, where different normative systems coexist: such as customs, shari'a (Islamic law), state laws and principles deriving from international standard of rights (e.g., human rights). In this article I abandon the neutral category of legal pluralism in order to bring forward a hypothesis of an inaccessible normative pluralism as a key concept in order to capture the structural injustices, of which Afghans are victims. Globally, the debates concerning the diffusion and application of human rights develop at the same time ideologically, politically and pragmatically. Today in Afghanistan these levels are expressed in all their complexity and ambivalence; it is therefore particularly significant to closely observe the work done by the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission. Starting with my research fieldwork in Afghanistan (2005-2012) - where I studied judicial practices in the courts of Kabul, developing a reflection which weaves the spread of human rights with the themes of injustice and inaccessibility - I argue in this article the urgency and the necessity to concentrate on the contingent dimension of (in)justice. ; L'inaccessible pluralisme normatif et les droits de l'homme en Afghanistan Dans la littérature anthropologique et juridique le phénomène appelé " pluralisme juridique " est interprété comme une co-présence des ordres juridique qui agissent dans le même contexte social. Le système juridique afghan est généralement décrit comme un pluralisme juridique dans lequel différents systèmes de réglementation cohabitent : les pratiques coutumières, la charia (loi islamique), les lois de l'état et les principes dérivés à partir de normes internationales du droit (par exemple les droits de l'homme). Dans cet article, je renonce à la ...

The paper observes the emergence of an international order of criminal prosecution in Europe from the late 18th century, which was characterised by two ambiguous developments: nation-based criminal law systems on the one hand and an increasing demand for international, transborder co-operation in matters of criminal law and criminal justice on the other. For with increasing migration, economic transactions and political dissidents, new crimes and threats of order and security, which could not only be handled within the national criminal systems, evolved. Thus the main fields in which a new international order in criminal matters was developed over the course of the 19th century were extradition, asylum and mutual assistance, as shaped by international treaties, domestic national laws and by international legal discourses. Based on different national legal orders and traditions, nearly every country established slightly different legal regulations and instruments, though in the long run it was inevitably the establishment of rules and instruments of transborder co-operation and mutual assistance in criminal matters which would at last lead to an international – and fragile – order of criminal prosecution. In this regard the project that will be presented in the conference makes a wide-ranging topic for comparative legal history in the field of criminal as well as international law. ; In der postmodernen globalen Welt erweist sich gerade die Weiterentwicklung der normativen Ordnung im Bereich des transnationalen Strafrechts als problembehaftet. Das internationale Strafrecht im engeren Sinn supranationaler Kodifikationen und Institutionen ist noch immer auf wenige Tatbestände und internationale Gerichte beschränkt. Eine umfassendere, alle Elemente der grenzübergreifenden Interaktion von Strafrechtsregimen normierende internationale Strafrechtskodifikation scheint kaum realisierbar; bereits partielle Harmonisierungsbemühungen in der Europäischen Union stoßen an enge Grenzen und wurden – wie der europäische Haftbefehl oder das Übereinkommen über die Rechtshilfe in Strafsachen – nach 2002 nur unter dem Druck terroristischer Sicherheitsbedrohungen realisiert. Die normativen Grundlagen wie die staatliche Praxis des internationalen Strafrechts lassen zahlreiche Ambivalenzen, Regime-Kollisionen und Konflikte erkennen, vertragliche Vereinbarungen gehen dem Gesetzesrecht vor, polizeilich-politische Erfordernisse dominieren vor rechtsstaatlicher Einhegung und Individualrechten und insgesamt erweisen sich transnationale Strafrechtsregime als rechtlich eher gering normiert. .

Facultad de Contaduría y Ciencias Administrativas. Maestría en Fiscal ; Have been countless occasions when the House of Representatives to create or modify tax laws, it takes place without adequate, crisp, clear legal technique; which causes then the taxpayer affected feel wronged, challenged in the courts articles and paragraphs individuals considered it affect your legal rights, so, perhaps because the legislature did not move to legislate pure legal issues but political issues. We believe that there are several paragraphs in various articles of the Income Tax Law they have an unfortunate, elaborate, leading to an inconsistent wording and grammatical problem when applying verbatim and be converted by the taxpayer in numerical data, can have significant tax and legal consequences. What happens when a tax law an article contains a paragraph which requires the taxpayer to make calculations ?, uncertain what to do when that paragraph, according to the taxpayer causes determine taxable income higher than that determine whether that paragraph was sufficiently clear ?, you should wait for the tax authority to rule and clarify the situation ?, should inconformarse court ?, to do the calculations as they are indicated, ie verbatim, despite the damage to those who may feel aggrieved ?, must interpret and make those calculations based on the "spirit of what the legislator meant" in the text of law?. ; Han sido incontables las ocasiones en que la Cámara de Diputados al crear o modificar leyes fiscales, lo realiza sin una técnica jurídica adecuada, nítida, clara; lo cual ocasiona posteriormente, que el contribuyente afectado al sentirse agraviado, impugne en los tribunales los artículos y párrafos particulares que considera le afectan a su esfera jurídica, esto es así, quizá porque al legislador no lo mueven cuestiones jurídicas puras para legislar sino cuestiones políticas. Consideramos que existen diversos párrafos en varios artículos de la L.I.S.R. que tienen una redacción desafortunada, rebuscada, incongruente que ...

This article explores immigration law in Italy and Spain and focuses on the tension between the economic, social and legal marginalization of immigrants on one hand and the rhetorical emphasis on integration on the other. I argue that this tension reflects the contradiction in their political economy, in which the utility of a cheap, contingent -marginalized- workforce is countered by a political backlash against the inevitably impoverished and thus racialized immigrant population. Further, I argue that law plays a central role in this alchemy of economics, race, and exclusion. Laws that make immigrants' sojourn in the host society contingent on their willingness to perform marginalized labor guarantee immigrant otherness and racialization. Confronted with this powerful economics of alterité, and the legal infrastructure that supports it, even the most ambitious projects of immigrant «integration» are doomed. ; Este artículo explora la legislación sobre inmigración en Italia y España, focalizándose en la tensión entre la marginalización económica, social y legal de los inmigrantes, por un lado, y el énfasis retórico en la integración, por otro. Argumenta que dicha tensión refleja la contradicción en su política económica, en la que la utilidad de la fuerza de trabajo barata, contingente -marginalizada- es contrarrestada por la reacción política contra la inevitablemente empobrecida y racializada población inmigrante. Además, argumenta que la legislación juega un rol central en esta alquimia de la economía, la raza y la exclusión. Las leyes que provocan que la estancia de los inmigrantes en la sociedad receptora dependa de su disposición a emplearse en ocupaciones marginalizadas, garantizan la alteridad y la racialización de los inmigrantes. Debiendo enfrentarse a esta poderosa economía de la alteridad, y a la insfraestructura legal que le da soporte, incluso el más ambicioso proyecto de «integración» de los inmigrantes está condenado.

The legal approach in Canada towards the regulation of trade union democracy has sought to balance individual member's rights with respect for the autonomy of unions. While the United States and England have heavily legislated the areas of internal trade union affairs, Canada has enacted relatively few laws in this area. Rather, unions in Canada have enjoyed considerable legal freedom to develop their own democratic practices and culture. The irony of this approach is that it is the Canadian courts, rather than the more experienced and liberal labour relations boards, that are the final legal arbiters over most internal union matters. However, this is slowly changing. Several provinces have recently enacted modest changes that direct their labour boards to hear complaints from union members respecting the fairness of internal hearings. In the absence of extensive statutory regulation, union constitutions and the democratic traditions behind them become significant legal documents. Au Canada, l'approche juridique à l'égard de la réglementation de la démocratie syndicale a consisté à chercher à mettre en équilibre les droits des membres et l'autonomie des syndicats. Les États-Unis et l'Angleterre ont une multitude de lois sur les affaires internes des syndicats, mais le Canada n'a adopté que relativement peu de lois à cet égard. Les syndicats du Canada ont joui d'une liberté juridique considérable dans l'établissement de leurs pratiques et de leur culture démocratiques. L'ironie de cette approche est que ce sont les tribunaux canadiens plutôt que les conseils des relations du travail, plus expérimentés et ayant moins de préjugés, qui sont les arbitres de dernier recours sur la plupart des questions syndicales internes. Toutefois, la situation change peu à peu. Plusieurs provinces ont adopté dernièrement de modestes modifications législatives ordonnant à leurs conseils des relations du travail d'entendre les plaintes de membres de syndicats au sujet de l'équité des audiences internes. En l'absence d'une réglementation étoffée, les statuts des syndicats et les traditions démocratiques qui les sous-tendent deviennent d'importants documents légaux.

The Third Amendment to the 1945 Constitution stipulates that one of the requirements to become a presidential candidate is an Indonesian natural-born citizen who has never received another citizenship of his/her own volition. The requirement can create confusion and dissenting opinions to determine persons considered natural-born citizens and methods to prove it. This study explores the significances of determining a natural-born citizen as a requirement to become a presidential candidate and its implications. Through a socio-legal approach, this study concludes that the natural-born citizen requirement's significance is to eliminate racial discrimination from the previous requirement of a "native Indonesian" president and to ensure convincing allegiance from the president. There are some implications of the requirement. First, every Indonesian citizen born after the establishment of the Citizenship Law 2006, regardless of ethnic status, is called a natural-born citizen, including those from mixed marriages and having limited dual citizenship up to the age of 18 years. Meanwhile, for Indonesian citizens born before the Citizenship Law 2006, the natural-born citizen status is determined based on Law 3 of 1946 and Law 62 of 1958, including Indonesia's agreement with the Netherlands and China. Second, a natural-born citizen status mutatis mutandis should require of other constitutional positions, either executive, legislative, or judiciary, and to a presidential candidate's husband or wife.Natural Born Citizen sebagai Syarat Presiden Indonesia: Arti Penting dan ImplikasiAbstrakAmandemen Ketiga UUD 1945 menetapkan salah satu syarat calon presiden adalah kewarganegaraan sejak kelahiran (natural-born citizen) dan tidak pernah menerima kewarganegaraan lain karena kehendaknya sendiri. Syarat tersebut dapat menimbulkan kebingungan tentang siapa saja yang dapat dianggap sebagai warga negara sejak kelahiran dan bagaimana pembuktiannya. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menelusuri arti penting penetapan natural-born citizen sebagai syarat presiden dan implikasinya. Melalui pendekatan sosio-legal, artikel ini menyimpulkan arti penting syarat natural-born citizen adalah untuk menghilangkan diskriminasi rasial dari syarat presiden "orang Indonesia asli" dan untuk menjamin kesetiaan yang kuat dari presiden. Adapun implikasinya, pertama, setiap WNI yang lahir setelah berlakunya UU Kewarganegaraan tahun 2006, jika sejak kelahirannya telah berstatus WNI, tanpa melihat status etnis, disebut sebagai natural born citizen, termasuk di dalamnya berasal dari perkawinan campuran dan memiliki kewarganegaraan ganda terbatas sampai dengan usia 18 tahun. Sementara WNI yang lahir sebelum UU Kewarganegaraan tahun 2006, penentuan status WNI sejak kelahiran berdasarkan pengaturan UU 3 Tahun 1946 dan UU 62 Tahun 1958 termasuk perjanjian-perjanjian yang diadakan Indonesia dengan Belanda dan Tiongkok. Kedua, natural born citizen secara mutatis mutandis seharusnya diberlakukan bagi syarat jabatan ketatanegaraan lainnya baik eksekutif, legislatif, maupun yudikatif, serta terhadap suami atau istri calon Presiden karena alasan kesetiaan.Kata Kunci: kesetiaan, kewarganegaraan sejak kelahiran, syarat presiden.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n3.a1

Реферат. В 2013 году de jure появился новый участник уголовного судопроизводства лицо, в отношении которого проводится проверка сообщения о преступлении. Констатируется отсутствие должной законодательной регламентации процессуального статуса этого лица (с позиций его права на защиту и возможности участвовать в процессуальных отношениях). Делается четкое отграничение лица, в отношении которого проводится проверка сообщения о преступлении, от обвиняемого, такое лицо de facto подозреваемый. Исследуются источники международного и европейского права, международные договоры Российской Федерации в сфере действия презумпции невиновности и оснований уголовного преследования. Определено, что такое преследование связано исключительно с фигурой обвиняемого. Обусловленность появления такого лица правовой позицией Конституционного Суда Российской Федерации и самим назначением уголовного судопроизводства не повлекли закрепление его реального процессуального статуса (прав и обязанностей), что не позволяет ему использовать законные гарантии от уголовного преследования. Близость положения такого лица к статусу подозреваемого определяется отсутствием на этапе подозрения и на стадии проведения проверки достаточных данных, позволяющих сделать вывод о причастности и предъявить обвинение. Предлагается распространить процессуальный статус подозреваемого на стадию возбуждения уголовного дела: «Подозреваемым лицо считается с момента осуществления фактических действий, направленных на его изобличение в совершении преступления до момента предъявления обвинения в установленном законом порядке». Это позволит решить проблему периодически расширяемого перечня оснований для признания лица подозреваемым. Целесообразно ввести акт процессуального уведомления о начале уголовного преследования, с вынесением которого лицо ставилось бы в статус подозреваемого. ; Since 2013, de jure, there's a new party to criminal proceedings: a person under verification of reporting a crime. Lack of proper legislative regulation of such person's procedural status (concerning his right to defence and participation in procedural relations) is stated. Clear distinction of a person against whom a check of reporting a crime is conducted (de facto suspect) from accused is made. The international and European law sources, the RF international treaties relating to presumption of innocence and grounds of prosecution are examined. It's determined that such prosecution is connected with the accused. Emergence of new party was caused by the legal position of the RF Consti tutional Court and the purpose of criminal proceedings, but it didn't result in fixing its real procedural status (rights and obligations). That doesn't allow a person to use legal guarantees against prosecution. The proximity of such person's status to the suspect's status is determined by lack of sufficient data allowing to draw a conclusion about participation in crime and bring charges at the stages of suspicion and verification. It's proposed to extend the suspect's procedural status to the stage of bringing a criminal case: "a person is considered a suspect from the moment of performing actions aimed at accusing him of committing a crime till the moment of bringing charges in accordance with law". This can solve the problem of grounds for recognizing a person as a suspect. The authors propose to introduce the notification procedure concerning the prosecution initiation, which would mean recognizing a person as a suspect.

В статье дано определение понятия административно-правового статуса должностного лица, определены его структурные элементы и дана их характеристика посредством анализа федерального законодательства и постановлений Конституционного Суда РФ по проблемам, касающимся правовой регламентации и правоприменительной практики реализации их административной ответственности. Дана характеристика специфики привлечения к административной ответственности, налагаемой в судебном порядке, следующих должностных лиц: депутатов представительных органов государственной власти и местного самоуправления; выборных должностных лиц органов государственной власти и местного самоуправления; председателей и членов избирательных комиссий, комиссий референдума с правом совещательного голоса; зарегистрированных кандидатов в представительные органы государственной власти и местного самоуправления; судей, прокуроров, уполномоченных по правам человека в РФ. ; The article gives a definition of the administrative-legal status of an official, as determined by its structural elements and their characteristics, which are provided via is the analysis of the federal legislation and the Decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in numerous cases related to legal regulation and law-enforcement practice in the sphere of implementation of their administrative responsibility, which is being imposed through the judicial procedure upon the officials: deputies of the state and municipal representative bodies, elected officials of state and municipal government bodies, chairpersons and members of election commissions, and referenda commissions with the consultative vote, registered candidates for state and municipal representative bodies, judges, prosecutors, plenipotentiaries on human rights in the Russian Federation.

Food products with controlled geographical origin place are in special demand among consumers because of their specific properties, due to climatic, soil characteristics or other factors. The article provides an analysis of regulatory framework for legal goods protection with an indication of their origin place on the territory of the Russian Federation and in other countries. Existing authentication methods for this type of product are reviewed. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the authors noted the most significant works aimed at confirming the authenticity of food products' origin place on the example of honey and meat products, which were carried out in the countries of the European Union, Australia, China, Brazil, South Africa, the USA and other countries. It is shown that the most widespread researches aimed at studying values of isotopic ratios of hydrogen (2H/1H), carbon (13C/12C), oxygen (18O/16O), nitrogen (15N/14N) and sulfur (34S/32S) in compounds contained in products that reflect the distribution of «light» and «heavy» isotopes during biological and geochemical processes within a single region. The analysis of the works aimed at studying the qualitative and quantitative composition of trace elements and rare earth metals (As, B, Ba, Cd, Li, Mn, Pd, Rb, Se, Te, Tl, Dy, U, etc.), as well as research of isotopic relations values of some elements (87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/206Pb, etc.) in product samples and soils of studied region. The advantages of an integrated research approach, which includes the creation of data array of various indicators values and its in-depth analysis using chemometric algorithms and mathematical modeling methods, are shown. ; Food products with controlled geographical origin place are in special demand among consumers because of their specific properties, due to climatic, soil characteristics or other factors. The article provides an analysis of regulatory framework for legal goods protection with an indication of their origin place on the territory of the Russian Federation and in other countries. Existing authentication methods for this type of product are reviewed. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the authors noted the most significant works aimed at confirming the authenticity of food products' origin place on the example of honey and meat products, which were carried out in the countries of the European Union, Australia, China, Brazil, South Africa, the USA and other countries. It is shown that the most widespread researches aimed at studying values of isotopic ratios of hydrogen (2H/1H), carbon (13C/12C), oxygen (18O/16O), nitrogen (15N/14N) and sulfur (34S/32S) in compounds contained in products that reflect the distribution of «light» and «heavy» isotopes during biological and geochemical processes within a single region. The analysis of the works aimed at studying the qualitative and quantitative composition of trace elements and rare earth metals (As, B, Ba, Cd, Li, Mn, Pd, Rb, Se, Te, Tl, Dy, U, etc.), as well as research of isotopic relations values of some elements (87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/206Pb, etc.) in product samples and soils of studied region. The advantages of an integrated research approach, which includes the creation of data array of various indicators values and its in-depth analysis using chemometric algorithms and mathematical modeling methods, are shown.