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This article analyses the leadership role of the European Union (EU) in international multilateral negotiations. The purpose is to problematize the role of the EU as a multilateral leader by contrasting its self-images as an active initiator with other negotiating actors' perceptions of the Union. This is done by comparing the role conceptions presented by EU representatives with the images presented by delegates from non-member states in three different multilateral negotiating contexts. My results present a picture of the EU as a `restricted leader'. The undisputable great power status that the EU is claimed to hold is not necessarily transformed into a leadership role. The causes vary: in two cases it is internal disunity and co-ordination problems that create obstacles to intellectual leadership; in the third case it is perceived role conflicts that make the EU less than credible in its leadership aspirations. The existing potential for structural leadership is therefore not translated into practice.

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Although awareness of the misuse of medicines is increasing, data on the extent of the problem in the European Union (EU) are lacking. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In order to assess the magnitude and severity of the problem, a systematic review of the literature on the misuse of analgesics, opioid substitution medicines and sedatives/hypnotics (with the exception of benzodiazepines) was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Relevant literature was identified between 2001 and 2011. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The main groups of misused medicines include opioid analgesics, methadone, buprenorphine and Z-drugs. Regional trends in medicine misuse indicate heterogeneity across the EU with respect to misused medicine types and research activities. Prevalence, high-risk populations and factors contributing to medicine misuse are discussed. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The implications of these findings for prevention, treatment, and policy in the EU are considered.

EU has reached enormous progress in economy and politics. It is a union of nations on the basis of legal, democratic grounds. A feature of each democracy is the protection of human rights. The test-paper showing a real freedom is depicted by the regulations of a state. These regulations delineate the freedom of religious belief, the relation of churches and religious communities with a state. EU already has a formed European model of relations between Church and a state. It leaves such traditions and a legal base in each state that has been formed by the people of the nation during long decades. There are three models: the status of "state religion" but it does not do any harm to democratic attitudes. It does not discriminate persons who do not belong to the main religion; the second, a model of cooperation of Church and a state, the third is more strict, separation of Church. EU Lisbon Treaty is much more favourable to religious communities than EU Constitution used to be. As EU member states belong to European Council, the regulations of which on religion were remarkably perfect than those of EU Agreements, EU leaders had to be more precise with the position of the Holy See in Nice Agreement of the Charter of Human Rights. Unfortunately, some people from European continent are devoted to the flow of secularised society which is not able to measure the heritage of Christianity. Due to this misunderstandings and cases appear in the European Court of Human Rights concerning religious practise in public institutions.

W kontekście narastającego kryzysu projektu integracyjnego w Europie to współpraca transgraniczna wydaje się być jednym z dynamicznie rozwijających się wyjątków. Dotyczy to w szczególności instytucji Europejskiego Ugrupowania Współpracy Terytorialnej (EUWT). Ostatnie lata to znaczący przyrost ilości utworzonych ugrupowań oraz inicjatyw zmierzających do ich powołania. Jednakże bliższe spojrzenie na rozwój EUWT może sugerować bardziej złożony obraz sytuacji. Z jednej strony, bowiem stanowić mogą one przejaw pragmatyzmu instytucjonalnego jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, z drugiej, realizacji polityk narodowych państw członkowskich. Celem prezentowanego tekstu jest krytyczne spojrzenie na instytucję EUWT jako elementu dynamizacji procesów integracyjnych na poziomie lokalnym i regionalnym w Unii Europejskiej. Autor stawia pytanie o zróżnicowanie motywacyjne i przestrzenne tworzonych EUWT w Unii Europejskiej. Zakłada on, iż aktorzy w różnych częściach Unii Europejskiej angażują się w tworzenie ugrupowań z uwagi na odmienne czynniki, co przekłada się na zróżnicowaną "gęstość" ich występowania w poszczególnych makroregionach wspólnoty. Analiza przeprowadzona została przez pryzmat głównych teoretycznych szkół integracyjnych w obszarze studiów nad Unią Europejską i procesami integracji międzynarodowej. Wnioski pokazują Francję i Węgry jako głównych graczy w Europie w zakresie EUWT, każde z tych państw motywowane jest jednak przez odmienne czynniki. ; In the context of the mounting crisis of the European integration project, cross-border cooperation appears to be one of the dynamically developing exceptions. This in particular concerns the instrument of the European grouping of territorial cooperation (EGTC). Recent years have seen a considerable increase in the number of groupings established and initiatives aimed at establishing new ones. A more inquisitive approach to the development of EGTCs can produce different conclusions, however. On the one hand, EGTCs can exemplify the institutional pragmatism of local authorities, on the other – the implementation of EU member states' national policies. The purpose of this paper is to take a critical look at EGTCs as an element invigorating integration processes at the local and regional levels of the European Union. The author explores the different motivations and spatial differentiation of EGTCs that is emerging in the European Union. The premise of this paper is that in different parts of Europe, actors commit to establishing EGTCs for different reasons, which translates into the varying 'density' of EGTCs in specific EU macroregions. The analysis is conducted taking into account the main theories of integration in the field of European Union studies and the processes of international integration. The conclusion is that France and Hungary are the main European players with respect to EGTCs, although each state is stimulated by different factors.

This article discusses the ideas creation model that was initially formulated by Paul Romer and later generalized and empirically applied by Charles Jones. In particular, we generalize Jones´ model to include catching up to a technological frontier, which improves the empirical results for European countries, and ensures convergence to the technological frontier in the steady state.

This review constitutes a part of the Core Organic project 'ProYoungStock' – Promoting young stock and cow health and welfare by natural feeding systems. The overarching aim of the project is to improve young stock rearing systems concerning animal welfare-friendly husbandry, feeding and disease prevention by identifying approaches on different levels. More natural rearing systems are one approach to solve welfare problems in current calf rearing. Previous studies have shown considerable variations in herd characteristics and management strategies between organic dairy farms in Europe. The differences have been associated with regional and national conditions for organic farming. However, it is possible that differences in national legislation also play a part in these variations. Relevant EU and national rules on organic production and animal welfare were compiled in the following seven European countries: Sweden (SE), France (FR), Poland (PL), Germany (DE), Italy (IT), Austria (AT), and Switzerland (CH). The purpose was to provide information on drivers and barriers for cow-calf contact systems in organic dairy production and to identify possible areas for improvement and/or harmonization. Our results did not identify any major barriers in national rules for the use of rearing systems allowing cow-calf contact. Instead, cow-calf contact is promoted by the requirement to feed organic calves preferably maternal milk during the first three months of their life. Specifications regarding calf rearing derives from animal protection legislation rather than regulations of organic farming but milk hygiene regulations can also have an influence on practicability of cow-calf contact. Variations in national legislation can affect details of design and implementation of cow-calf systems, however, other factors (e.g. overall conditions for organic dairy farming, traditions, economics and disease prevention strategies) rather than regulations likely play more important roles.

167Economics, trade and finance — Economic sanctions — Consequences — European Community law — Implementation in Community law of sanctions imposed by United Nations Security Council — Security Council Resolutions 1267 (1999), 1333 (2000) and 1390 (2002) — Council Regulation (EC) No 881/2002 — Duty to take measures to freeze funds and other financial assets of individuals and entities associated with Usama bin Laden, Al-Qaeda network and Taliban — Designation by Sanctions Committee — Applicants suspected of supporting terrorism — Applicants listed by Sanctions Committee — Applicants listed in Annex I to Regulation — Applicants' funds frozen in European Community — Applicants seeking annulment of Regulation — Whether effects of Regulation to be maintained on applicantsInternational organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Security Council having primary responsibility for maintenance of international peace and security — Threat of international terrorism — Decision under Chapter VII of United Nations Charter — Economic sanctions — Security Council Resolutions 1267 (1999), 1333 (2000) and 1390 (2002) — Sanctions Committee — Listing of applicants — Duty on Member States to implement SCRs — United Nations Charter, Article 25 — Obligation to give effect to decision of Security Council prevailing over other international obligations — United Nations Charter, Article 103International organizations — European Community — Implementation of sanctions imposed by United Nations Security Council — Security Council Resolutions 1267 (1999), 1333 (2000) and 1390 (2002) — Council Regulation (EC) No 881/2002 giving effect to SCRs in Community — Whether Community having competence to adopt Council Regulation — Legal basis of Regulation — Whether Articles 60 and 301 of European Community Treaty appropriate and sufficient legal basis — Whether Article 308 of EC Treaty providing legal basis — Whether Community act applying generally — Whether infringement of Article 249 of EC Treaty — EC Treaty constitutional principles — Requirement that Community acts respect fundamental rights — Listing of applicants in Annex I of Regulation — Whether Regulation breaching fundamental rights of applicants — Validity of RegulationRelationship of international law and municipal law — 168United Nations — United Nations Charter — European Community — EC Treaty — Relationship between international legal order under United Nations and internal and autonomous Community legal order — Community act intending to give effect to international law obligations — Regulation implementing Resolution adopted by Security Council under Chapter VII of United Nations Charter — Whether Community judicature excluded in principle from judicially reviewing Community act in light of fundamental freedoms — Judicial review being constitutional guarantee forming part of foundations of Community — Whether international agreement affecting allocated powers or legal autonomy of European Community — United Nations Charter, Article 103International tribunals — Court of Justice of the European Communities — Judicial review of acts of Community institutions — EC Treaty constitutional principles — Requirement that Community acts respect fundamental rights — Whether act reviewable — Standard of review — Whether Court of Justice having authority to review Community act giving effect to United Nations Security Council Resolutions — Whether Court thereby reviewing Resolutions — Whether basis in EC Treaty for immunity from jurisdiction for Regulation — Whether Regulation lawfulHuman rights — Rights of defence — Right to be heard — Right to effective judicial review — Right to property — Whether restrictions justified — Principle of proportionality — Guidelines provided by international human rights instruments in which Member States of European Community involved — European Convention on Human Rights — Whether United Nations sanctions system adequately protecting fundamental rights — Nature and effect of restrictive measures on applicants — Whether infringement of applicants' fundamental rightsTerrorism — Threat of international terrorism — Maintenance of international peace and security — Security Council — Chapter VII of United Nations Charter — Security Council Resolutions — Economic sanctions — Enforcement — Freezing funds in fight against terrorism — Whether inappropriate or disproportionate — Whether annulment of EC Regulation with immediate effect capable of seriously and irreversibly prejudicing 169effectiveness of measures — Whether judicial review disrupting United Nations sanctions system — The law of the European Community

The European Union (EU) constitutes an evolving diplomatic milieu characterized by high levels of interconnectedness among the politico-administrative apparatuses of member states. The article assesses whether the continued presence of member state bilateral embassies in the EU is residual and largely emptied of function, or whether they are adapting their role to new requirements in the EU policy environment. An analytical framework is developed conceptualizing diplomatic representation around three variables -function, access and presence -and two scenarios of change dynamics in the structures of bilateral diplomacy in the EU are proposed. These are then utilized to evaluate empirical evidence gathered in embassies of six member states in London and Vienna. The findings reveal a process of gradual 're-gearing' of embassy functions towards EU matters, shifting patterns of communication and access, and 'domestication' of diplomatic presence in terms of personnel and agenda. Overall, this amounts to a shift towards EU-oriented bilateralism. Adapted from the source document.

This insightful edited collection brings new insights and a novel approach to entrepreneurship education by situating findings within the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, exploring pedagogies associated with both academic and professional entrepreneurship to further the field. Drawing on experiences and best practices within the CEE countries (such as Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia), the book takes a comparative slant and addresses the call for a pragmatic and critical approach to entrepreneurship pedagogy, offering a systematic review of effective methods and tools introduced at various levels of entrepreneurship education and across disciplines. Highly cross-disciplinary and spanning all levels of formal education, the contributions address long-associated challenges to entrepreneurship education such as the advancement of an entrepreneurship pedagogy that teaches both for, and through, entrepreneurship, as well as difficulties surrounding the teaching of an entrepreneurial mindset, competence, and the collation of knowledge in the field more widely. This volume will be of pivotal interest to researchers, scholars, and post-graduate students in the fields of entrepreneurship education, international and comparative education, and pedagogy more broadly. Those specifically looking at the development of education in the CEE countries will also find the book valuable.