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In contrast to mainstream historiography, secularisation was not a distinct process in nineteenth-century Europe, since the century was a period of religious revival. In the late nineteenth century, in spite of weakening church attendance and rising agnosticism brought on by urbanisation and migration, religion remained attractive for the middle class and social movements related to church membership emerged in politics. In this chapter the diversity of religion in Europe is treated. The author distinguishes between hierarchical and nonhierarchical types of Christian churches, and between four religious regions in Europe. This situation had effects on the relationship between state and religion.

This Companion offers a global, comparative history of the interplay between religion and war from ancient times to the present. Moving beyond sensationalist theories that seek to explain why 'religion causes war,' the volume takes a thoughtful look at the connection between religion and war through a variety of lenses - historical, literary, and sociological-as well as the particular features of religious war. The twenty-three carefully nuanced and historically grounded chapters comprehensively examine the religious foundations for war, classical just war doctrines, sociological accounts of religious nationalism, and featured conflicts that illustrate interdisciplinary expressions of the intertwining of religion and war. Written by a distinguished, international team of scholars, whose essays were specially commissioned for this volume, The Cambridge Companion to Religion and War will be an indispensable resource for students and scholars of the history and sociology of religion and war, as well as other disciplines.

Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- Theoretical Advances in the Economics of Religion -- Empirical Advances in the Economics of Religion -- Advances in Religion and Political Economy -- References -- Part I Theoretical Advances in the Economics of Religion -- 2 Religious Clubs: The Strategic Role of Religious Identity -- Introduction -- The Canonical Model -- Religious Identity: Further Strategic Functions -- Social Sorting -- Esteem Maintenance -- Religious Commitment -- Cultural Transmission -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Spatial Models of Religious Market Competition: A Critical Assessment -- Introduction -- Differentiation in Religious Strictness -- A Basic Model -- Two Applications -- Assessment -- Differentiation Similar to Strictness -- Differentiation Dissimilar to Strictness -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 When Average Is Irrelevant: Computational Modeling of Religious Groups -- Agent-Based Computational Models -- The Club Theory of Religion -- Fundamentally Extreme -- The Church-Sect Cycle -- The Value of Free Riders -- Religion as a Network Good -- The Cults Are Alright -- Final Thoughts -- References -- 5 The Intelligent Design of Religious Beliefs -- Introduction -- Systems of Religious Beliefs -- Beliefs in Reward and Punishment -- Predestination -- How Rituals and Beliefs Combine to Enhance Cooperation -- Intelligent Design of Religious Beliefs -- Atonement, Repentance, and Forgiveness -- Religious Intolerance due to Pressures to Survive -- Miracles -- Doctrine Adaptation -- Motivated Beliefs -- Conclusion: Joint Design of Beliefs and Institutions -- Technical Appendix -- References -- 6 Religion and Segregation -- Religion as a Club Good -- The Nature and Role of Religious Beliefs.

The constructions of 'religion' in general language are seldom themselves in the focus of empirical research. Aiming to retrieve the inherent knowledge that lies within these constructions, this article suggests a term-based textual analysis to focus on the linguistic use of 'religion'. This method invites us to question the unity of texts through an analysis of textual semantics. It offers the chance to ask about the formation of the concept. The article initially shows how this approach differs from comparative and policy-oriented studies by differentiating between criticism and critique. It then develops the idea of a term-based textual analysis. Using examples from the policy field of foreign aid, the text illustrates how much inherent knowledge there is in the usage of 'religion' in political communication and calls for a general reconsideration of the way 'religion' is approached in empirical research.

The volume comprises chapters within a wide thematic range of religious studies written by renown and dedicated specialists - invited guests from both countries' academic world, representing various HEIs and research centers. The present, in different styles and flavors, various scopes of research and specific interests, of which all have to do with religion, including various forms of religiosities and spiritualities, contributing towards a comprehensive, harmonious, user-friendly and simply interesting collaborative project – a truly team effort. The contents of the book mark many relevant, practical issues related with research on religion, in both historical and contemporary perspectives, having to do not only with the current state of art, but also events, policies and individual attitudes that influence religious markets and transformations, pointing at the relations between theoretical and practical approaches towards examining them in their all multi-angled and complicated dimensions: cultural, social, political, legal and economic.

Der Ausgangspunkt des Beitrags ist eine allgemeinere Betrachtung zur politischen Legitimation durch "säkulare Religion" als Rahmenbedingung für das Aufkommen von "politischer Religion" und "Zivilreligion", das im Folgenden thematisiert wird. Daran anschließend werden die wichtigsten Ansätze von "politischer Religion" als Konzept des Diktaturvergleichs und "Zivilreligion" als Konzept der Gesellschaftsintegration dargestellt, kritisch gewürdigt und bilanziert. Abschließend wird diskutiert, ob die Kategorie "Religion" für "politische Religionen" und "Zivilreligionen" angemessen ist. Der Beitrag versteht "Religion" als Sammelbezeichnung für Sinnsysteme mit einer transzendenten Dimension. (ICE2)

"Electoral Choice and Religion: Turkey" published on by Oxford University Press.

We offer new data and a new analytical approach to examine the roots of today's civil conflicts that lie deeply in religious and political history. Religion's effect on today's conflicts come not from contemporary fractionalization or polarization, but from the deep-rooted effects of historical fragmentation coupled with rulers who could manipulate divisions by favoring co-religionists. To test the resulting hypotheses, we use a new dataset that includes annual information regarding the religious and political histories of today's societies since the year 1000. We run regression analysis at both country and ethnic group levels. The results show that the likelihood of contemporary new conflicts is higher in societies that historically experienced religious fragmentation with rulers who shared religion with one of the groups and could thus favor coreligionists over others. Economic inequality and political grievances served as channels of transmission.

The author theorizes that religion is the foundation for the ideas of American conservative theoretician Russell Kirk and the primary focus of his text The Conservative Mind. In the article, Kirk is portrayed as more of a realist than a conservative and his theories are investigated based on this trajectory and the theological aspects of his thinking. Some of the topics discussed are the foundation of religion in natural law, property, law and order, and family life. References. G. Luque

The constructions of 'religion' in general language are seldom themselves in the focus of empirical research. Aiming to retrieve the inherent knowledge that lies within these constructions, this article suggests a term-based textual analysis to focus on the linguistic use of 'religion'. This method invites us to question the unity of texts through an analysis of textual semantics. It offers the chance to ask about the formation of the concept. The article initially shows how this approach differs from comparative and policy-oriented studies by differentiating between criticism and critique. It then develops the idea of a term-based textual analysis. Using examples from the policy field of foreign aid, the text illustrates how much inherent knowledge there is in the usage of 'religion' in political communication and calls for a general reconsideration of the way 'religion' is approached in empirical research.