Suchergebnisse

This paper emphasises that, for the less advanced European Union countries, FDI inflows are an important engine of convergence towards their more advanced counterparts. In general, CEECs and Cohesion countries hosting FDI tend to grow faster than those receiving few FDI. Not only the level but also the sectoral composition of FDI matters. Multinational corporations, by carrying out technically demanding production functions, have contributed to upgrade the production capacities of receiving CEECs and to increase the technological level of goods produced there. Competing on similar markets, but with higher wages and lower human capital endowments than CEECs, Portugal has lost its "comparative advantage" with the entry of CEECs as a possible destination of export-oriented FDI. This "diverting effect" explains a part of the disappointing performances of Portugal in terms of catching up. Thus, the relevant issue is no longer whether CEECs will follow an Irish or a Portuguese convergence scenario, but rather whether Portugal will converge or diverge towards CEECs.

La Cumbre de Viena, de mayo de 2006 entre la Unión Europea (UE) y América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) dio resultados muy pobres en lo referente a la integración regional, uno de los ejes articuladores de la relación bi-regional. Esto se debe a razones estructurales (formato de la Cumbre, estructuras de coordinación) y coyunturales, como son el gran número de elecciones en América Latina y el malestar europeo a raíz de la debacle del Tratado Constitucional. Además, durante los meses previos a la Cumbre, el panorama en América Latina se tornó uno de desintegración de los acuerdos regionales: el MERCOSUR se estancó, la CAN entró en franco retroceso y el ALCA murió. Centroamérica se convirtió en la única esperanza de que esta línea de trabajo continúe alimentando la relación. Mientras, solamente aquellos países que tienen acuerdos de libre comercio con Estados Unidos y que no están integrados con el resto de América Latina, México y Chile, han logrado un acuerdo sustancial con la UE. ; The Vienna summit of May 2006 between the European Union (EU) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) yielded rather poor results with regard to regional integration, which is one of the axis articulating the bi-regional relationship. This was due both to structural factors (the summit's format, poor coordination arrangements) and to immediate circumstances, such as the large number of elections held in Latin America, as well as European malaise after the debacle of the Constitutional Treaty. Moreover, during the months before the summit, the situation in Latin America turned into one of disintegration of its regional agreements: MERCOSUR stalled, the ACN suffered a set back, and the FTAA died. Central America became the only hope of keeping this line of work feeding into the relationship. In the meantime, only those countries which have a free trade agreement with the United States and are not integrated, Mexico and Chile, have reached substantial agreements with the EU.

Abstract This study seeks to deal academically with how the EU treats clandestine immigration, through adopting a purley security approach, based on the European understanding of security threats posed to the security of communities and States in EU at all levels. So they agreed upon criminalizing this threat within the bloc while using repressive tools and steps to limit illegal immigrants flow to European territories. Accordingly, the EU gave the phenomen a security character. So it takes it from low politics level , that of employment and economic field to that of high politics, as a new security problem lying within a new security language embraced by ruling European elites, in other words EU touched on this issue as a speech act emphasizing the emergency of existential threat as it would affect both physical and moral existence of EU security reference whether at individual group, state or identity levels. That 's why exceptional arrangements of securing that reference under threat must be pursued which turned to be named in the political and security literature as securitization of clandestine immigration

The study aims to identify the debt security weaknesses in the CEE countries and determine challenges and threats to the debt security of national economies and the CEE region. To achieve this goal, general and specific research methods have been used, including historical and logical methods, analysis and synthesis, structural and functional analysis, generalization and abstraction, a systematic approach, classification, and statistical methods.
It is found out that the situation with debt security in the CEE region is quite controversial. The average external debt indicators of the CEE countries are in the unsafe zone, while the average solvency is at a relatively safe level. The analysis of external indebtedness and solvency indicators shows that the CEE group is highly heterogeneous regarding the level of countries' debt security.
Despite some improvement in the debt security of CEE economies during 2017–2019, the prospects for the development of the debt situation are rather vague. It is due to the growing impact of external challenges and threats to the debt security of the region, including the deterioration of the global economic environment and global recession, increase in credit risks and contraction in the international lending, global economic and political imbalances, and policy divergence, growing government spending on solving problems caused by the COVID-19 and corresponding pressure on public budgets, the general growth of global debt. Given the high heterogeneity of CEE countries in terms of current debt security, the manifestation of global challenges in each national economy can be rather diverse.