Alle Macht den Bürgern? Die Diskussion um mehr politische Beteiligungsrechte wird in Fachwelt und Öffentlichkeit intensiv geführt. Doch neben die großen Hoffnungen, die mit der Forderung nach mehr direkter Demokratie verknüpft sind, treten auch warnende Stimmen, die auf ernüchternde Erfahrungen verweisen.Der Band präsentiert internationale Forschungsergebnisse über die Funktionsweise direkter Demokratie und liefert dabei umfassende empirische Antworten zu den Vor- und Nachteilen direktdemokratischer Verfahren auf nationaler, regionaler und lokaler Ebene.
It is often observed in the literature on customary international law that the identification practice of the International Court of Justice for customary norms deviates from the traditional definition of customary law in Art. 38 (1) lit. b of the ICJ Statute. However, while there are many normative and descriptive accounts on customary law and the Court's practice, few studies try to explain the jurisprudence of the ICJ. This study aims at closing this gap. I argue that the ICJ's argumentation pattern is due to the institutional constraints that the Court faces. In order for its decisions to be accepted, it has to signal impartiality through its reasoning. However, the analysis of state practice necessarily entails the selection of particular instances of practice, which could tarnish the image of an impartial court. In contrast, if the Court resorts to the consent of the parties or widely accepted international documents, it signals impartiality.
This reference book brings together hard to find demographic, economic and marketing statistics for 46 Asian countries. A broad range of data is researched over 30 years. The research includes home ownership, health and population statistics. This is an ideal starting point for building detailed country profiles.
Cover -- CONTENTS -- BACKGROUND -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICIES -- A. Enhancing Growth and Resilience -- B. Building Fiscal Buffers -- C. Further Strengthening the Financial System -- STATISTICAL ISSUES -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOX -- 1. Belize's Tourism Boom -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Sector Developments -- 2. External Sector Developments -- 3. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 4. Monetary and Financial Sector Developments -- 5. Debt Markets Developments -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Social and Economic Indicators, 2015-2022 -- 2a. Operations of the Central Government (In millions of Belize dollars) -- 2b. Operations of the Central Government (In percent of GDP -- unless otherwise indicated) -- 3a. Balance of Payments, 2015-22 (in millions of US dollars) -- 3b. Balance of Payments, 2015-22 (in percent of GDP) -- 4. Operations of the Banking System, 2015-22 -- 5. Baseline Medium-Term Outlook, 2015-22 -- ANNEXES -- I. Implementation of 2017 Article IV Consultation Recommendations -- II. External Stability Assessment -- III. Risk Assessment Matrix -- IV. Inter-Sectoral Balance Sheet Analysis -- V. Debt Sustainability Analysis -- VI. Growth Analysis and Data Sources -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- COLLABORATIONS WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.
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Cover -- CONTENTS -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICIES FOR SUSTAINED GROWTH -- A. Macroeconomic Policies -- B. Financial Sector and Macro-Financial Policies -- C. Structural Policies -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- Annex V. Authorities' Response to Past IMF Policy Recommendations -- BOX -- 1. Tax Reform Options -- FIGURES -- 1. Recent Developments -- 2. Labor Market Developments -- 3. Recent Development in the Financial Sector -- 4. Recent Development in the Housing Sector -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic and Social Indicators, 2015-23 -- 2. Balance of Payments, 2015-23 -- 3. International Investment Position, 2010-17 -- 4. GFSM 2001 Statement of General Government Operations, 2015-23 (Billons of DKK) -- 5. GFSM 2001 Statement of General Government Operations, 2015-23 (Percent of GDP) -- 6. Public Sector Balance Sheet, 2010-15 -- 7. Financial System Indicators, 2010-17 -- ANNEXES -- I. External Balance Assessment -- II. A Simple Model for Danish Wage Formation -- III. Public Debt Sustainability Analysis -- IV. Risk Assessment Matrix -- V. Authorities' Response to Past IMF Policy Recommendations -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.
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Cover -- CONTENTS -- RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS AND OUTLOOK -- A. Recent Developments -- B. Outlook and Risks -- POLICY DISCUSSION -- A. Structural Policies -- B. Fiscal Policy -- C. Financial Sector Policies -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Sectoral Balance Sheet Analysis -- 2. Reforming Health and Social Services -- FIGURES -- 1. Recent Developments -- 2. External Sector Indicators -- 3. Fiscal Indicators -- 4. Sectoral Financial Assets and Liabilities -- 5. Financial Sector Indicators -- 6. Structural Indicators -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2012-21 -- 2. Balance of Payments, 2012-21 -- 3. Net International Investment Position, 2006-15 -- 4. General Government Statement of Operations, 2012-21 -- 5. General Government Balance Sheet, 2006-13 -- 6. Financial Soundness Indicators for the Banking Sector, 2010-16 -- 7. Risk Assessment Matrix -- ANNEXES -- I. External Sector Assessment -- II. Debt Sustainability Analysis -- III. FSAP 2016 Key Recommendations -- IV. Product Market Reforms, R& -- D Spending, and Firm-Level Productivity in Finland -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES -- TABLE OF COMMON INDICATORS REQUIRED FOR SURVEILLANCE -- PAST FUND STAFF RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION.
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