We present a data set on authoritarian regimes' claims to legitimacy that is based on leading experts' assessments of 98 states for the period 1991–2010. The experts assessed these regimes on the basis of six conceptually distinguishable but interlinked claims to legitimacy – namely (1) foundational myth, (2) ideology, (3) personalism, (4) international engagement, (5) procedural mechanisms and (6) performance. For the survey, we contacted approximately 800 renowned international and local experts. They were selected on the basis of their publication records, their local expertise and their work for high-quality country-based indices, research institutes, and/or high-profile think tanks. 273 online questionnaires were completed. We collected expert assessments for the most recent non-democratic regime (as of 2013, the year of assessment). The survey comprised questions covering the strength of a regime's six legitimation strategies, based on a six-point scale ranging from 0-5. In addition, the dataset includes information regarding the number of experts per country and the experts' average confidence in answering the questions on the respective country.
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Eyal Weizman on the Architectural-Image Complex, Forensic Archeology and Policing across the Desertification Line
Incidents in global politics are usually apprehended as the patterned interaction of macro-actors such as states. Eyal Weizman takes a different tack—an architect by training, Weizman tackles incidents through detailed readings of heterogeneous materials—digital images, debris, reforestation, blast patterns in ruins—to piece together concrete positions of engagement in specific legal, political, or activist controversies in global politics. In this Talk, Weizman—among others—elaborates on methods across scales and material territories, discusses the interactions of environment and politics, and traces his trajectory in forensic architecture.
Print version of this Talk (pdf)
What is—or should be—according to you, the biggest challenge, central focus or principal debate in critical social sciences?
We live in an age in which there is both a great storm of information and a progressive form of activism seeking to generate transparency in relation to government institutions, corporations or secret services. These forms of exposure exponentially increase the number of primary sources on corporations and state and provide also rare media from war zones, but this by itself does not add more clarity. It could increase confusion and increasingly be used disseminate false information and propaganda. The challenge is to start another process to carefully piece together and compose this information.
I'm concerned with research about armed conflict. Contemporary conflict tends to take place in urban environments saturated with media of varicose sorts, whenever violence is brought into a city, it provokes an enormous production of images, clips, sounds, text, etc.
As conflict in Iraq, Syria, Missouri and the Ukraine demonstrate, one of the most important potential sources for conflict investigations is produced by the very people living in the war zones and made available in social networks almost instantly. The citizens recording events in conflict zones are conscious of producing testimonies and evidence, and importantly so, they do so on their own terms. The emergence of citizen journalists/witness has already restructured the fields of journalism with most footage composing Al Jazeera broadcasts, for example, being produced by non-professional media. The addition of a huge multiplicity of primary sources, live testimonies and filmed records of events, challenge research methods and evidentiary practices. There is much locational and spatial information that can be harvested from within these blurry, shaky and unedited images/clips and architectural methodologies are essential in reconstructing incidents in space. Architecture is a good framework to understand the world, alongside others.
Whereas debates around the 'politics of the image' in the field of photography and visual cultures tended to concentrate on the decoding of single images and photojournalistic trophy shots we now need to study the creation of extensive 'image-complexes' and inhabit this field reconstruct events from images taken at different perspective and at different times. The relation between images is architectural, best composed and represented within 3D models. Architectural analysis is useful in locating other bits of evidence—recorded testimonies, films and photos—from multiple perspectives in relation to one other bits of evidence and cross referring these in space.
But 'image complexes' are about interrogating the field of visibility it is also about absence, failures of representation, blockages or destruction of images.
How did you arrive at where you currently are in your thinking about global politics?
I'm an architect, and my intellectual upbringing is in architectural theory and spatial theory. I tend to hold on to this particular approach when I'm entering a geopolitical context or areas that would otherwise be the domain of journalists and human rights people, traditional jurists, etc. Architecture taught me to pay attention to details, to materiality, to media, and to make very close observations about the way built structures might embody political relations.
When I study political situations, I study them as an architect: I look at the way politics turns into a material—spatial practice—the materialization, and at the spatialization, of political forces. Architectural form—as I explained many times—is slowed-down force. My thinking is structured around a relation between force and form. And form, for an architect, is an entry point from which to read politics. So when I look at matter and material reality—like a building, a destroyed building, a piece of infrastructure, a road or bridge, a settlement or suburb or city—I look at it as a product of a political force field. But it is never static. A city always grows, expands or contracts recording the multiple political relations that shaped it.
Buildings continuously record their environment. So one can read political force on buildings. In taking this approach, I am influenced by building surveyors, and insurance people going into a building to look at a scratch in a wall to piece together what might have happened, and what might still happen. So I feel like a kind of property surveyor on the scale of a city at times of war. But in practicing this forensic architecture I also work like an archaeologist: archaeology is about looking at material remains and trying to piece together the cultural, political, military, or social spheres. But I'm an archaeologist of very recent past or of the present. While some of my investigations will always retain a haptic dimension based on material examination, much of it is an analysis of material captured and registered by various medias. Verify, locate, compose and cross-reference a spatial reality from images of architecture.
What would a student need to become a specialist in your field or understand the world in a global way?
The institutes I run do not recruit only architects. We need to open up the disciplinary bounds of education. We work with filmmakers and architects and with artists.
It embodies a desire to understand architecture as a field of inquiry, with which you can interrogate reality as it is effectively registering material transformation. I see architecture as a way of augmenting our way of seeing things in the world, but it's not for me a kind of sacred field that should not be touched or changed.
But I'm also using architecture across the entire spectrum of its relation to politics, from the very dystopian—with forensic architecture, a kind of architectural pathology—to the utopian. I have a studio in Palestine with Palestinian partners of mine, and internationals. Alessandro Petty and Sandi Hilal are in this group, which is called Decolonizing Architure. It's this group that is engaged in very utopian projects for the West Bank and Palestine and the return of refugees and so on. So I use architecture across the entire spectrum, from the very dystopian to the very utopian. Architecture is simply a way of engaging the world and its politics. Space is the way of establishing relations between things. And actually space is not static, it is both a means of establishing relations between people and objects and things. Just as material itself is always an event, always under transformation. So that is something I have taken from architecture and try to bring into politics, but not only in analyzing crimes, but in producing the reality yet to come.
So what we need from people is the desire to understand aesthetics as a field of inquiry, not simply as a pleasurable play of beauty and pleasing kind of effect, but as a kind of very sensorial field, sensorium, in which you can interrogate reality as it is effectively registering material transformation. So I would look simply for that kind of sensorial intensity and high critical approach and understanding and speculating of how it is we know what we think we know. Of course, you cannot see, or you do not know what you see, you do not have the language to interpret or question what it is you 'see' without abstract constructs. This means I don't necessarily look for theoretical capacities in people: I see theory as a way of augmenting our way of seeing things in the world, of registering them, of decoding them, but it's not for me a kind of sacred field to which I submit in any way.
So what is it you work on now?
I'm mostly trying to establish forensic architecture as a critical field of practice and as an agency that produce and disseminate evidence about war crimes in urban context. Recent forensic investigations in Guatemala and in the Israeli Negev involved the intersection of violence and environmental transformations, even climate change. For trials and truth commissions, we analyze the extent to which environmental transformation intersect with conflict.
The imaging of this previously invisible types of violence—'environmental violence' such as land degradation, the destruction of fields and forests (in the tropics), pollution and water diversion, and also long term processes of desertification—we use as new type of evidence of processes dispersed across time and space. There are other conflicts that unfold in relation to climatic and environmental transformations and in particular in relation to environmental scarcity.
Conflict has reciprocal interaction with environment transformation: environmental change could aggravate conflict, while conflict tends to generate further environmental damage. This has been apparent in Darfur, Sudan where the conflict was aggravated by increased competition over arable due to local land erosion and desertification. War and insurgency have occurred along Sahel—Arabic for 'shoreline'—on the southern threshold of the Sahara Desert, which is only ebbing as million of hectares of former arable land turn to desert. In past decades, conflicts have broken out in most countries from East to West Africa, along this shoreline: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal. In 2011 in the city of Daraa, farmers' protests, borne out of an extended cycle of droughts, marked the beginning of the Syrian civil war. Similar processes took place in the eastern outskirts of Damascus, Homs, al-Raqqah and along the threshold of the great Syrian and Northern Iraqi Deserts. These transformations impact upon cities, themselves a set of entangled natural/man-made environments. The conflict and hardships along desertification bands compel dispossessed farmers to embark upon increasingly perilous paths of migrations, leading to fast urbanization at the growing outskirts of the cities and slams.
I'm trying to understand these processes across desert thresholds. There has been a very long colonial debate about what is the line beyond which the desert begins. Most commonly it was defined as 200 mm rain per annum. Cartographers were trying to draw it, as it represented, to a certain extent, the limit of imperial control. From this line on, most policing was done through bombing of tribal areas from the air. Since the beginning, the emergence of the use of air power in policing in the post World War I period—aerial control, aerial government—took form in places that were perceived, at the time, as lying beyond the thresholds or edges of the law. The British policing of Iraq, the French in Syria, and Algeria, the Italians in Libya are examples where control would hover in air.
Up to now I was writing about borders that were physical and manmade: walls in the West Bank or Gaza and the siege around it—most notably in Hollow Land (2007, read the introduction here). Now I started to write about borders that are made by the interaction of people and the environment—like the desert line—which is not less violent and brutal. The colonial history of Palestine has been an attempt to push the line of the desert south, trying to make it green or bloom—this is in Ben Gurion's terms—but the origins of this statement are earlier and making the desert green and pushing the line of the desert was also Mussolini's stated aim. On the other hand, climate change is now pushing that line north.
Following not geopolitical but meteorological borders, helps me cut across a big epistemological problem that confines the writing in international relations or geopolitics within the borders organize your writing. Braudel is an inspiration but, for him, the environment of the Mediterranean is basically cyclically fixed. The problem with geographical determinism is that it takes nature as a given, cyclical, milieu which then affects politics—but I think we are now in a period where politics affects nature in the same way in which nature affects politics. The climate is changing in the same speed as human history.
What does your background in architecture add to understanding the global political controversies you engage in?
We are a forensic agency that provides services to prosecution teams around the world. With our amazing members we ran 20-odd cases around the world from the Amazon to Atacama, for the UN, for Amnesty, for Palestinian NGOs, in Gaza of course, West Bank, issues of killings, individual killings in the West Bank that we do now, and much more drastic destructions.
Forensic Architecture is unique in using architectural research methodologies to analyze violations of human rights and international humanitarian law as they bear upon the built environment—on buildings, cities and territories, and this is why we get many commissions. We produced architectural evidence for numerous investigations and presented them in a number of cases in national and international courts and tribunals. We were commissioned by the UN Special Rapporteur for Human Rights to study single destroyed buildings, as well as patterns of destruction, resulting from drone warfare in Pakistan, Yemen, Somalia and Gaza. This study was presented at the UN General Assembly in New York. We developed techniques to locate the remains of buildings and villages overgrown by thick rain forests and presented this material as evidence in the genocide trial of former president Efraín Ríos Montt in the National Court of Guatemala and the Inter-American Court. We quantified and analyzed levels of architectural destruction in Gaza after the 2014 conflict for Amnesty International. We provided architectural models and animations to support a petition against the wall in Battir submitted to the Israeli High Court, helping to win the case.
Recently, we use and deal with the reconstruction of human testimony. Witnesses to war give account of the worst moment of their lives; times when their dear ones have died or hurt. Their memory is disturbed, and tends to be blurred. We have developed a way of very carefully interviewing and discussing with witnesses. Together with them, we build digital models of their own homes. So we can see a very slow process of reconstruction of the relation between memory space and architecture. And events start coming back, through the process of building.
In order to develop this, we needed to explore the historical use of memory and architecture, such as Frances Yates' The Art of Memory (read it here), as well as different accounts on the use of trauma, and bring them into the digital age, bring an understanding of the relation of testimony and evidence into contemporary thinking. Single incidents tend to be argued away as aberrations of 'standard operating procedures'. To bring charges against government and military leaderships, it is necessary to demonstrate 'gross and systematic' violations. This means finding consistent and repeated patterns of violations. Architectural analysis, undertaken on the level of the city is able to demonstrate repetition and transformations in patterns of violation/destruction in space and time—within the battle zone along the duration of the conflict. Architectural analysis is useful not only in dealing with architectural evidence—i.e with destroyed buildings—but also helpful in locating other bits of evidence—testimony films or photos—in relation to one other bits of evidence, and cross referring these in space.
Urban violence unfolds at different intensities, speeds and spatial scales: it is made of patterns of multiple instantaneous events as well as slower incremental processes of 'environmental violence' that affects the transformation of larger territories. We aims to analyze and present the relation between forms of violence that occur at different space and time scales. From eruptive kinetic violence of the instantaneous/human incident through patterns of destruction mapped across and along the duration of urban conflict, to what Rob Nixon calls the 'slow violence' of environmental transformation (read the introduction of the eponymous book here, pdf).
Last question. How does your approach to research relate to, or differ from, approaches to international politics?
To study conflict as a reality that unfolds across multiple scales, we use the microphysical approach—dealing with details, fragments and ruins—as an entry-point from which we will unpack the larger dynamics of a conflict. We reconstruct singular incidents, locate them in space and time to look for and identify patterns, then study these patterns in relation to long terms and wide-scale environmental transformations. This approach seeks to make connections between, what Marc Bloch of the Annales School called 'micro- and macro-history, between close-ups and extreme long shots' in his thesis on historical method. This topological approach is distinct from a traditional scalar one: the macro (political/strategic/territorial) situation will not be seen a root cause for a myriad set of local human right violations (incidents/tactics). In the complex reality of conflict, singularities are equally the result of 'framing conditions' and also contributing factors to phase transitions that might affect, or 'de-frame' as Latour has put it, changes occurring in wider areas. Instead of nesting smaller scales within larger ones, our analysis will seek to fluidly shift from macro to micro, from political conditions to individual cases, from buildings to environments and this along multiple threads, connection and feedback loops.
While in relation to the single incident it might still be possible to establish a direct, liner connection between the two limit figures of the perpetrator and the victim along the model of (international) criminal law, evidence for environmental violence is more scattered and diffused. Instead, it requires the examination of what we call 'field causalities'—causal ecologies that are non-linear, diffused, simultaneous, and that involve multiple agencies and feedback loops, challenging the immediacy of 'evidence'.
Establishing field causalities requires the examination of force fields and causal ecologies, that are non-linear, diffused, simultaneous and involve multiple agencies and feedback loops. Whereas linear causality entails a focus on sequences of causal events on the model of criminal law that seeks to trace a direct line between the two limit figures of victim and perpetrator field causality involves the spatial arrangement of simultaneous sites, actions and causes. It is inherently relational and thus a spatial concept. By treating space as the medium of relation between separate elements of evidence brought together, we aim to expand the analytical scope of forensic architecture. It is inherently relational and thus a spatial concept. By treating space as the medium of relation between separate elements of evidence brought together, field causalities expands the analytical scope of forensic architecture.
Let me illustrate this a bit. Forms of violence are crucially convertible one to another. Drying fields along the Sahel or the Great Syrian Desert, for example, reach a point in which they can no longer support their farmers, contributing to impoverishment, migration to cities, slumnization and waves of protest that might contribute to the eruption of armed conflict. These layers call for a form of architectural analysis able to shift and synthesize information at different scales—from single incidents as they are registered in the immediate spatial setting, through patterns of violations across the entire urban terrain to 'environmental violence' articulated in the transformation of large territories.
Eyal Weizman is an architect, Professor of Visual Cultures and director of the Centre for Research Architecture at Goldsmiths, University of London. Since 2011 he also directs the European Research Council funded project, Forensic Architecture - on the place of architecture in international humanitarian law. Since 2007 he is a founding member of the architectural collective DAAR in Beit Sahour/Palestine. Weizman has been a professor of architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna and has also taught at the Bartlett (UCL) in London at the Stadel School in Frankfurt and is a Professeur invité at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) in Paris. He lectured, curated and organised conferences in many institutions worldwide. His books include Mengele's Skull (with Thomas Keenan at Sterenberg Press 2012), ForensicArchitecture (dOCUMENTA13 notebook, 2012), The Least of all Possible Evils (Nottetempo 2009, Verso 2011), Hollow Land (Verso, 2007), A Civilian Occupation (Verso, 2003), the series Territories 1,2 and 3, Yellow Rhythms and many articles in journals, magazines and edited books.
Related links
Facultyprofile at Goldsmith Forensic Architecture homepage Read Weizman's introduction to Forensis (2014) here (pdf) Read Weizman's Forensic Architecture: Notes from Fields and Forums (dOCUMENTA 2012) here (pdf) Read Weizman's Lethal Theory (2009) here (pdf) Read the introduction to Weizman's Hollow Land (2007) here (pdf)
Print version of this Talk (pdf)
0 0 1 3506 19988 School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg 166 46 23448 14.0
n/a ; Timeline of key events: March 2011: Anti-government protests broke out in Deraa governorate calling for political reforms, end of emergency laws and more freedoms. After government crackdown on protestors, demonstrations were nationwide demanding the ouster of Bashar Al-Assad and his government. July 2011: Dr. Nabil Elaraby, Secretary General of the League of Arab States (LAS), paid his first visit to Syria, after his assumption of duties, and demanded the regime to end violence, and release detainees. August 2011: LAS Ministerial Council requested its Secretary General to present President Assad with a 13-point Arab initiative (attached) to resolve the crisis. It included cessation of violence, release of political detainees, genuine political reforms, pluralistic presidential elections, national political dialogue with all opposition factions, and the formation of a transitional national unity government, which all needed to be implemented within a fixed time frame and a team to monitor the above. - The Free Syrian Army (FSA) was formed of army defectors, led by Col. Riad al-Asaad, and backed by Arab and western powers militarily. September 2011: In light of the 13-Point Arab Initiative, LAS Secretary General's and an Arab Ministerial group visited Damascus to meet President Assad, they were assured that a series of conciliatory measures were to be taken by the Syrian government that focused on national dialogue. October 2011: An Arab Ministerial Committee on Syria was set up, including Algeria, Egypt, Oman, Sudan and LAS Secretary General, mandated to liaise with Syrian government to halt violence and commence dialogue under the auspices of the Arab League with the Syrian opposition on the implementation of political reforms that would meet the aspirations of the people. - On October 26, the Ministerial Committee held discussions in Damascus with President Assad. - The establishment of the Syrian National Council (SNC) in Istanbul, the first opposition coalition of different groups, but failed to gain international recognition because of deep divisions. November 2011: Syrian government agreed to implement a new Arab Action Plan (attached) endorsed by LAS Ministerial Council to end all acts of violence, release detainees, withdraw Syrian military and armed forces from cities, and ensure freedom of movement for journalists and observers throughout the country. -LAS Ministerial Council suspended the membership of Syria (November 16), and imposed economic sanctions (November 27) and some member states withdrew their ambassadors from Damascus, as it failed to comply with the Action Plan. December 2011: Negotiations with Damascus were resumed and an agreement is finally reached on the implementation of the Action Plan. LAS Observer Mission was deployed in Syria to monitor the implementation of the plan (December 24). - The Mission later submitted a report (attached) covering the period from 24 December 2011 to 18 January 2012 in accordance with the mandate conferred by the protocol concluded between the Syrian government and LAS. The report was divisive among the members of the Arab League, as it blamed both the regime and the opposition for the violence. January 2012: LAS Ministerial Council adopted resolution 7444 (attached) which called on the Syrian President to immediately hand over power to his deputy in order to begin the process of a political transition, which would include negotiations with the opposition, the formation of a national unity government, and the holding of elections. The resolution also, requested the Chair of the Arab Ministerial Committee and the Secretary General to brief the United Nations Security Council on the developments and get it to endorse the plan. - On January 22, Saudi Arabia withdrew its monitors, followed by the other GCC members on January 24. - On January 28, the Secretary-General of LAS announced the suspension of the activities of the observer mission, given the serious deterioration of the security situation. - On January 31, Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jabr Al-Thani, Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of the State of Qatar, Chair of the Arab Ministerial Committee and Dr. Nabil Elaraby, Secretary General of the League of Arab States briefed the Security Council (attached) on Arab efforts and called on the council to adopt a draft resolution submitted by Morocco, supporting Arab League resolution 7444 (which called on the Syrian President to hand over power to his deputy) February 2012: - On February 4, Russia and China vetoed a draft Security Council resolution (attached), tabled by Morocco (the Arab member of the Security Council) and others. - On February 12, the Arab League adopted its resolution 7446 (attached), practically "transferring the file" to the United Nations Security Council. - On February 16, the issue was taken to the General Assembly, which adopted its Resolution 66/253, calling-among other things- for the appointment of a Special Envoy. - On February 23, former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan was appointed as the Joint Special Envoy (JSE) of the United Nations and the League of Arab States on the Syrian crisis, to facilitate a peaceful Syrian-led and inclusive political solution. - On February 24, and upon the initiative of President Sarkozy of France, the first meeting of the Group of Friends of the Syrian People was held in Tunis, with the participation of more than 60 countries and representatives from the United Nations, the League of Arab States, the European Union, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Arab Maghreb Union and the Cooperation Council for the Arab Gulf States to discuss the worsening situation in Syria. The group noted the Arab League's request to the United Nations Security Council to issue a resolution to form a joint Arab-UN peacekeeping force following a cessation of violence by the regime, and called on LAS to convene a meeting of all disparate opposition groups to agree on a clear statement of shared principles for a transition in Syria. The meeting recognized the SNC as a legitimate representative of Syrians seeking peaceful democratic change. Text of the Conclusions of the Meeting. March 2012: The SNC formed a military council to organize and unify all armed resistance. - The JSE, Kofi Anan, submitted a six-point peace plan to the UN Security Council (which the council adopted in April in its resolution 2042), that called for commitment to a Syrian-led political process, achieve an effective United Nations supervised cessation of armed violence in all its forms by all parties, ensure provision of humanitarian assistance, intensify the release of arbitrarily detained persons, ensure freedom of movement for journalists and respect the freedom of demonstrating peacefully. It was later approved by the Syrian government, and the opposition remained skeptical. April 2012: United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria (UNSMIS) was established by United Nations Security Council resolution 2043 (attached) initially for a 90-day period, to monitor a cessation of armed violence in all its forms by all parties and to monitor and support the full implementation of the Joint Special Envoy's six-point plan on ending the conflict in Syria. June 2012: The Action Group for Syria, with the participation of the Secretary Generals of the United Nations and the League of Arab States, the Foreign Ministers of China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States, Turkey, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar and the European Union High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy, chaired by the JSE, met in Geneva and adopted the Geneva Final Communique (attached) which called for the establishment of a transitional governing body, with full executive powers, as part of the agreed principles and guidelines for a Syrian-led political transition. July 2012: The Syrian Opposition meeting was held under the auspices of LAS in Cairo, and reached an agreement on a national compact and a detailed transition plan. The two documents complemented the guidelines and principles laid out by the Action Group in Geneva. August 2012: UNSMIS mandate came to an end owing to an intensification of armed violence and use of heavy weapons. - Prime Minister Riad Hijab defected, and US President Obama's first direct threat of force against Syria, if Assad's regime deploys or uses chemical or biological weapons, calling such action a "red line" for the US. - Joint Special Envoy, Kofi Annan announced his resignation because of the Security Council failure to reach binding resolutions; Lakhdar Brahimi succeeded Annan as the Joint Special Representative of the United Nations and the League of Arab states for Syria (JSR). September 2012: Egypt hosted the high level preparatory meeting of the regional Quartet on Syria on September 10, which included Turkey and Saudi Arabia key backers of the Syrian Revolution, and Iran the major supporter of al-Assad regime, in an initiative to bring together regional powers to voice their positions on how to end the Syrian conflict. - On September 17, the Quartet's ministerial meeting took place in Cairo; Saudi Arabia opted out while Iran proposed a peace plan which called on all parties to cease violence and stop all financial and military support to the opposition, and suggested the deployment of observers from the quartet's nations to Syria. The participants failed to reach an agreement. October 2012: a four-day ceasefire attempt was announced towards late October, in respect to Eid al-Adha Holiday, which was breached on the first day in Homs, Aleppo and Damascus. November 2012: National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces (SOC) was formed in Qatar, responding to repeated calls from their Western and Arab supporters to create a cohesive and representative leadership, it excluded Islamist militias. December 2012: US, Britain, France, Turkey and Gulf states formally recognized SOC as "legitimate representative" of the Syrian people. January 2013: the Emir of Kuwait hosted the first pledging conference on Syria, international donors pledged more than $1.5bn to help civilians affected by the conflict in Syria. March 2013: LAS Ministerial Council adopted resolution 7595 (attached) to recognize SOC as the "sole legitimate representative" of the Syrian people and called on the SOC to establish an executive body to take up Syria's seat. April 2013: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, leader of the Islamic State, released a recorded audio message announcing Jabhat al-Nusra as an extension of al-Qaeda in Iraq and Syria. The leader of al-Nusra, Abu Mohammad al-Joulani, refused the merger. Divisions among the jihadists emerged. - Hezbollah's involvement deepened when it led the ground assault on Al-Qusayr, a Sunni town in Homs province by the Lebanese border. August 2013: The Assad regime was accused of using chemical weapons in Eastern Ghouta to kill hundreds of civilians. The government denied using chemical weapons. President Obama sought congressional authorization for the use of force. September 2013: UN Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 2118 (attached) requiring the Syrian regime to dismantle its chemical weapons arsenal by mid-2014, and avoid military strikes. December 2013: US and Britain suspended "non-lethal" support for rebels in northern Syria after reports Islamist rebels seized some bases of Western-backed Free Syrian Army. January 2014: the Geneva II Conference on Syria was held in Montreux on January 22, and attended by 37 states, 4 organizations and both Syrian parties. Iran was invited by SG Ban Ki- Moon on January 19, the Opposition declared its refusal to attend if Iran was not excluded, the US viewed Iran's invitation "as conditioned on Iran's explicit and public support for the full implementation of the Geneva Communique"; Iran refused any preconditions to the talks, and refused to endorse the Geneva Communique specially the transitional governing body. February 2014: two rounds of negotiations to discuss: 1- ending violence and 2-combating terrorism, 3-transitional governing body, national institutions, and 4- national reconciliation and national debate. The Syrian government refused to discuss a transitional government and insisted on discussing combating terrorism. The talks came to a halt. May 2014: JSR Brahimi announced his resignation because of the lack of progress and failure to agree on an agenda. - Iran proposed a political settlement of four points; a comprehensive cease-fire at national level, forming a national unity government consisting of the regime and the internal Syrian opposition, by transferring presidential powers to the government whereby the government will enjoy wide-ranging powers in years to come, and preparation for presidential and parliamentary elections. - Syrian rebels withdrew from the Old City of Homs, under an Iranian brokered deal and facilitated by the UN, after three years of Syrian government bombardment and siege. June 2014: President Assad held presidential elections, he was re-elected for another seven-year term allegedly winning 88.7% of the votes. July 2014: UN Secretary-General announced the appointment of Staffan de Mistura as his Special Envoy for Syria (SE)- NOT as a joint envoy with LAS. August 2014: US-led coalition began its airstrikes against the Islamic State in Iraq and expanded its strikes to Syria the following month, focusing on the city of Raqqa. September 2014: SE held his first round of consultations with concerned capitals, since taking up his office, it included his a visit to Damascus where he met with President Assad, senior officials and the tolerated internal Syrian opposition. October 2014: SE focused on establishing a series of local ceasefires, "freeze zones", starting with Aleppo, which aimed at the de-escalation of violence and allowance of the return of normalcy to it. February 2015: SE briefed the Security Council members on the 17th, announcing Syria's willingness to halt all aerial bombardment over Aleppo for a period of six weeks. It was not clear when would the freeze go into effect, reporting that a date would be announced from Damascus. June 2015: Egypt hosted the second Syrian Opposition meeting in Cairo, which excluded the National Coalition and announced a new road map to resolve the crisis which did not abolish Assad's government. July 2015: SE announced that his office would facilitate intra-Syrian working groups to generate a "Syrian-owned framework document" on the implementation of the Geneva Communiqué. Main themes of the groups were Safety and Protection for All, Political and Constitutional Issues, Military and Security Issues, and Public Institutions, Reconstruction and Development. September 2015: Russia conducted its first airstrikes against IS in Syria. The US and the Syrian Opposition claim it is targeting rebel-held areas instead. October 2015: First meeting of International Syria Support Group (ISSG) took place in Vienna, it included China, Egypt, the EU, France, Germany, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United Nations, and the United States. They agreed on a nine-point plan, but still had substantial divisions on the future of Assad. It was the first time Iran and Saudi Arabia were brought to the same table. November 2015: Second meeting of the ISSG was held in Vienna adding LAS to its members. They set a time frame to prepare for a parallel ceasefire and political process by January 2016 that would lead to credible, inclusive and non-sectarian governance within six months, followed by the drafting of a constitution and elections within 18 months. Jordan was tasked to develop a list of groups and individuals identified as terrorists, and Saudi Arabia to hold a meeting to unify the Syrian opposition and prep for the talks with the government. December 2015: - Syrian political and armed opposition factions met in Riyadh, to agree on a common position to negotiate with Syrian government, and resulted in the formation of the High Negotiating Committee (HNC). The main Kurdish group was excluded, while Islamist hardliners such as Jaysh Al-Islam and Ahrar Al-Sham were present. - The Secretary General of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) joined the follow-up meeting of the ISSG in New York, Saudi Arabia and Jordan briefed the group on their tasks. There was no agreement on the list of identified terrorists, especially with Russia's insistence on adding Ahrar Al-Sham to the list, which is considered pivotal to the unified Opposition bloc. - UN Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 2254 (attached) which reaffirmed the road map set out by the ISSG and urged the Support Group to apply pressure on the Syrian parties to put an immediate end to the indiscriminate use of weapons against civilians, and allow unimpeded access to humanitarian aid convoys. January 2016: the SE sent out invitations to the Syrian participants, in accordance with the parameters outlined in Security Council resolution 2254, to start on the 25th with proximity talks and had expected to last for six months. The HNC requested assurances of goodwill from the government as precondition to beginning of talks, such as release of prisoners or lifting of sieges. February 2016: Talks were delayed and lasted two days before they were suspended for three weeks. - The ISSG met on the margins of the Munich Security Conference and decided that humanitarian access will commence same week of meeting to besieged areas, and an ISSG task force would elaborate within one week modalities for a nationwide cessation of hostilities. - The US and Russia announced the adoption of the terms for a cessation of hostilities in Syria, and proposed that the cessation of hostilities commence at 00:00 (Damascus time) on February 27, 2016. The cessation of hostilities does not apply to "Daesh", "Jabhat al-Nusra", or other terrorist organizations designated by the UN Security Council. - The Security Council endorsed the announcement in its resolution 2268 (attached). March 2016: SE announced March 9 set as target date of resumption of talks in Geneva. On March 14, SE resumed the intra-Syrian proximity talks in Geneva, which mainly discussed procedural matters to reach a shared list of principles and relied on Security Council resolution 2254 as its agenda. - SE briefed the Security Council on the cessation of hostilities which lowered overall levels of violence and more than 238,000 people had been reached with humanitarian aid. - On the same day, President Putin announced the withdrawal of most Russian forces from Syria, after it had largely fulfilled their objectives in Syria, and SE stated that it would have a positive impact on the negotiations. - On March 17, the PYD announced the establishment of a federal system in Kobane, Afrin and Cizire cantons in northern Syria, and its Constituent Assembly of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria-Rojava (DFNS) announced its final declaration. Both the Syrian government and other opposition affiliates denounced the plan, as well as the United States. - On March 24, the SE ended the first round by submitting a paper on the commonalities between the Syrian sides regarding the future of Syria and would help structure the next round that would address political transition. - Syrian government forces retook Palmyra from the Islamic State, with Russian air assistance. April 2016: The SE paid visits to Amman, Beirut, Damascus and Tehran ahead of the new round of talks. - The third round of proximity talks were set to start on April 13, which coincided with the parliamentary elections in the government-controlled areas in Syria. The SE met with the High Negotiations Committee delegation (Syrian Opposition) in Geneva and was expected to meet with the Syrian Government delegation within the following days. - During the 13-27 April round of negotiations, the SE developed a Mediator's Summary that identified eighteen points necessary to move forward on political transition arrangements. - on April 28, airstrikes in Aleppo on al-Quds hospital supported by both Doctors Without Borders and the International Committee of the Red Cross, which killed dozens of civilians and medical personnel. May 2016: The Security Council adopted unanimously resolution 2286 (attached) which called for the protection of civilians and medical facilities during armed conflict. - On May 4, the US-Russia brokered a 48-hour ceasefire in which helped reduce the violence, and was later extended for another 72 hours. - On May 9, France held a ministerial Friends of Syria meeting in "Paris Format", attended by the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, the European Union, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Turkey and Jordan, and issued a statement that called on the resumption of negotiations, unimpeded access of humanitarian assistance and the implementation of international law obligations to the protection of civilians. - Later on the same day, the United States and Russia issued a joint statement on Syria to reconfirm their commitment to intensify their efforts to implement a nationwide ceasefire and promote humanitarian assistance in accordance to security council resolution 2254. - On May 17, the fourth meeting of the ISSG took place in Vienna and reaffirmed its determination to strengthen the cessation of hostilities, to ensure full and sustained humanitarian access in Syria, and to ensure progress toward a peaceful political transition. Australia, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands and Spain joined the group. June 2016: The SE announced that the time is not yet right for a resumption of the intra-Syrian talks because of the escalation of violence in Aleppo, Idlib, Latakia and other rural areas around Damascus, but the intention is to begin an official third round as soon as possible. - Riad Hijab, the Coordinator of the Opposition High Negotiations Committee, proposed a nationwide truce throughout the month of Ramadan. - On June 16, Jan Egeland Advisor to the Special Envoy for Syria announced that 16 of the 18 besieged areas have been reached since the humanitarian taskforce started in late February. - On June 21, the SE briefed the United Nations General Assembly on the situation in Syria regarding the cessation of hostilities and humanitarian assistance access, as for the resumption of talks, it is yet to be decided and the OSE currently holds technical meetings with the parties on core issues. July 2016: - On July 6, the Syrian army declared a three-day nationwide "regime of calm" in respect to Eid al-Fitr holidays nonetheless pro-regime forces continued to engage in clashes and airstrikes across the country, particularly near the flashpoints of Damascus and Aleppo City. - On July 14, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry met with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Moscow to discuss a proposal for bilateral military cooperation in the Syria; The proposal calls for the establishment of a 'Joint Implementation Group' (attached) based in Amman, Jordan to "support deliberate targeting" of Syrian Al-Qaeda affiliate Jabhat al-Nusra and "maximize independent but synchronized efforts" against ISIS in Syria, according to a draft memorandum leaked by the Washington Post. - On July 25, Stephen O'brien, the Under Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, briefed the security council (attached) on the deteriorating humanitarian situation in Aleppo due to the escalation of violence over the Castello Road, the last access route in and out of eastern Aleppo, and the continuous attacks on medical facilities. O'brien called on the security council not to allow turning Aleppo into another besieged area where 250,000 to 275,000 people reside, and called to establish a weekly, 48-hour humanitarian pause to enable humanitarian aid deliveries across borders. - On July 28, the Russian Minister of Defense Sergei Shoigu announced, right after the Syrian government announced it has cut off the Castello Road and encircled the city of Aleppo, setting up three humanitarian corridors in Aleppo City to allow in food and medical aid, and help people flee the besieged city; the fourth corridor would be established in northern Aleppo near the Castello Road to allow the withdrawal of armed insurgents, and appealed to the Syrian government to provide guarantees to the amnesty provided to rebels to lay down their weapons. - On the same day, Abu Mohammed al-Julani, Jabhat al-Nusra's Leader announced split from al- Qaeda and mentioned that its new name would be Jabhet Fateh al-Sham, in order to get the group off the terrorist list and "to remove the excuse used by the international community – spearheaded by America and Russia – to bombard and displace Muslims in the Levant: that they are targeting al-Nusra Front, which is associated with al-Qaida". - On July 29, the SE commented on the Russian initiative in a press stakeout, that it should take into consideration a few improvements such as putting the 48-hour humanitarian pause into place on a sustainable basis irrespective of the humanitarian corridors; and suggested "to actually leave the delivery of aid through corridors to the UN and its partners"; and stressed that civilians should leave voluntarily, and given the option of leaving to areas of their own choice. August 2016: - On August 1, a Russian helicopter was downed near Saraqeb, in rebel-held Idlib province, on its way back to Russia's main air base in Hmyeim in the western province of Latakia, killing the five Russian military personnel on board. The downing of the helicopter marked the single deadliest event for Russia since its air campaign began in Syria on September 29, 2015. No group claimed the shooting down of the helicopter. - Since then, Russian warplanes conducted retaliatory airstrikes against several small opposition-held areas in the vicinity of Saraqeb. Syrian rebels accuse Russia of using incendiary munitions while conducting airstrikes against Idlib City on August 7, suggesting that Russia intended to achieve punitive and deterrent effects against opposition forces in the province. - In the early weeks of August, rebel forces launched a major assault, known as the "battle for Aleppo", on government-held southwestern towns of Aleppo City, to break the siege, and control supply lines in the south connected to eastern Aleppo. They claimed breaking the siege and capturing Ramouseh Artillery Academy, parts of the cement plant and Khan Touman-Ramouseh road. Intense fighting between warring parties continues to claim control over previously lost vicinities. - On August 9, Russian President Vladimir Putin met with Turkish President Recep Tayip Erdogan in St. Petersburg, after the Turkish President officially apologized for the downing of a Russian military aircraft on June 27, 2016, and announced during a press conference that they discussed lifting of Russia's ban on imports of Turkish products, resumption of charter flights, the Turkish Stream project, Syrian settlement, and anti-terrorism efforts. - On August 10, Lieutenant-General Sergei Rudskoi, a senior Russian Defence Ministry official, announced a daily three-hour ceasefires in Aleppo, starting August 11, to allow humanitarian convoys enter the city safely, and would run from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. local time. - On August 16, the Russian Ministry of Defense announced that Russian aircrafts took off from Iranian airbase Hamedan to carry out airstrikes on ISIS and Jabhat al-Nusra-held facilities in the provinces of Aleppo, Idlib and Deir ez-Zour. - On August 18, the SE adjourned the HTF meeting as humanitarian convoys could not reach any of the besieged towns during the month, and called for at least a 48 hour humanitarian pause in Aleppo to deliver UN humanitarian assistance, through the Castello Road, to all parts of Aleppo City. - Also, on August 18, the Syrian government forces, unprecedentedly, launched strikes against Kurdish forces in Hasakeh in Northern Syria, after pro-government National Defense Forces (NDF) were engaged in clashes with the military wing of the Kurdish Workers Party, known as Asayish. The Syrian government claimed that "Asayish had escalated their acts of provocation attacking state establishments, stealing oil and cotton, disrupting examinations, carrying out abductions, and causing a state of chaos and instability, in addition to targeting positions of the Syrian Arab Army which required a suitable response by the Army as it targeted the sources of artillery fire and the gatherings of armed elements responsible for these criminal actions." - On August 19th, while the Kurdish fighters pushed back government forces and their allies, the Pentagon threatened to shoot down Syrian government aircrafts as they pose a threat to the US Special Forces deployed in the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) area. - On August 21, it was announced that a truce agreement had been reached between YPG and NDF, through Russian mediation, to start on August 21, 2016 at 17:00, which involved evacuating the wounded and transporting them to hospitals in Qamishli, and restore the situation to how it was prior to the clashes and hold talks on August 22 to resolve the remaining unresolved issues. - On August 22, most likely the ceasefires agreement failed as fighting escalated. - On August 24, Turkey and the International Coalition Air Forces launched "Operation Euphrates Shield" offenses to support the Free Syrian Army aligned with U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces SDF against IS militants in Jarablus, in northern Syria. - On August 26, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, addressing a joint press conference after their meeting in Geneva, announced that they failed to reach a breakthrough deal on military cooperation and a nationwide cessation of hostilities in Syria, saying they still have issues to resolve before an agreement could be announced. - On August 27, Kurdish militias targeted Diyarbakir airport in southeast Turkey, near the borders with Syria. Turkey retaliated by warplanes and artillery on targets held by Kurdish-backed forces the following day, despite US pentagon's criticism of the fighting. September 2016: - On September 4, Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yildrim announced that Turkish military forces and Ankara-backed Free Syrian Army (FSA) had successfully purged the border region, from Azaz to Jarablus, from "terrorist organizations." - On September 9, the US and Russia reached a deal which called for a nationwide ceasefire in Syria, and unimpeded humanitarian access to all besieged areas starting on September 12th. If sustained for seven continuous days, the U.S. and Russia would establish a Joint Implementation Center (JIC) in order to share intelligence and coordinate airstrikes against both ISIS and Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (formerly Jabhat al-Nusra). - On September 21, the cessation of hostilities deal was implemented with regular violations, while the Syrian government continued to block humanitarian access to opposition-held districts of Eastern Aleppo City despite the agreement. - On September 17, the US-led coalition accidentally launched an air strike on Syrian government forces in Deir ez-Zour. - On September 19, a UN humanitarian convoy was shelled near Urum al-Kubra near Aleppo, killing 20 humanitarian aid workers and drivers, and destroying 18 out of 31 trucks. The US blamed Russia and the Syrian government for the attack; the latter declared unilaterally the end of the ceasefire agreement. - On September 20, the UN temporarily suspended its humanitarian aid to Syria after the attack, while international powers failed to reach a consensus to restore the ceasefire during an acrimonious UN Security Council Meeting on September 21st as well as two separate meetings of the International Syria Support Group on September 20 and September 22. - On September 22, the Syrian government announced a new military offensive in the rebel-held eastern Aleppo, and further escalation in a bombing campaign by Russian and Syrian airstrikes that had already intensified the day before. - On September 25, the Security Council Meeting discussed the recent escalation of violence in Aleppo after the Syrian government announced its intention to retake all of Aleppo City, and the SE called on the Security Council to "to press for a cessation of violence, and for the protection of civilians, and the civilian infrastructure; secondly to press for weekly 48-hour pauses in the fighting to ensure that the United Nations and its partners can reach eastern Aleppo, without preconditions from either the Government or the Opposition; and thirdly to press for medical evacuations of urgent cases." - On September 27, the Syrian government launched a large scale ground offensive in eastern Aleppo, and state media announced that it recaptured the central district of Al-Farafirah northwest of the Aleppo Citadel. - On September 29, the YPG set conditions to participate in operations to seize IS-held Raqqa City: the US provides arms to the YPG, recognizes its autonomy of the Federation of Northern Syria, and ensures that the Syrian Kurds are officially invited to participate in peace talks. October 2016: - On October 1, continuous airstrikes in eastern Aleppo damaged a major hospital codenamed M10, which was partially closed because of the raids. - On October 2, Stephen O'brien, the Under Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, urged warring parties and their supporters to bring about a cessation of all hostilities, a medical evacuation system for eastern Aleppo, and regular unimpeded humanitarian access to eastern Aleppo, and he reiterated his plea to the Security Council for a 48-hours weekly humanitarian pause in fighting, at the very least. - In an official statement, the Syrian Army offered amnesty to fighters and their families to leave Aleppo under guarantee of safe passage to other rebel-held areas, after the Syrian regime forces recaptured strategic areas on the northern outskirts of the city. - On October 3, the EU announced an emergency humanitarian initiative for Aleppo, in cooperation with the United Nations and civil society organizations, in order to facilitate the urgent delivery of basic life-saving assistance to civilians in eastern Aleppo, and ensure medical evacuations with focus on women, children and the elderly. The EU has mobilized 25 million euros to support its humanitarian partners' response to cover medical, water and sanitation, and food assistance in Aleppo. The HNC issued a statement welcoming the European initiative to protect civilians in Aleppo. - The Security Council began negotiations over a draft resolution, circulated by France and Spain, which demanded all parties to the Syrian conflict "implement and ensure full implementation of cessation of hostilities, including an end to all aerial bombardments", and called on the US and Russia to "undertake joint efforts to stabilize the situation in Syria, with special measures for the Aleppo region", as well as the UN Secretary-General to propose options for a UN-supervised monitoring mechanism of the ceasefire and to "take further measures" in case of non-compliance of any party, without invoking chapter 7 of the UN Charter. The French Foreign Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault headed to Moscow and Washington to push for a vote on the draft resolution. - The United States suspended talks with Russia on trying to end the violence in Syria and accused Moscow of not complying with its commitments under the ceasefire agreement and would withdraw all personnel that were dispatched to prepare for military cooperation with Russia. - On October 4, Prince Zeid Ra'ad, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, warned over the use of incendiary weapons in Syria, and demanded bold initiatives such as limiting the use of the veto by the permanent members of the Security Council to refer the situation in Syria to the International Criminal Court (ICC). Russia rejected Zeid's call. - The Russian Defense Ministry declared its deployment of S-300 missile system to its Tartus naval base in Syria. - On October 6, the SE offered in a press conference to escort up to 1000 al-Nusra fighters to bring an end to the bombardment by Russian and Syrian forces to Idlib or anywhere else of their choice. While the Russian Defense Ministry announced it would shoot down US-led coalition jets if the US launches airstrikes against pro-government forces in Syria, after American officials had discussed using limited airstrikes to force government forces to halt its raids on Aleppo. - On October 7, Russia called for a Security Council emergency meeting to hear the SE's briefing (attached) on the situation in Aleppo, while the Russian Parliament ratified Moscow's deal with Syria on its "indefinite" deployment of forces. - On October 8, the Security Council held a meeting on Aleppo, and voted on the Russian-drafted resolution calling for the revival of the ceasefire deal, without mention of ending military fights in the city, and on the French-drafted resolution. The French draft received eleven votes in favor, China and Angola abstained, while Russia and Venezuela voted against. The Russian text only received four votes in favor of China, Egypt and Venezuela, Angola and Uruguay abstained, while the remaining nine council members voted against. - On October 9, France announced its intention to call the ICC for war crimes investigation in Syria, and shall contact the ICC Prosecutor on how to launch these investigations, putting into consideration that the only way is through the Security Council referral, which had been vetoed before by Russia in May 2014. - On October 13, the Deputy Special Envoy for Syria Ramzy Ezzeldin Ramzy confirmed the Syrian Government's approval of the October aid plan and for convoys to reach 25 of 29 besieged and hard-to-reach areas across Syria, but not to eastern Aleppo and three parts of the rural Damascus province. - On October 15, US Secretary of State John Kerry hosted a meeting on Syria in Lausanne, with the participation of Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and seven foreign ministers from the region, from Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Qatar, Jordan and Egypt, with the presence of the SE. The meeting failed to reach a joint statement on how to end the bombardment of Aleppo or on the aid delivery to the besieged towns. - On October 16, the UK's Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson held a meeting with his US, French and German counterparts and "like-minded" Gulf Arab states on the Syrian conflict in London. The UK and the US announced their consideration of imposing more sanctions against Russia and the Syrian Government to halt their ongoing raids on Aleppo. - On October 17, the European Council condemned the Syrian regime and Russia for their deliberate and indiscriminate bombardment of civilians and infrastructure in Eastern Aleppo, and called for a monitored cessation of hostilities, lift of sieges, and a nationwide sustainable humanitarian access. - On October 18, the Russian Minister of Defense Sergei Shoigu announced the cease of Russian and Syrian airstrikes on Aleppo to hold an 8-hour humanitarian pause on October 20th, in order to allow civilians and medical evacuations through six humanitarian corridors, and expected militants would withdraw with their weapons through two corridors, one via the Castello Road and the other near the souq al-Hai area in the south of the city. It was later announced that the eight-hour pause will be extended to eleven hours for four days. The armed opposition groups (AOGs) rejected the proposal in a joint statement claiming that "the initiative came at the same time as forced displacement operations are being carried out by the Assad regime in the Damascus suburbs of al-Mouadamiya, Qudsiya and al-Hama, and before that in Daraya." - On October 20, in conclusion of the EU summit, the EU failed to reach an agreement on imposing sanctions on Russia for the escalation of violence in Aleppo, and stated that "the EU is considering all available options should the current atrocities continue." The unilateral ceasefire took effect, and the Syrian Army declared that it would last for three days while artillery exchanges erupted around a crossing point near the rebel-controlled Bustan al-Qasr district shortly after the pause began. The Secretary-General and the SE briefed the General Assembly in an informal session on the situation in Syria, in response to an initiative led by Canada, after the Security Council failed to take action to end the aerial bombardment on Aleppo and revive peace efforts. - On October 21, the United Nations Human Rights Council held a special session on the deteriorating situation of human rights in Aleppo, upon the request of Britain (letter attached) that was submitted on behalf of a core group of 11 Western and Arab states. The Council adopted a resolution by a 24 in favor vote, seven against and 16 abstentions. It urged "the immediate implementation of the cessation of hostilities, and demanded that the regime and its allies put an immediate end to all aerial bombardments of and military flights over Aleppo city. The Council demanded that all parties, in particular the Syrian authorities and its supporters, promptly allowed rapid, safe, unhindered and sustained humanitarian access, including across conflict lines and borders." The Council further "requested the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic to conduct a comprehensive, independent special inquiry into the events in Aleppo, and identify all those responsible for alleged violations and abuses of international human rights law. It further requested the Commission of Inquiry to support efforts to ensure that perpetrators of alleged abuses and violations be held accountable, and to provide a full report of the findings of its special inquiry to the Human Rights Council no later than its thirty-fourth session." - On October 22, the humanitarian pause expired without any evacuations made and without further renewal despite the UN request. No medical evacuations had been made as no security guarantees had not been granted as requested by the UN. - On October 23, Turkey intensified its strikes targeting IS militants and Kurdish YPG forces in the town of al-Bab, in an attempt to sweep them away from its borders. The Turkish-backed FSA gained control over three areas of Tuways, al-Gharz and Tlatinah south of Akhtarin in northern Aleppo two days later. - On October 25, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Mikhail Bogdanov stated Moscow's willingness to restore the ceasefire in Aleppo and that the Western-backed opposition forces should be separated from terrorist groups in order to be able to move forward; after the UN had blamed all parties for the failure of evacuating injured people in Eastern Aleppo during the three-day ceasefires and called for "a permanent and comprehensive ceasefire so that life-saving humanitarian activities, including medical evacuations, can resume," meanwhile the Syrian Ambassador to Moscow ruled out any opportunity to restore the ceasefires. - On October 26, a school in the village of Haas, in rebel-held Idlib, was hit by a raid of airstrikes, causing the death of twenty-two children and six teachers. The UN Secretary-General called for an immediate investigation on this attack, as it could amount as war crimes if deliberate. Russia denied its responsibility and claimed that the damage was not consistent with an airstrike. - On October 27, Virginia Gamba, the head of the UN-OPCW Joint Investigative Mechanism, presented the mechanism's findings to the Security Council. The report indicated that of the nine cases the JIM investigated, the Syrian regime used chlorine gas against civilians in three cases and the IS used mustard gas in one case. In the remaining five cases, the JIM investigated allegations that the government dropped chlorine bombs in rebel-held areas. While the JIM could not make a conclusive determination in three of these five cases, it was able to establish that government airstrikes had occurred and the presence of a toxic substance, but it was unable to fully determine the link between the two, or the actors responsible. Russian Ambassador Vitaly Churkin questioned the JIM's findings, and expressed reservations over the US-draft resolution to extend the mandate of the mechanism for another year, which would end on 31 October 2016. - The EU added ten top Syrian officials to its sanctions list who are held responsible for "violent repression against the civilian population in Syria." - On October 28, Syrian rebels relaunched Aleppo counter-attack aiming to break the siege imposed on Eastern Aleppo. The factions included the FSA and Jaish al-Fath targetting government-held Western Aleppo. - Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Muallem met with his Russian and Iranian counterparts in Moscow to discuss counterterrorism, the cessation of hostilities and improvement of humanitarian operations, and the resumption of the intra-Syrian talks. The three ministers held a joint press conference following their meeting. - On October 30, SE condemned Syrian rebels for the indiscriminate shelling of civilian areas in Western Aleppo, raising the number of casualties in the last 48 hours. - On October 31, the Security Council extended the mandate of the UN-OPCW JIM until November 18, 2016. November 2016: - On November 1, in a teleconference with the leaders of the Russian Armed Forces, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu mentioned that Russia had halted air strikes on eastern Aleppo for 16 days, following western criticism over a Russian-Syrian government assault that killed civilians and destroyed infrastructure. - On November 2, DM Shoigu announced that it would enforce a 10-hour humanitarian pause in Aleppo on November 4, to allow civilians and fighters to exit the city through eight safe corridors. - On November 4, despite the announced unilateral ceasefire in Aleppo, there were no sign of civilians or fighters leaving the city, and opposition fighters vowed to continue fighting to break the siege. - On November 6, the SDF declared the launch of Operation "Wrath of the Euphrates" in the IS capital of Raqqa, which aimed at surrounding and isolating the city as an initial phase, in coordination with the US-led coalition airstrikes. The SDF had rejected any Turkish role to liberate the city. - On November 8, the Russian Defense Minister Shoigu announced that the first attack from the Admiral Kuznetsov, the aircraft carrier, and heavily armed escort ships were to bomb rebel positions in Aleppo. - On November 10, Jan Egeland, Advisor to the Special Envoy for Syria, declared in a press stakeout following the weekly HTF meeting that Eastern Aleppo had run out of food rations, and that the UN had proposed an initiative of four elements which included delivery of food and medical supplies, medical evacuations and access for health workers. - On November 11, the OPCW Executive Council condemned all parties for the use of chemical weapons in Syria, after voting on a US-tabled text in a closed session. The text was supported by 28 members, including Germany, France, the United States and Britain; it was opposed by Russia, China, Sudan and Iran, and there were nine abstentions. - On November 15, Russia launched its "major operation" targeting the IS and Jabhat al-Nusra's positions in Idlib and Homs provinces. Heavy airstrikes and barrel bombs pounded Eastern Aleppo after the pause declared by Russia and the Syrian Government on October 18. It is considered the first mission operated from the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov. - The Third Committee of the UN General Assembly adopted a draft resolution tabled by Saudi Arabia on the human rights situation in Syria, by a vote of 116 in favor, to 15 against with 49 abstentions. It called upon the Syrian regime and the IS to cease using chemical weapons, and stop their attacks on civilians. - On November 17, the UN Security Council adopted the US-draft resolution to extend the mandate of the UN-OPCW Joint Investigative Mechanism to 18 November 2017. - On November 20, Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Muallem held talks with the SE in Damascus, on the latest escalation of violence, the targeting of medical facilities and infrastructure, and the humanitarian initiative in Eastern Aleppo. The UN proposal of the withdrawal of al-Nusra fighters while maintaining the opposition's local administration of Eastern Aleppo; the proposal was rejected by the Syrian Government and called it a violation of "national sovereignty". - On November 23, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs Jean Ayrault announced that France would hold a meeting on Syria early December 2016. - On November 24, Jan Egeland Advisor to the Special Envoy for Syria briefed the press on the HTF meeting and the assistance deliveries of the month of November, not being able to reach besieged areas because of the absence of government approvals for convoys to enter and the escalation of violence. Egeland stated that the UN had received written approvals of the AOGs in eastern Aleppo and Russian support of the UN four-point plan, and still waiting for the government's approval. - On November 27, the rebels in Khan al-Shih town, in the outskirts of Damascus, handed in their weapons, as part of a local agreement with the Syrian government to withdraw to rebel-held Idlib province, so as government siege would be lifted. It was the only town not under government control on a major supply route from Damascus to Quneitra, in southern Syria. - On November 29, Egypt, New Zealand and Spain put in blue their draft resolution calling to put an end to all attacks on Aleppo, and allow unimpeded humanitarian access for the period of 7-days with consideration of further extension. The draft was later vetoed on 5 December by Russia and China, Venezuela voted against, and Angola abstained. It is Russia's sixth veto on a Syria draft resolution, and China's fifth veto. - After the Acting High Representative for Disarmament Affairs Kim Won-soo briefed Council members during Syria's chemical weapons consultations; the P3 announced they would circulate a draft resolution to impose sanctions on Syria for its use of chemical weapons against its own population. - On November 30, upon the request of France and the UK to hold an emergency meeting on Aleppo, SE Staffan de Mistura, USG Emergency Relief Coordinator Stephen O'brien and UNICEF Regional Director Geert Cappelaere briefed the Security Council on the situation in Aleppo, who agreed on the growing number of civilians fleeing eastern Aleppo and the dire need for safe humanitarian access. December 2016: - On December 1, ten AOGs announced the formation of 'Jaysh Halab' in Eastern Aleppo, in an attempt to unite their efforts to lift the siege and restore the districts where the pro-government militias took over in northeast and east Aleppo. It was led by Abu Abdul Rahman Nour, a senior commander in 'Jabhat al-Sham'. While Jan Egeland, Advisor to the Special Envoy for Syria, and the SE briefed the press on the humanitarian situation in Aleppo after the HTF meeting; they mentioned that over 400,000 IDPs are in west Aleppo, and UN convoys reached reached all towns under the Four-Towns Agreement, including Madaya, al-Foua and Kafraya, and Zabadani, and that the December Plan was yet to be approved by the Syrian government. - On December 3, the Syrian armed forces and its supporting militias advanced into east Aleppo, taking over 60 percent of the city that was once under rebel control since mid-2012. More than 80,000 civilians fled the area since the beginning of the regime's offense on November 15. - On December 7, AOGs called for a five-day ceasefire in Aleppo, and medical and civilian evacuations without mentioning the withdrawal of their fighters as demanded by Moscow and Damascus. Meanwhile, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry met with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov in Germany to discuss the evacuation of opposition-held districts of Eastern Aleppo, and no agreement was reached. While leaders of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the UK and the United States released a joint statement on the situation in Aleppo calling for an immediate ceasefire and the resumption of political negotiations. - On December 8, the SE briefed the Security Council in closed consultations after the Russian announcement that it paused its operations in eastern Aleppo to allow the evacuation of civilians. Jan Egeland had said, after the weekly HTF meeting, that the co-chairs are "poles apart" on a united humanitarian diplomacy. IS launched a major offensive on Palmyra, seizing a number of gas fields in the north and few mountains in the south. - On December 9, the General Assembly adopted the Canadian-drafted resolution A/RES/71/130, which calls for an immediate cessation of hostilities and the implementation of resolutions 2268 and 2254. The resolution passed by a vote of 122 to 13, with 36 abstentions. Russia, Iran and China opposed the resolution. - On December 10, Paris hosted a meeting of "like-minded" counterparts on Syria; it brought together US Secretary of State John Kerry, German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier, British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson and Turkish Foreign Affairs Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu, along with Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan and Saudi Arabia. They discussed the humanitarian situation, and called for a ceasefire and a post Aleppo plan, as Syrian government forces neared victory over rebels there. - On December 11, ISIS recaptured the city of Palmyra in Eastern Homs Province forces despite heavy air support provided by Russia. - On December 13, the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon briefed the Security Council on the situation in Aleppo, the growing number of IDPs and allegations of torture and executions. Meanwhile, AOGs agreed to evacuate their remaining positions in eastern Aleppo after the Syrian government recaptured the city and following an agreement between Russia and Turkey. The evacuation was initially scheduled to take place on 14 December, but was delayed after Iran called for simultaneous evacuations from the besieged Shi'a-majority towns of Fu'ah and Kafraya in Idlib Province. - On December 15, the LAS held an emergency meeting at the level of representatives, based on Qatar's request, and adopted resolution 8105 condemning the attacks on civilians in Eastern Aleppo. - On December 19, the Security Council unanimously adopted the French-drafted resolution 2328 which demanded that the UN and other relevant agencies to carry out adequate and neutral monitoring of evacuations from eastern Aleppo, ensure the deployment of staff members for this purpose, and emphasized that the evacuations of civilians must be voluntary and to final destinations of their choice. Also, the LAS Ministerial Council welcomed resolution 8106 reiterating the necessity to establish a full cease-fire in Aleppo in accordance with the Security Council resolution 2328, and condemned terrorism in all its forms and crimes committed against civilians by ISIS, Fateh al- Sham Front, and that actions of both the Syrian regime and other militant groups may amount to war crimes. - Following the adoption of resolution 2328, the Office of the Special Envoy for Syria announced "the intention of the United Nations to convene the intra-Syrian negotiations mandated by Security Council resolution 2254 in Geneva on 8 February 2017." - On December 20th, the foreign and defense ministers of Russia, Turkey and Iran held parallel trilateral meetings in Moscow, despite the assassination of the Russian Ambassador to Turkey Andrey Karlov on December 19, and adopted the "Moscow Declaration" by which they agreed to act as guarantor powers for a peace accord between the Syrian government and the opposition. - On December 21, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution establishing a mechanism to assist in the investigation of serious crimes committed in Syria since 2011. The resolution received 105 votes for, with 52 abstentions, and 15 votes against (Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Burundi, China, Cuba, DPRK, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Nicaragua, Russia, South Sudan, Syria, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe). The UN Secretary-General submitted the report of the UN Headquarters Board of Inquiry that was established to investigate the humanitarian convoy incident in Urum al-Kubra on 19 September 2016., which stated that there is no enough evidence to conclude that the convoy was deliberately attacked. - On December 22, the Syrian army announced its full control over Aleppo, after the evacuations of the remaining rebel fighters. Evacuations had faced many delays because of Iran's demands to evacuate 1500 individuals from the opposition-besieged towns of Zabadani and Madaya. On the following day, the Russian military deployed a battalion to clear the city from improvised explosive devices. - On December 23, USG Stephen O'brien briefed the Security Council, upon the request of France, "on the modalities of the evacuation of civilians and delivery of humanitarian aid in East Aleppo." Meanwhile, Syrian government forces bombed the water pumping station during its raid on opposition-held Wadi Barada, disrupting water supply to Damascus. - On December 26, Kazakhstan accepted the Russian proposal to host peace negotiations between the Syrian government and opposition forces to find a solution to the Syrian crisis, in January 2017. - On December 27, the Russian and Turkish foreign ministers agreed to implement a nationwide ceasefire in Syria, separate moderate opposition groups from UN designated terrorist groups, and prepare for the Astana talks. - On December 28-30, the DFNS met in the city of Rmeilan to approve the draft constitution, known as the social contract, which was adopted on January 29, 2014 to form its administrative system and prepare for elections. Kurdish leaders voted to drop the word "Rojava" from the official name to include other ethnic and religious components in northern Syria. - On December 29, Russia and Turkey submitted the countrywide ceasefire plan to the warring parties, which had taken effect at midnight on 30 December 2016 Damascus time. - On December 31, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 2336 in support of the Russian- Turkish agreement and the meeting to be held in Astana on 23 January 2017. January 2017: - On January 2, the Russian and Turkish air raids targeted IS militants in northern Syrian city of al-Bab; while 10 rebel factions threatened they would suspend talks regarding Astana until the ceasefire is fully implemented because of "major and frequent violations" in the rebel-held areas of Wadi Barada and Eastern Ghouta near Damascus. - On January 5, the SE welcomed the nationwide ceasefire, and the Security Council resolutions on Aleppo and Astana talks, in a press briefing after the weekly HTF meeting. Jan Egeland Advisor to the Special Envoy for Syria, voiced disappointment over the government's denied aid access to 5 out 21 locations including places in Rural Damascus, Homs and Hama. - On January 6, the Russian military started to cut down on its presence in Syria, Military Chief Valery Gerasimov mentioned that the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov would be the first to withdraw from the Mediterranean. - On January 8, Syrian government airstrikes resumed on Wadi Barada after failing to reach an agreement with opposition groups to repair the damaged water springs. Later on January 14th, the retired army officer Ahmad al-Ghadban who negotiated the deal to restore the water was killed amid heavy clashes between rebels and pro-regime forces. Both sides accused each other. - On January 12, the US imposed sanctions on 18 senior Syrian officials who were connected to the development and use of chemical weapons including chlorine gas against civilians. It marked the first time the US sanctioned Syrian military officials. While Russia and Turkey signed an agreement to coordinate their airstrikes against terrorists in Syria. - On January 13, the Syrian state television accused Israel of targeting Mezzeh Airbase outside of Damascus. - On January 14, IS launched a major offensive against pro-regime forces (Hezboallah) in Deir al-Zor Province, cutting the communication between the military base and the city. - On January 16, the High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini will host an international conference on the future of Syria in Brussels, which "aims to identify with regional partners common ground on the post-conflict arrangements and examine the scope for reconsciliation and reconstruction of Syria." - On January 19, an agreement was reached in Wadi Barada, allowing regime maintenance teams to enter the area to fix the water pipes and grant rebels amnesty or safe passage to opposition-held Idlib. - On January 20, IS militants destroyed Palmyra's Tetrapylon with only four of sixteen columns still standing, and the facade of its Roman Theatre. The UNESCO condemned the act as a new war crime. - Russia and Syria concluded a bilateral agreement on expanding and modernizing of the Russian Naval Facility in Tartus. The agreement extends the current lease for the next forty-nine years with automatic extensions and permits the simultaneous deployment of up to eleven warships to the port. - On January 23-24, indirect talks between the Syrian government and opposition were held in Astana; the delegations refused to sign the joint declaration issued by Russia, Turkey and Iran, on setting up a "trilateral mechanism" to monitor and enforce the ceasefire. The new US administration was invited, despite Iran's objection, and was represented by its ambassador to Kazakhstan. The UN SE was present, and hoped Astana talks would support the intra-Syrian negotiations to be held in Geneva in February. - On January 24, the Russian delegation shared its draft of the Syrian Constitution with the Syrian delegations, and advocated the creation of a Constitutional Committee consisting of members of both delegations. - On January 23-24, Finland and UN agencies hosted the Helsinki Conference on Supporting Syrians and the Region, which launched the 2017-2018 Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan (3RP). - On January 25, the US President Donald Trump called for establishing safe zones for refugees in Syria, after suspending visas for Syrians and other middle eastern states. President Trump later held telephone conversations with Saudi King Salman bin Abdul-Aziz and United Arab Emirates Armed Forces Deputy Supreme Commander Mohammed bin Zayed on January 29 to seek their support for his unidentified initiative. - On January 28-30, 1100 opposition fighters and 750 civilians evacuated Wadi Barada to Idlib Province, after reaching a reconciliation deal with pro-regime forces. The Syrian Forces reached Ain Fijeh spring to restore water to Damascus. - On January 30, the US delivered armored vehicles, medium and heavy weapons to SDF, in an attempt to isolate IS in al-Raqqa City. - On January 31, the SE briefed the Security Council in a closed session on the outcomes of the Astana talks and the upcoming intra-Syrian talks in Geneva, which was pushed to February 20. He mentioned if the Syrian opposition could not form an inclusive delegation by 8 February, he would select its representatives himself. The Council members welcomed the International Meeting on Syria in Astana, in a press statement. February 2017: - On February 6, high-level experts from Russia, Iran, Turkey, Jordan and the UN held their first technical meeting in Astana to discuss the implementation of the ceasefire mechanism, and cooperation on humanitarian issues; they agreed on the Concept Paper on the Joint Group. The Joint Group held its first meeting and managed to identify all areas controlled by IS and Jabhat Fatah al-Sham; the participants received two draft documents prepared by the Russians to be discussed in future Joint Group meetings, which are the Protocol to the Agreement on the mechanism to record violations of the cessation of hostilities in Syria announced on December 30, 2016 and the Procedure for imposing sanctions on violators, as well as the Regulation on Reconciled Areas. - On February 7, Amnesty International released its report (attached) on mass executions of as many as 13,000 detainees at Saydnaya Military Prison. Syrian authorities rejected the accusations. - On February 9, Russian airstrikes mistakenly kill three Turkish soldiers and injured eleven others near al-Bab city held by Turkish Armed Forces as part of Operation Euphrates Shield. Both sides agreed to strengthen their coordination. - On February 10-11, the HNC met in Riyadh and formed a delegation of 21 members, headed by Nasr al-Hariri; it included one representative each from the Cairo and Moscow groups. The HNC stated (Arabic statement attached) that the goal of the negotiations was a political transition under U.N. auspices in which Assad had no role in the future of the country. - On February 12, Turkish President Recep Erdogan stressed that the Operation Euphrates Shield aims to establish a five-thousand square kilometer 'safe zone' that includes Al-Bab, Manbij, and al-Raqqa City in Northern Syria. The safe zone would require the implementation of a no-fly zone, mentioning that he had discussed the issue with both the U.S. and Russia. - On February 13, the SE sent out invitations to the Syrian delegations for the intra-Syrian negotiations set to begin on February 23. - On February 15-16, the second round of talks took place in Astana a day later than scheduled; the opposition delegation was represented by only 9 armed groups from 14 groups which attended the first meeting; no direct meetings between the Syrian delegations were held and it ended without a final statement. The three guarantor states agreed to the Concept Paper on the Joint Group of the trilateral mechanism to observe the ceasefire, share information regarding the investigation of violations and promote confidence-building measures such as the release of detainees and abductees. - On February 17, a meeting between the "like-minded" states on Syria was held on the margins of the Bonn G20 Summit, and discussed Syria peace talks in Geneva. - On February 18, Turkey offered the US two proposals for an offensive against IS in al-Raqqa City that excludes the YPG. The preferred proposal calls for the insertion of opposition groups backed by Turkey into Tel Abyad in Northern al-Raqqa Province in order to advance against al- Raqqa City through a twelve-mile-wide corridor through terrain currently held by the SDF. The second proposal calls for opposition groups in Operation Euphrates Shield to advance more than one hundred miles from Northern Aleppo Province to Western al-Raqqa Province. - On February 21, the US CIA froze assistance to the FSA and its affiliated factions fighting in Northwestern Syria, after they came under an attack from Hay'at Tahrir al-sham HTS (successor of Jabhat Fateh al-Sham) in January. The aid included salaries, training, ammunition and in some cases guided anti-tank missiles. - On February 23, a fourth round of the intra-Syrian talks commenced in Geneva with no expectations of a breakthrough; the SE reiterated that that resolution 2254 sets the framework of the negotiations, which calls for the establishment of credible, inclusive and non-sectarian governance, and sets a timeline for drafting a new constitution and holding free and fair elections within 18 months. A day before in the ISSG Ceasefire Task Force meeting (CTF), Russia had called on the Syrian Government to halt aerial bombings during the discussions. - The Opposition groups backed by the Operation Euphrates Shield fully seized al-Bab in Northern Aleppo Province, after three months of clashes. - On February 24, the SE shared a paper on procedural issues, in bilateral meetings with the Syrian parties. The HNC held the Cairo and Moscow platforms responsible for the delay of direct talks, as they participated separately. - While Iraq conducted its first cross-border airstrikes against IS in Deir ez-Zour Province on the Syrian-Iraqi Border. The F-16 airstrikes were coordinated with the Syrian Government through a joint intelligence-sharing unit in Baghdad that includes Iraq, Syria, Russia, and Iran. Also, The U.S. provided intelligence in support of the operation. - On February 25, HTS claimed responsibility of a suicide attack on the State Security and Military Intelligence Offices in Homs City, killing at least forty pro-regime officers including Military Intelligence Branch Chief Brig. Gen. Hassan Dabul, so as to undermine the ongoing peace talks. The attacks prompted heavy airstrikes on al-Waer District, the Opposition's last strong-hold in the city. The HNC condemned the terrorist attack as per the Government's ultimatum. - On February 28, the UN Security Council voted on the French-British draft resolution which sought to ban the sale or supply of helicopters to the Syrian Government, and to blacklist 10 government and related entities involved in the production of chemical weapons. Nine countries voted in favor; Bolivia voted against the text, while Ethiopia, Egypt and Kazakhstan abstained. Russia casted its sixth veto backed by China. Britain and France had circulated the text in mid- December 2016, in response to the OPCW report findings proving government use of chlorine gas in three cases of the nine investigated cases. It was put on hold to asses US policy on Syria, the US later became a co-penholder after its unilateral sanctions on 18 Syrian senior officials on January 12. March 2017: - On March 1, the Independent Commission of Inquiry on Syria issued its report on the violations committed by warring parties in the last battle of eastern Aleppo, and considered the targeting of vital civilian infrastructure, withholding the distribution of humanitarian aid, and the use of civilians as human shields and forced evacuation agreements amount to war crimes. - On March 2, the Syrian forces backed by Russian airstrikes and Shi'a militias recaptured the city of Palmyra for the second time after heavy clashes. - On March 3, the fourth round of talks concluded with a political agenda for the upcoming round, which comprises of three baskets addressing the establishment of credible, inclusive and non-sectarian governance, drafting a new constitution, and holding free and fair elections within 18 months. A fourth basket was added upon the request of the Syrian Government to address "strategies of counter terrorism, security, governance and also medium-term confidence building measures." - On March 6, Russia announced a ceasefire in Eastern Ghouta until March 20, despite the continuation of airstrikes and mutual shelling. - On March 7, the US-allied SDF agreed to handover six villages near Manbij, on the frontline with Turkey-backed rebels to Syrian government control, under a Russian-brokered deal, in an attempt to stop further Turkish incursion. - On March 8, the SE de Mistura briefed the Security Council on the course of the talks, which aims to address the aforementioned baskets in parallel, and concluded that "nothing is agreed until everything is agreed unless the sides decide otherwise." The Syrian groups are invited to resume talks on March 23. - Meanwhile, Russian, US, Turkish high-level military officials met in Antalya to discuss additional coordination measures and "operational de-confliction of military operations" in northern Syria. - On March 13, a Russian-brokered agreement was reached to evacuate rebel fighters from Homs city, which would be carried out within six to eight weeks, between 10,000-15,000 people were expected to leave Homs in weekly batches. The neighborhood was besieged by regime forces since 2013. - On March 14, the EU unveiled its plan in Syria "in contributing to a lasting political solution under the existing UN-agreed framework and in helping to build resilience and stability in the country, as well as supporting post-agreement reconstruction once a credible political transition is underway." - On March 14-15, the third round of talks was held in Astana, even though the AOGs had called for the postponement of the meeting to assess the commitment to the declared ceasefire in Eastern Ghouta. Invitations were sent to the United Nations, the United States and Jordan. On March 14, preliminary consultations were held while a plenary meeting was due on March 15. The results of the intra-Syrian consultations were expected to be discussed. Talks failed to reach any significant agreement, and the three guarantor states issued a joint statement, and scheduled the next high-level meeting in Astana on May 3-4, 2017 and agreed to hold preliminary expert consultations on April 18-19, 2017 in Tehran. - On March 15, two suicide bombs targeted Damascus on the sixth war anniversary; one of them hit the main judicial building, and both killed 74 people and wounding a hundred other. It was later claimed by Fateh al-Sham Front. - On March 18, rebels began to evacuate al-Waer neighborhood in Homs City, to the opposition-held northern town of Jarablus on the borders with Turkey. - On March 20, the EU imposed sanctions against four Syrian high-ranked military officials related to the use of chemical weapons. The ban includes assets freeze and travel ban, and it is considered the first time the EU blacklists military officials. - On March 21, the US-led coalition dropped the SDF fighters on the southern side of the Euphrates to to cut the Aleppo - al-Raqqa Highway. the SDF launched an operation to seize the Tabqa Dam west of al-Raqqa City on March 22 with extensive support from the US. - On March 22, a US-led coalition strike on a center for displaced families in al-Mansoura town held by ISIL in northern Raqqa, killed 33 people. Earlier this month, the coalition declared that its raids in Syria and Iraq unintentionally killed at least 220 civilians. - On March 23-31, the fifth round of talks in Geneva was held despite of the escalation of fighting in Damascus and Hama; the SE shared non-papers with all Syrian sides with some political principles reached during the five rounds, and received their comments and amendments. - On March 24, Russia proposed a draft resolution on the use of chemical weapons in Syria and Iraq, that was reviewed in April 2016 and the UN Security Council did not support it. It was co-authored by China and Russia. Meanwhile, the Human Rights Council adopted a resolution condemning the indiscriminate attacks against civilians, forced displacement of populations, and called to hold all those responsible to account. - On March 27, the second phase of evacuations from al-Waer neighborhood took place, moving 466 citizens and 129 fighters. Meanwhile, the UN SE briefed the LAS Ministerial Council on the recent developments of the Geneva intra-Syrian talks and the Astana process. - On March 28, Russia condemned the US-led coalition airstrikes on the Tabqa Dam, and accused it of trying to "completely destroy critical infrastructure in Syria and complicate post-war reconstruction as much as possible." It further claimed that the coalition destroyed four bridges over the Euphrates river. - On March 29, the UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres addressed the annual Arab Summit, which was held in the Dead Sea, Jordan. He appealed to the Arab leaders to set aside differences and end the Syrian war. - An agreement was brokered by Iran and Qatar to swap Shi'ite citizens from the two pro-government towns of al-Foua and Kafraya, in the northwestern province of Idlib besieged by rebel fighters, with Sunni fighters and their families from the opposition-held towns of Zabadani and Madaya besieged by pro-government forces. The agreement was due to start on April 4 and would last 60 days; it included a ceasefire in the areas south of Damascus, aid deliveries, and the release of 1,500 prisoners held by the government. - On March 31, U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson disclosed during his visit to Ankara that "longer-term status of President Assad will be decided by the Syrian people" and defeating ISIL is its priority, while U.S. Ambassador to the UN Nikki Haley said the priority was no longer "getting Assad out"; it was later reiterated by the White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer's briefing. April 2017: - On April 3, the European Foreign Affairs Council chaired by the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini took place in Luxembourg, and adopted the EU Strategy on Syria. It held the Syrian regime responsible for the violations against human rights, and reaffirmed that "there can be no lasting peace in Syria under the current regime." - On April 4-5, the EU and its co-sponsors hosted the Brussels Conference on Supporting the future of Syria and the region. The co-chairs declaration took note of UN appeals requesting $8 billion in 2017 to cover the required needs inside Syria and its neighboring countries, and announced pledges raised worth about $11 billion for humanitarian aid programs. - On April 4, an alleged chemical attack on Khan Shaykhun in the province of Idlib was carried out during a Syrian government air raid on the city, which claimed the lives of at least 72 civilians. Russia denied its responsibility and claimed that Syrian airstrikes targeted a rebel chemical weapons warehouse which leaked poisonous gas. While the implementation of the evacuation deal of 30,000 people from the four towns of Kafraya, al-Foua, Madaya and Zabadani was delayed because of reservations of their residents. All 16,000 residents of al-Foua and Kafraya are expected to leave under the deal. - On April 5, the UN Security Council was briefed on the attack by the Acting High Representative for Disarmament Affairs Kim Won-soo on the reported use of chemical weapons in Khan Shaykhun. The US, UK and France had informally circulated a draft resolution which demands that the Syrian government must provide the JIM and the FFM with flight plans and logs of April 4, the names of all helicopter squadron commanders and provide access to air bases where investigators believe chemical attacks may have been launched. Russia criticized the text, and produced its own draft; it did not condemn neither the attack nor the Syrian government, but rather expressed deep concern over the alleged "incident with chemical weapons" and called for a full-scale investigation. Later on April 6, the ten elected members (E10) of the Security Council met at ambassador level to express their frustration for not being included in the negotiating process and discussed an alternative text which would substitute language in the P3 draft on the Syrian government's obligation to provide information on its activities with agreed language from resolution 2118. Neither resolution were tabled for a vote. - On April 6, the US waged retaliatory airstrikes against al-Shayrat airbase outside of Homs, where the chemical attack was launched. 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles had hit the airfield in Syria. The missiles were aimed at Syrian fighter jets and other infrastructure. - On April 7, Bolivia called for a Security Council briefing after the US airstrikes, and Russia announced its suspension of "the Memorandum of Understanding on Prevention of Flight Safety Incidents in the course of operations in Syria signed with the US." - On April 11, the White House released a declassified report drawn up by the National Security Council which confirmed that the Assad regime used sarin gas on its own people, and accused Russia for shielding for its allies. - On April 12, the Security Council held a meeting to vote on the P3 revised draft resolution (4th draft), which incorporated the language from resolution 2118 proposed in the E10 draft; after the SE had provided the council with his monthly briefing on the assessment of the intra-Syrian talks held in Geneva. Ten members voted in favor of the text, China, Ethiopia and Kazakhstan abstained, while Bolivia joined Russia in voting against it. It is Russia's eighth veto against a Syria-related resolution. - On April 14, the evacuation of residents from the Shi'ite towns of al-Foua and Kafraya (besieged by opposition groups) began and their convoys headed towards the government-held Aleppo; meanwhile rebel fighters and their families left the town of Madaya (besieged by government forces) and headed towards Idlib. While the evacuation from Zabadani was delayed and expected to begin later the day. The four towns agreement began with the exchange of thirty prisoners and nine bodies on April 12. The evacuations resumed after a suicide attack that targeted a government loyalties convoy killing some hundred people including women, children and rebel fighters on April 15. - On April 19-20, over 2000 opposition fighters and civilians were evacuated from the besieged towns of Zabadani and Madaya in exchange for the evacuation of nearly 8000 pro-regime fighters and civilians from the besieged towns of al-Foua and Kafraya in Idlib Province. - On April 24, the US sanctioned 271 Syrians employed by the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center, related to the development of chemical weapons. The sanction froze the individuals' assets and prohibited US companies to conduct business with them. May 2017: - On May 3-4, military experts from the three guarantors held technical consultations ahead of the two-day fourth round of the Astana process, with the participation of the Director of the UN Mine Action Service Agnes Marcaillou. The SE de Mistura and Nawaf Uasfi Tel, Political Adviser to Jordan's Foreign Minister attended as observers, and the US was represented at a higher-level (for the first time) by US Assistant Secretary of State for Middle East Affairs Stuart Jones. - Despite the Syrian Opposition delegation suspended their participation in opposition to the ongoing bombardments across Syria, the three guarantors signed the Memorandum on the creation of de-escalation areas in Syria, setting up four "de-escalation zones" in Idlib, parts of Homs, Eastern Ghouta, and parts of Deraa and al-Quneitra provinces in southern Syria. The Syrian government welcomed the Russian initiative while the Opposition rejected Iran's involvement as a guarantor. - On May 5, Russia sought UN endorsement to the agreement reached in Astana, and circulated a draft resolution calling on member states to contribute to the implementation of the Memorandum on the creation of de-escalation zones in Syria. The resolution failed to pass for a vote on May 8, as western member states had reservations on the draft. - On May 6, Riad Seif was elected as the sixth president of the SOC, beating Khaled Khoja with 58 votes from the 102 member coalition. He would replace the current head Anas al-Abdeh, who was elected in March 2016. Also, Abdulrahman Mustafa and Salwa Ktaw were elected as vice presidents. - On May 8, the evacuation process of the government-besieged Damascus suburb of Barzeh began, around 1,022 people, including 568 rebels, headed towards Idlib and northern town of Jarablus near the Turkish borders; the second convoy of 700 rebels moved on May 12. While Walid al-Muallem, the Syrian Foreign Minister, rejected any international forces under UN supervision to monitor the de-escalation zones deal. Meanwhile, the White House approved providing arms to Kurdish fighters as support to their operation to retake al-Raqqa City, despite Turkey's strong opposition. - On May 16, the FFM's report confirmed the use of sulfur mustard in the attack on Aleppo on Sept. 16, 2016, and was made public. The report was raised to the UN Security Council on May 5. The FFM, also, confirmed in its report, regarding its investigation of the April 4 attack on Khan Shaykhun, the use of sarin-gas or a sarin-like substance. The FFM is only mandated for indicating whether chemical weapons were used, while the JIM is mandated to determine responsibility for the attacks. - While the US Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control sanctioned ten additional entities for providing support to the Syrian regime. - On May 16-19, the UN SE held the sixth round of the Intra-Syrian talks in Geneva, which ended without covering the four baskets of the agenda, only focusing on the constitutional issues. The SE shared a proposal with the parties to establish "a Technical Consultative Mechanism on Constitutional and Legal Issues;" the proposal would identify "options for the process of constitutional drafting, and for the conduct of a national conference/national dialogue, and identify for review specific options for ensuring a sound constitutional and legal basis for any framework agreed in Geneva embodying a package and including providing for credible, all-inclusive, non-sectarian governance," and that is through UN-facilitated expert-level meetings with both Syrian sides. - On May 18, while the EU Parliament adopted a resolution pertaining the EU Strategy on Syria, which the European Council for Foreign Affairs had passed on 3 April 2017; the US-led coalition's airstrikes destroyed a pro-Syrian regime convoy of the Iraqi Shi'ite militia of Kata'ib Imam Ali, that advanced along the Damascus-Baghdad Highway towards al-Tanf base (where the US, UK and Jordan train fighters of Jaysh Mughawir al-Thawra against IS in Eastern Syria). - On May 20-21, the evacuation of nearly 3000 people, some 700 fighters and their families, was completed from al-Waer district, the last opposition-held district in the province of Homs. According to Talal Barazi, Governor of Homs, more than 14,000 people had left al-Waer in several phases since the "reconciliation deal" began to be implemented in March. Among them were some 3,700 rebels, allowed to leave with their light weapons. Russia later deployed 50 to 150 Military Police into the district. - On May 22, the SE briefed the Security Council on the latest developments, and on the last round of the Intra-Syrian talks. He commended the Astana process for the reduction of violence in the agreed de-escalation areas, and urged its guarantors to finalize their agreement addressing the subjects of detainees, abductees and humanitarian demining. The SE asserted that the rounds' focus on legal and constitutional issues does not rule out "the principle of parallelism" in addressing the agenda, and that a new consultative process at a technical level was introduced to discuss relevant constitutional and legal matters. - On May 25, NATO leaders agreed in Brussels to become full members of the Global Coalition against ISIS; the organization would not engage in combat operations, but would provide air refueling to the Coalition's aircrafts, capacity building through the deployment of special forces to train local partners, and would establish an intelligence information cell to ensure information-sharing on foreign fighters. - On May 29, the final convoy of fighters and their families moved from the opposition-held besieged district of Barzeh in Damascus to Idlib Province; estimately more than 4000 fighters and civilians were evacuated from Barzeh and Eastern Ghouta under the Russian-brokered deal. - On May 30, the US delivered its first shipment of arms to the Kurdish-led SDF, which had advanced against IS in the eastern outskirts of al-Raqqa, seizing eight villages and taking control over the Ba'ath Dam. - On May 31, Russia's Grigorovich-Class Frigate Admiral Essen and Kilo-Class Submarine Krasnodar launched four cruise missiles targeting IS near Palmyra; it targetted arms depots of fighters relocating from al-Raqqa to Eastern Homs. Russia had notified the US, Turkey, and Israel of the strikes-On June 2, EU High Representative Federica Mogherini met with newly-elected President of the Syrian Opposition Council (SOC), Riad Seif, and Syrian Interim Government (SIG) Prime Minister, Jawad Abou Hatab, to discuss the political process and EU support for Syrian resilience. Both parties reiterated their commitment to the UN-led Geneva process. June 2017: -On June 4, pro-government forces gained control of Maskanah city, the last remaining ISIS stronghold in Aleppo governorate. The advances brought pro-government forces within 10 km of Raqqa's provincial border. -US-backed SDF captured a hydroelectric facility (Baath Dam) from ISIS militants, securing the final of three major dams along the Euphrates river. -On June 5, pro-government forces captured the areas of al-Alb, Bir Dahlon and Sharot Dahlon in Eastern Homs governorate, reportedly capturing over 6,000 sq km of ISIS-held territory. -On June 6, US-backed SDF announced the launch of the fifth phase of the campaign to capture Raqqa, ISIS' self-declared capital, with forces advancing from the north, east and west and the US-led Coalition supporting the offensive with air and artillery strikes. - The US-led Coalition conducted airstrikes against pro-government forces advancing near al- Tanf, a de-confliction zone in southeastern Syria. This marks the second strike in the area in less than a month, amid escalating tensions between the US and Iran-backed forces over control of Syria's southeastern frontier. - On June 8, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov met with the UNSE de Mistura in Moscow to discuss "the consolidation of the cessation of hostilities, the fight against terrorism, the continuation of the political settlement on the basis of UN Security Council Resolution 2254," according to the Russian Presidential Envoy for the Middle East and North Africa and Deputy Foreign Minister Mikhail Bogdanov. The consultations were held prior to the fifth round of the Astana Process, which was set to take place in June, but was later postponed till the month of July. -On June 9, during a press briefing in Geneva at the conclusion of a meeting of the humanitarian task force set up by the International Syria Support Group (ISSG), the SE declared that the time was not right to resume the UN-led intra-Syrian talks. -On June 13, the WFP delivered food to more than 80,000 displaced people in seven hard-to-reach areas in Raqqa and Deir Ezzor governorates in northern Syria, where regular deliveries of humanitarian assistance had been suspended for over three years. -On June 14, Chairman of the CoI, Paulo Pinheiro, expressed concern for the "staggering loss of civilian life" caused by US-led Coalition airstrikes as part of the Raqqa campaign, stating that airstrikes had led to the displacement of 160,000 civilians. He also stressed that the Astana agreement had led to a reduction in violence in just one of the four zones outlined in the memorandum. -On June 15, during a briefing to Council members, UN High Representative for Disarmament Affairs, Izumi Nakamitsu, noted that "some progress" had been made in the implementation of resolution 2118 (2013) on the elimination of chemical weapons in Syria. However, she highlighted the continued lack of safe access to two above-ground stationary facilities scheduled for destruction under OPCW supervision. -Pro-government forces targeted the opposition-held neighborhoods of Jobar and Eastern Ghouta in the first major attack since the announcement of four "de-escalation zones" at the Astana talks in May. Syrian Armed Forces seized the Arak gas field in the region of Badiya, which had been captured by IS since 2015; the SAF declared that it recaptured 20 percent of the Badiya region. -On June 16, the Office of the Special Envoy for Syria declared that it had facilitated a meeting of technical experts from three opposition groups: the High Negotiating Committee, the Cairo Platform and the Moscow Platform as part of a technical consultation process announced at the end of the sixth round of intra-Syrian talks. The meetings focused on the timeline and process for drafting a new constitution. -On June 17, the SE announced that the seventh round of intra-Syrian talks would begin in Geneva on July 10, with further rounds tentatively planned for August and September. -The Syrian government declared a 48-hour ceasefire in the southern city of Daraa. The agreement, reportedly brokered by Russia, the US and Jordan, comes after an escalation in violence between pro-government forces and AOGs in Daraa. -On June 18, US-led coalition forces shot down a piloted Syrian government aircraft in southern Raqqa province. According to the Coalition statement, the aircraft was downed after it displayed hostile intent and advanced on coalition forces. The Russian Ministry of Defense (MOD) released a statement following the incident claiming that the US shot down the Syrian jet while it was conducting an offensive against ISIS, and accusing the US of failing to use the "de-confliction channel". The MOD statement announced that Russia was cutting off participation in the de-confliction channel pending an investigation and that all kinds of airborne vehicles operating in combat mission zones west of the Euphrates River would be tracked by Russia as air targets. -Iran launched several ballistic missiles targeting ISIS positions in eastern Syria, reportedly carried out in retaliation for a terrorist attack in Tehran two weeks prior. This was Iran's first missile attack abroad in 15 years and its first in the Syrian conflict, representing an escalation of its role. -On June 19, the Syria Institute and PAX published the Sixth Quarterly Siege Watch Report, covering events from February to April 2017. -On June 20, an American fighter jet downed an "Iranian-made" armed drone in southern Syria after it "displayed hostile intent" when it approached coalition forces stationed at a base located in a de-escalation zone. It marked the second time in a month that the US had shot down an armed drone near Tanf camp. -On June 21, after opening a new front to the south of Raqqa, US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) came within several kilometers of fully encircling the city after having already surrounded Raqqa to the north, east and west. - Turkey deployed reinforcements to the towns of Azaz and Marea in northern Syria, held by turkey-backed Syrian opposition forces, in preparation of anticipated battles with its rival Kurdish forces. - French President Emmanuel Macron, contradicting previous French policy, that France sees "no legitimate successor" to Assad and no longer considers his departure as a precondition to resolve the ongoing conflict. On July 5, the president met with Riad Hijab, Head of the HNC, to reiterate France's support to the Syrian Opposition. -On June 22, Turkish and Russian troops were deployed to Syria's northern Idlib province as part of a de-escalation agreement brokered by Russia, Turkey and Iran in May. - WFP announced that the first aid convoy had reached 15000 civilians in the city of Qamishli by land route, since it had been inaccessible in 2015, and humanitarian aid was sent through air drops instead. -On June 24, the Syrian government released 672 detainees in a move it said was aimed at bolstering the reconciliation process. -On June 27, the SE briefed the Council on the situation in Syria, expressing his readiness to facilitate direct talks between the Syrian government and opposition either at a formal or technical level. -On June 28, OPCW-JIM published its sixth report updating the SC on the status of its review of two cases identified by the FFM concerning incidents reported in Umm Hawsh in Aleppo Governorate in September 2016 and Khan Shaykhun in Idlib Governorate on April 4, 2017. -On June 29, OCHA head Stephen O'brien briefed the Council on the humanitarian situation in Syria, noting that despite a reduction in violence in some areas of the country, humanitarian convoys remained unable to reach civilians in besieged and hard-to-reach places due to bureaucratic restrictions. O'brien also detailed the Secretary-General's monthly report on the situation in Syria, released June 23, that highlighted the Astana memorandum signed by Iran, Russia and Turkey in May and the escalation of anti-ISIS operations in Syria. -The OPCW released a report on progress in the elimination of the Syrian chemical weapons program, verifying the destruction of 25 of the 27 chemical weapons production facilities previously declared by the Syrian government. However, the OPCW continues to express consideration that the initial declaration was incomplete. July 2017: -On July 1, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) launched a strike against pro-government positions near al-Baath in Quneitra governorate in response to two stray artillery shells fired from Syria that landed in the Golan Heights. This is the fifth Israeli strike on pro-government positions near the area of al-Baath within a week. -On July 3, the UNSC appointed Catherine Marchi-Uhel to head the International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism, the UN legal team tasked with collecting and preserving evidence of the most serious crimes committed in Syria since 2011 to be used by national courts or an international tribunal. The Mechanism was established by the General Assembly on December 21, 2016 despite fierce resistance from Russia, which had previously used its veto status to block criminal investigations into the conflict. -The Syrian Army announced the suspension of all combat operations in the southern governorates of Daraa, Suweida and Quneitra for four days ahead of upcoming peace talks in Astana, Kazakhstan. It is the second unilateral ceasefire by the Syrian Army; it had announced a ceasefire in Daraa along the border with Israel on June 17. -On July 4-5, the fifth round of Astana talks co-sponsored by Russia, Iran and Turkey, convened in the Kazakh capital. The talks failed to finalize details on the boundaries and monitoring mechanisms of the four safe zones agreed to during the fourth round of Astana talks in May. In a joint statement, the guarantors welcomed the establishment of an expert-level joint working group tasked with finalizing the operational and technical parameters of the de-escalation zones, and scheduled the next Joint Working Group meeting in Tehran, on August 1-2. -On July 6, Edmond Mulet, head of the three-member leadership panel of the OPCW-JIM briefed Security Council members on the June 28 report of its investigations into the culpability for chemical attacks in Syria and urged the international community to allow the Mechanism to conduct its work in an independent and impartial manner. -On July 7, the United States, Russia and Jordan reached a ceasefire and "de-escalation" agreement for southwestern Syria to take effect July 9. The specificities of an enforcement mechanism and the precise boundaries of the ceasefire zone. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that the ceasefire would cover the areas of Daraa, al-Suweida and Quneitra governorates without providing exact boundaries. The ceasefire agreement in southwestern Syria is separate from the Astana memorandum, and was reached during the meeting between US President Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin on the sidelines of the G20 Summit in Hamburg. The SG welcomed the ceasefire announcement, calling it a significant step towards reducing violence and humanitarian access in Syria; while Israel voiced its objections on the deal. -On July 10, the seventh round of UN-led intra-Syrian talks convened in Geneva. The UN-sponsored talks were scheduled to focus on four points: drafting a new constitution, combating terrorism, governance and elections. Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov expressed hope that the talks would help solidify de-escalation zones created through the Astana process. The SE stated that de-escalation zones can be beneficial but must only be interim measure to avoid the partition of Syria. The Geneva talks ended July 14 with no apparent progress. Representatives of the HNC accused the Syrian government of refusing to enter into serious negotiations. The SE noted that there had been "no breakthrough, no breakdown" during the talks and expressed hope that recent international momentum would push the parties face-to-face for substantive discussions. -On July 11, SOHR reported that it had "confirmed information" that ISIS leader Abu Bakr al- Baghdadi had been killed in the eastern province of Deir Ezzor. US-led Coalition Spokesperson Colonel Ryan Dillon could not confirm the report, nor could various media sources or Iraqi or Kurdish officials. -On July 12, following the opening of a land route connecting Aleppo to Hasakah governorate, WFP announced that it had successfully delivered food aid to two locations in the Raqqa governorate for the first time in three years. -On July 13, Brett McGurk, US Special Envoy for the Global Coalition fighting ISIS, revealed that Russia had expressed willingness to deploy military police to monitor compliance and prevent violations of the recently implemented ceasefire in southwestern Syria. -On July 14, Russia's parliament approved an agreement between Russian and Syrian officials that provides for the long-term deployment of Russian aircraft and personnel to Syria. Defense Minister Nikolay Pankov said the deal will help legalize Russia's military activities in Syria "within an international framework". -France proposed the creation of a contact group comprised of permanent members of the UN Security Council and regional actors to support UN efforts to formulate a political road map after the conflict ends. -On July 17, the EU added 16 scientists and military officials to the list of those targeted by sanctions against the Syrian regime due to their suspected involvement in a chemical attack against civilians in April. - The Syrian army, backed by Iranian-militias managed to seize oil fields of Wahab, al Fahd, Dbaysan, al-Qseer, Abu al Qatat and Abu Qatash and several other villages in the southwest of Raqqa province, while Russian strikes targeted the town of Sukhna, the gateway to Deir ez-zour. - The Turkish state-run Andalou Agency exposed ten US military locations in northern Syria, giving exact numbers of US and French special forces stationed there. The US-led Coalition against ISIS condemned Turkey for "leaking sensitive military information shared between two allies." -On July 19, it was made public that President Donald Trump ended a covert CIA program that provided arms and training to Syrian rebel groups. The program was a central feature of the Obama Administration's policy in Syria. -On July 20, 150 fighters from the Turkey-backed Euphrates Shield operation had crossed from Turkey through Bab alhawa to support Ahrar al-Sham in its fight against Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), dominated by the Fateh al-Sham faction formerly known as Jabhat al-Nusra, in Idlib. -On July 21, the SG submitted to the Security Council the forty first report on the humanitarian situation in Syria for the period from 1 to 30 June 2017, highlighting the approximately 20,000 people displaced across northeast Syria in June due to the Raqqa offensive. According to the report, the Syrian government removed medical supplies sufficient for more than 84,000 treatments. -Hezbollah and the Syrian Army launched a joint offensive against militant groups in the town of Arsal and the western Qalamoun mountain range along the Lebanon-Syrian border, an area purported to hold over 3,000 militants, including al-Qaeda-linked insurgents and members of ISIS. -On July 24, 14 heads of mission in Geneva signed a letter addressed to Security Council President, Chinese Ambassador Liu Jieyi, raising "serious concerns" about the implementation of seven Security Council resolutions on humanitarian access and urging Liu to raise the issue at the upcoming Council meeting. The signatories include the United States, Saudi Arabia, Britain, France Turkey, Qatar, Japan, Australia, the European Union, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, Canada and Italy. -General Sergei Rudskoi, chief of the Russian General Staff, announced the deployment of Russian military police to monitor compliance after a ceasefire, mediated by the Egyptian government, was declared in the Eastern Ghouta area of Damascus on July 22. Despite the reported ceasefire, part of the four proposed "de-escalation zones" outlined in the Astana memorandum, Syrian government forces continued to attack several towns in Eastern Ghouta. -On July 26, fighting on the Syrian-Lebanese border near the town of Arsal halted after a ceasefire agreement was reached between Hezbollah and HTS. The cessation of hostilities ended a six-day campaign to drive al-Qaeda-linked militants from the border region, which is also home to tens of thousands of refugees. The agreement included the evacuation of some 1000 HTS fighters, along with more than 6000 Syrians (in nearby refugee camps) from the Lebanese border town of Arsal to rebel-controlled Idlib province, as well as exchange of prisoners between Hezboallah, HTS and the Lebanese Armed Forces, which later took place on August 1. -On July 27, Ursula Mueller, Assistant Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Deputy Emergency Relief Coordinator in the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, briefed Council members on the humanitarian situation in Syria, noting that despite reduced violence, there had not been a noticeable increase in areas reached for aid delivery. -The Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates addressed two letters to the UNSG and the Security Council calling for immediate action in the militant-besieged towns of Kefraya and al-Foua. -The US-led coalition fighting ISIS told its local Syrian allies that they must exclusively fight ISIS, a directive that prompted Shohada al-Quartyan to depart a joint coalition base in Southern Syria to carry out independent operations against Syrian regime forces. -On July 28, the OPCW released its monthly report, noting that the security situation now allows safe access to confirm the condition of the final two above-ground facilities with planning underway to verify their destruction. -On July 30, for the first time in five years, UN aid was delivered to almost 7,2000 people in besieged al-Nashabiye located in Eastern Ghouta, a rebel-held area on the outskirts of Damascus. August 2017: -On August 2, the evacuation of at least 7,000 people, including al-Qaeda-linked fighters and refugees, from Lebanese border enclave of Arsal for rebel-controlled Idlib province commenced. The transfer agreement, the largest formal repatriation of refugees to Syria since 2011, was carried out without the involvement of aid groups generating concern about the welfare of the refugees. -On August 3, the Russian Ministry of Defense announced a ceasefire in northern Homs and southern Hama, in what is being billed as the third of four planned ceasefires agreed to under the Astana memorandum. Russia deployed police military to several checkpoints in northern Homs, later on August 4. Opposition groups called for a guarantor role for Turkey. According to SOHR, the ceasefire, which covered territory populated by more than 147,000 people, held for the first 10 hours before experiencing repeated violations by pro-government and rebel forces. -The Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Syria of the Human Rights Council (CoI) called on the international community to recognize the crime of genocide being committed against the Yazidis in Iraq. -On August 8, experts from the guarantor states met in Tehran to discuss ways to strengthen the de-escalation zones and determine the agenda for the upcoming sixth round of Astana talks. -On August 8-11, twenty-four FSA-affiliated groups formed new group "Liwa Tahrir Deir ez- Zour" to liberate the province of Deir ez-Zour from IS; the new faction welcomed any cooperation with local and international parties, ruling out the SDF. -On August 9, OCHA expressed concern about the safety and protection of an estimated 10,000- 25,000 people trapped inside Raqqa without access to safe drinking water for 48 days. Due to the fighting on the ground, the UN has currently no access to Raqqa city. - Russian Permanent Representative to the UN Vasily Nebenzya briefed the Security Council on the progress of establishing de-escalated zones in Syria, behind closed doors, and called on the UN to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance in those areas. -On August 10, SDF US-backed forces encircled ISIS militants in central Raqqa, effectively cutting off ISIS' last remaining route to the Euphrates. -On August 12, the Syrian government captured al-Sukhna, the final ISIS stronghold in Homs governorate, as part of its multi-pronged campaign to take eastern Syria. The recent gains position the pro-government coalition 50 km (30 miles) away from Deir ez-Zour province, the last major ISIS foothold in Syria. -On August 14, approximately 300 FSA-affiliated Saraya Ahl al-Sham fighters and 3,000 refugees began evacuating the Lebanese border town of Arsal as part of a repatriation agreement brokered in early August between Lebanese and Syrian officials. Lebanon's Maj. Gen. Abbas Ibrahim, who is overseeing the transfer, said that civilians will head to the government held area of Assal al-Ward. The rebel fighters and their families are destined for the rebel-held town of al- Ruhaiba in the Eastern Qalamoun region where, according to Hezbollah's Al-Manar TV, they have been granted amnesty by the Syrian government. Their departure leaves the Islamic State as the last militant force straddling the border near Arsal. -Nearly 50,000 people remain stranded on the Jordanian border, in an area known as the berm, and are facing an increasing scarcity of food, healthcare and other basic services. The UN stressed that it will continue to support Jordanian authorities in the protection of affected Syrians. -On August 17, the UNSC adopted a presidential statement, read by Council President for August and Ambassador of Nigeria, Joy Ogwu, in support of a political transition process in Syria in accordance with the principles of the Geneva Communique. The adoption of the text signals, for the first time in two years, the consensus of the Council and its five permanent members on the need to establish a transitional government. -On August 17-20, Damascus hosted the 59th International Trade Fair, for the first time since 2011, and involved hundreds of delegations and private companies from at least forty-three states including Russia, Iran, China, and Egypt. -On August 20, President Assad announced in a speech before Syrian diplomats that Syria would not work with any Western nations until they ended their support for opposition and insurgent groups. -On August 21, UN experts launched an investigation into purported weapons deals between Syria and North Korea after two shipments to a Syrian government agency responsible for its chemical weapons program, the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center (SSRC), were intercepted. -Saudi-based High Negotiations Committee (HNC) met with delegations from the moderate Cairo and Moscow camps in Riyadh in an effort to establish a unified front for upcoming peace talks. Despite pressure from international allies calling for a more pragmatic approach, the HNC refused to accept a transition scenario in which Assad retained power. -On August 22, the next round of Astana talks was pushed back from late August to mid- September to allow the guarantor states to hold a technical meeting to set the meeting agenda. -On 23 August, a joint monitoring center was established in Amman for the southwestern de-escalation zone, which is located in the provinces of Daraa and Quneitra. The center is tasked with ensuring ceasefire compliance, ensuring humanitarian access and other forms of civilian assistance. -On August 24, the UN called for a humanitarian pause in US-led Coalition airstrikes on Raqqa to permit civilians to leave the city. This comes after the release of an Amnesty International report calling for greater protection efforts for the estimated 20,000 remaining civilians in Raqqa. -On August 25, the Russian army announced that it had dismantled the two remaining Syrian chemical weapons facilities targeted for destruction by OPCW. The OPCW has not confirmed the Russian report. -On August 28, hundreds of ISIS fighters and their families were evacuated from the Lebanese- Syrian border to militant-held eastern Syria following simultaneous Lebanese army and Hezbollah campaigns against ISIS positions. The transfer marks the first time ISIS agreed to a forced evacuation from territory it held in Syria. - The Secretary-General presented his monthly report on the situation in Syria, highlighting the recent efforts to reduce violence through de-escalation agreements and expressing hope that the Astana guarantors will reach an agreement on the finalization of operational and technical modalities for all de-escalation areas. -On August 30, Special Envoy Staffan de Mistura briefed the Security Council on the political path forward which includes a new round of Astana and Geneva talks. The SE highlighted the important role Syrian opposition allies stand to play in fostering cohesion and unity among the AOGs. - In his final address to the Council after two years as Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, Stephen O'Brien appealed to members of the Council to take action to end the civil war in the name of common humanity, calling for a referral to the International Criminal Court. -On August 31, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, stressed that the protection and assistance of citizens must take priority before defeating the Islamic State, citing reports of heavy civilian casualties in Raqqa as evidence of the threat the remaining 20,000 civilians face. -US airstrikes stalled a convoy of 300 ISIS fighters and their families in a government-controlled part of the Syrian desert in an effort to prevent their advancement into ISIS-held territory near the Iraqi border. The convoy was traveling from the Syrian-Lebanese border to Syria's eastern province as part of an evacuation deal brokered between ISIS, Hezbollah and the Syrian Army. -Pro-government forces captured strategic al-Bishri mountain overlooking ISIS-controlled Deir Ezzor province, bringing government coalition forces within close range of ISIS positions. September 2017: On September 1, French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian rejected a role for Assad in a political transition in Syria. -The Syrian Islamic Council called for Syria's AOGs to end their fragmentation and unite as one armed body under the Ministry of Defense in the Syrian Interim Government. Ahrar al-Sham, Failaq al-Sham, Liwa Ansar al-Sunnah and Jabha al-Shamiya supported the initiative. -SDF spokesperson, Jihan Ahmad, announced that the SDF had gained control over an estimated 65 percent of Raqqa city after capturing the Old City, the Great Mosque and al-Dariya neighborhood. SOHR reported that the SDF were still fighting to gain control over pockets of the Old City but added that the US-backed opposition forces held more than 90 percent of the surrounding area. -On September 2, Russian Aerospace Forces reported they had destroyed a convoy of 12 ISIS trucks carrying ammunition and weapons in Deir Ezzor province. -It was made public that the British Ministry of Defense had quietly halted its FSA training program and called back its training forces from Syria in late June 2017. -On September 3, pro-government coalition forces gained control of the remaining ISIS stronghold in Hama Governorate after capturing the town of Uqayribat and its surrounding areas. -On September 4, Syrian Interim Government Prime Minister Jawad Abu Hatab was appointed interim Defense Minister as part of a unification initiative launched by the Syrian Islamic Council in early September. Free Syrian Army factions formed a committee to select a Chief of Staff in consultation with the Prime Minister. -On September 5, the Secretary-General submitted the OPCW's forty seventh monthly report on the progress to eliminate chemical weapons in Syria to the Security Council. The report highlighted the preparations underway to confirm the status of the two remaining stationary above-ground facilities now that the security situation allows safe access and the upcoming high- level consultations with Syrian Deputy Foreign Minister, Dr. Faisal Mekdad, to clarify outstanding issues regarding the Syrian government's initial declaration. -Pro-government coalition forces reached the western perimeter of Deir Ezzor city, breaking a three-year ISIS siege of the government-held areas that had impacted 93,500 people. In support of the offensive, a Russian warship located in the Mediterranean Sea launched cruise missiles at ISIS positions near Deir Ezzor. -On September 6, SE Mistura said he expects a national ceasefire to follow shortly after ISIS has been pushed from its strongholds in Raqqa and Deir Ezzor. Although he stressed that the government "cannot announce victory", he called on opposition forces to accept defeat and focus on winning the peace through negotiations in October. -The UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria released a report on the major human rights and humanitarian law violations committed between March and July 2017. The Commission accused the Syrian government of using sarin gas in the April 4 Khan Sheikhoun attack and found US forces culpable of not taking "all feasible precautions" to protect civilians in the March 16 attack on al-Jinah Mosque. -According to Russian Foreign Minister, Sergey Lavrov, experts from Russia, Iran and Turkey made progress towards an agreement "on the parameters, configuration and methods of ensuring security in the de-escalation zone in the Idlib province" in Syria. -On September 7, Israel conducted airstrikes on the Scientific Studies and Research Center, a facility believed to house a chemical weapons manufacturing center, and a military base storing surface-to-surface missiles near government-stronghold Masyaf in Hama province. The Syrian Foreign Ministry called on the Security Council to denounce the airstrikes. -US-led coalition forces fighting ISIS announced that airstrikes had killed two ISIS leaders near Mayadin in the Deir Ezzor province on September 4, 2017. -The Head of the High Negotiations Committee, Riyad Hijab, rejected the SE Mistura's call for the opposition to accept defeat, declaring the UN mediation process a failure and calling on Syrians to demonstrate in support of the continuation of the revolution. On September 8, a convoy of 42 trucks carrying humanitarian aid for 80,000 people reached Deir Ezzor for the first time by land in three years. -US-led coalition surveillance aircraft departed its position monitoring an 11-bus convoy of ISIS fighters and their families after attempting to prevent its advance into ISIS-held territory in Deir Ezzor since August 29. The surveillance aircraft departed the airspace at the request of Russian military officials who were conducting an operation with pro-government forces close to the convoy's position. -The Syrian National Coalition (NCSRF) condemned calls from "regional and external parties" for Western-backed opposition groups Ahmed Al-Abdu and Ussoud Al-Sharqiya to cease fighting government forces in southeastern Syria and withdraw to Jordan. Both groups refused the request. -On September 9, pro-government forces broke a years-long siege of Deir Ezzor airbase and captured the Damascus-Deir Ezzor highway from ISIS. -SDF launched Operation Jazeera Storm to liberate Deir Ezzor province from ISIS. -On September 10, SDF reached the industrial zone to the east of Deir Ezzor city putting the US-backed coalition within 15 km (10 miles) of pro-government forces positioned to the west of the Euphrates river. -On September 11, the Jordanian Foreign Minister, Ayman Safadi, and Russian Foreign Minister, Sergey Lavrov, declared the ceasefire brokered by Jordan, Russia and the United States in the southern Syrian provinces of Daraa, Quneitra and Suweida on July 9 a success and reiterated their commitment to the establishment a de-escalation zone in the area as a step towards achieving a comprehensive cessation of hostilities and a political solution to the crisis. On September 12, pro-government coalition forces continued their push into ISIS-held territory in Deir Ezzor city. Russia and Syria warplanes conduct heavy bombardment in support, killing an estimated 69 people over the course of 72 hours. -Hezbollah leader, Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, declared the war in Syria over, referring to the remaining fighting as "scattered battles". -ISIS defectors have massed in Syria's Idlib province with many planning to cross into Turkey before continuing to other parts of the Middle East, North Africa and Europe. -Iran and Syria sign a memorandum of understanding on cooperation in Syria's electricity sector. The arrangement, part of a series of bilateral deals formalizing Iran's role in Syria's reconstruction process, provides for the establishment of a new power generation station in Latakia and the rehabilitation of gas units and power generating plants in Damascus, Aleppo, Deir Ezzo and Homs. -On September 13, the remaining buses of the convoy of ISIS fighters and their families stranded for over two weeks in the Syrian desert reportedly reached Mayadin, in militant-held Deir Ezzor province, following the withdrawal of US surveillance aircraft on September 8 in respect of de-confliction arrangements with Russia. -The Russian Defense Ministry claimed that pro-government coalition forces controlled 85 percent of Syrian territory. SOHR disputed the claim, saying government forces held 48 percent of Syria. -Experts from Russia, Iran and Turkey met ahead of the sixth round of talks in Astana, Kazakhstan to "lay the groundwork" for negotiations on the establishment of de-escalation zone in Idlib province. -On September 14, Col. Ryan Dillon, spokesperson for the US-led coalition fighting ISIS, said SDF forces will not enter Deir Ezzor city, and will instead focus operations on areas south of the city along the Euphrates river. He also said US-backed SDF was in control of 63 percent of Raqqa city. -On September 15, Ahmad Abu Khawla, commander of the SDF-affiliated Deir Ezzor Military Council, declared that it will not allow government forces to cross to the eastern banks of the Euphrates river. -Representatives from Russia, Iran and Turkey reached an agreement on the delineation and monitoring mechanism for the implementation of a de-escalation zone in Idlib province and agreed to position observers in "safe zones". Russia circulated a draft resolution among the permanent members of the Council to welcome the outcome of the Astana talks. -On September 16, the SDF and US Coalition officials accused pro-government forces of attacking one of their positions in the industrial zone east of Deir Ezzor city, injuring 6 SDF fighters. According to US Coalition sources, Russia conducted the airstrike after the United States had denied its request to target the area. Russian Defense Ministry spokesperson Maj. Gen. Igor Konashenkov rejected the allegations, saying warplanes carried out "pinpoint strikes only on Islamic State targets that have been observed and confirmed through several channels." -High-level consultations commenced between the Syrian government and the OPCW aimed at clarifying all outstanding issues regarding Syria's initial declaration of its chemical weapons facilities. -On September 17, a convoy of 80 Turkish military vehicles deployed to Turkey's southern border, close to the Bab Al-Hawa and Rihaniyah crossings with Syria's Idlib Governorate, ahead of the implementation of a de-escalation zone agreement brokered at the recent Astana talks. -On September 18, pro-government coalition forces crossed to the eastern bank of the Euphrates river to within five kilometers of SDF positions. In the first sign of direct contact between the SDF and the pro-government forces, US-led coalition spokesperson Col. Ryan Dillon said "open lines" of communication were being maintained to prevent clashes between the two forces as they converge on ISIS positions. -After capturing the Deir Ezzor Military Airporst from ISIS fighters, pro-government forces began operating combat and supply missions from the airport. -The World Food Programme (WFP) reached formerly besieged parts of Deir Ezzor city by land for the first time since May 2014. WFP has discontinued its high-altitude airdrop operations in favor of road deliveries which will allow for more affordable, sustainable humanitarian access. -In a meeting on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly, Members of the "Friends of Syria" Group agreed they will not support reconstruction in Syria until there is a political transition "away from Assad." -During its 36th session, the Human Rights Council held an interactive dialogue with the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Syria to discuss the continued targeting of civilians and the use of chemical weapons in the conflict, appealing to all parties to redouble their efforts to protect civilians and preserve civilian infrastructure. -On September 19, AOGs led by Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS), the Turkistan Islamic Party and Free Syrian Army affiliates launched an offensive against pro-government forces in northern Hama province in an effort to dismantle the de-escalation zone agreement on Idlib province brokered at the recent Astana talks. The offensive sparked intense Russian and Syrian bombardment of opposition-held territory in Hama and Idlib Governorates. Syrian government forces claimed the airstrikes targeted "terrorist supply lines" but SOHR alleged the strikes hit hospitals and towns, killing civilians. -The Syrian government asserted it will not accept Turkish forces on Syrian soil, effectively contradicting
AMÉRICA LATINA Extraditaron al ex dictador Noriega a Panamá.Para más información: http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/11/9363044-noriega-returns-to-panama-a-largely-forgotten-man http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/11/world/americas/panama-noriega extradition/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8 http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/11/9363044-noriega-returns-to-panama-a-largely-forgotten-man http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/11/actualidad/1323622374_869378.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/5F8EF8AB-4C15-4B2A-85E1-196B75695E82.htm?id={5F8EF8AB-4C15-4B2A-85E1-196B75695E82} http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/noriega-llega-a-panam_10909712-4 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-noriega-panama-20111212,0,5355654.story Críticas y presiones tras el cambio de gabinete en Perú.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/americas/panamas-bursts-of-growth-have-yet-to-banish-old-ghosts.html?ref=world&gwh=AF023A30F1B4990E0836A0102C796FFE http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/11/actualidad/1323561684_943905.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432203-criticas-y-presiones-tras-el-cambio-de-gabinete-en-peru http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/primer-ministro-peruano-afirma-que-nuevo-gabinete-ser-tcnico_10910178-4Chile lidera la reacción de América Latina a la crisis de la deuda europea.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/11/actualidad/1323635144_142067.htmlEstados Unidos busca explotar nueva zona de petróleo en Golfo de México.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2011/12/13/une-nouvelle-exploitation-de-petrole-dans-le-golfe-du-mexique_1618164_3222.html http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/815996.htmlTerremoto de 6,5 grados de magnitud deja tres muertos en México.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/temblor-en-mxico_10909092-4El candidato a la presidencia de México afirma que el PRI "confía en su fortaleza".Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/10/actualidad/1323540576_290724.htmlEscasez de alimentos preocupa al gobierno venezolano.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/americas/venezuela-food-shortages/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8México: 60.000 muertos en la lucha contra los narcos.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432490-mexico-60000-muertos-en-la-lucha-contra-los-narcosCristina Fernández comienza su segundo mandato con el control de ambas cámaras del Parlamento.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/10/actualidad/1323516520_811577.html Detenido uno de los fundadores del cartel mexicano de Los Zetas.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/americas/mexico-trafficker-arrested/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/13/actualidad/1323746142_900607.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432492-cae-uno-de-los-fundadores-del-cartel-de-los-zetasPesadilla de la corrupción le quita el sueño a la presidenta Roussef.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/la-pesadilla-de-la-corrupcin-le-quita-el-sueo-a-dilma-rousseff_10909060-4Chávez lanza nuevos planes sociales.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14265242.htm"El País" de Madrid entrevista al vicepresidente del Banco Mundial: "Latinoamérica está mejor preparada para la crisis".Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/global/Latinoamerica/mejor/preparada/crisis/elpepueconeg/20111211elpnegeco_5/TesAmérica Latina debate sobre el desarrollo de la minería.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/la-minera-prende-a-amrica-latina_10909038-4ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁMiles de indignados llevan su protesta a los puertos de la costa oeste de Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/13/actualidad/1323762246_208474.htmlCanadá abandonó Protocolo de Kioto para no pagar multas por emisiones.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/12/world/americas/canada-climate-kyoto/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/canada/canad-abandon-protocolo-de-kioto-para-no-pagar-multas-por-emisiones_10912104-4 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/815994.html http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14265242.htmPaul Krugman analiza: "La depresión y el fantasma del autoritarismo".Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/opinion/krugman-depression-and-democracy.html?_r=1&ref=paulkrugmanEstados Unidos completará su retiro de Irak antes del 31 de diciembre.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/ee-uu-completar-retiro-de-irak-antes-del-31-de-diciembre_10910080-4 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432699-el-costo-de-nueve-anos-de-guerra-en-irakObama: "El futuro de Irak quedará en manos de su pueblo".Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432660-obama-el-futuro-de-irak-quedara-en-manos-de-su-puebloNueva ley en Estados Unidos cambiaría sistema de petición de visas de trabajo.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/nueva-ley-en-eeuu-cambiaria-sistema-de-peticion-de-visas-de-trabajo_10913030-4El número de entradas ilegales a Estados Unidos desde México roza mínimos históricos.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/13/actualidad/1323799532_169608.htmlPresidente Obama exige a Irán la devolución de avión espía. Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/4EFB23E4-A477-4588-8733-69E2221815F0.htm?id={4EFB23E4-A477-4588-8733-69E2221815F0}Estados Unidos espera invertir en Sudan del Sur. Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14261941.htmEUROPAEl multimillonario ruso Mijaíl Prójorov retará a Putin en las presidenciales.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/europe/russian-journalists-at-kommersant-vlast-axed-after-tough-election-coverage.html?ref=world&gwh=778A176A272EB2F0EA548E9B51433ECE http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/B9B15DCF-213C-4899-B7AF-C1B1E4BDE5C0.htm?id={B9B15DCF-213C-4899-B7AF-C1B1E4BDE5C0} http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323699013_824507.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-russia-prokhorov-20111213,0,2354878.story http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/12/world/europe/russia-protests/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9Crisis en Rusia: renunció el presidente de la Duma aliado de Putin.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432604-crisis-en-rusia-renuncio-el-presidente-de-la-duma-aliado-de-putinSerbia debe elegir entre Kosovo y Europa.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14263132.htmSuman cinco muertos y 122 heridos tras ataque en Bélgica.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16172662 http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/13/9412808-man-kills-4-injures-122-in-grenade-gun-attack-in-belgium http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/europe/deadly-grenade-attack-reported-in-belgium.html?ref=world&gwh=AF8038F9380EF1DFF959B73F8929A65A http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14260452.htm http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/europe/belgium-attack/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2011/12/14/fusillade-de-liege-la-police-decouvre-le-corps-d-une-femme-chez-le-tireur_1618169_3214.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-belgium-gunman-20111214,0,7775911.story"El Tiempo" de Colombia analiza: "Europa y el futuro del esquema de bloques económicos".Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/europa-y-el-futuro-del-esquema-de-bloques-economicos_10912006-4Los mercados dudan de la nueva Europa y la castigan.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432247-cont-los-mercados-dudan-de-la-nueva-europa http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/reino-unido-se-queda-solo-en-rechazo-al-pacto-europeo-contra-la-crisis_10906912-4Gran Bretaña no se adhiere al nuevo pacto fiscal europeo.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne/2011/12/britain-and-eu-summit http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/_portada/noticias/FBF039D8-EA83-4C9B-98E2-2B0680700EE8.htm?id={FBF039D8-EA83-4C9B-98E2-2B0680700EE8} http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323675950_054837.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/10/actualidad/1323544802_420902.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/europe/european-commission-chief-assails-david-cameron-over-treaty-veto.html?ref=world&gwh=1167F9985D321BADD60B8B6E6355918B http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-euro-cameron-20111213,0,1921346.storyCameron, blanco de las críticas de la Unión Europea.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16156183 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/crisis-de-la-unin-europea_10910254-4 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/D3D539E0-F048-45A8-8C9A-6F81D5C4B3DC.htm?id={D3D539E0-F048-45A8-8C9A-6F81D5C4B3DC} http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/13/actualidad/1323771680_642075.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432528-cameron-blanco-de-las-criticas-de-la-ueMerkel busca apoyo en una dividida Alemania.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432529-merkel-busca-apoyo-en-una-dividida-alemaniaLos socialistas franceses rechazan el triunfalismo de Sarkozy sobre la Unión Europea.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323714608_914172.html Extremista asesina a dos inmigrantes en Italia.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/815830.htmlLos ajustes en Italia desatan la primera oleada de huelgas contra Monti.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432310-italia-sin-la-mayoria-de-sus-diarios-por-la-primera-huelga-contra-monti http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323720597_254400.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/europe/mario-monti-revises-italian-budget-measures.html?ref=world&gwh=5072BC37391FF88705D94F965380E1FCFondo Monetario Internacional insta a Grecia a implementar más medidas de austeridad.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/europe/greece-imf-official-urges-more-austerity.html?ref=world&gwh=61B9F47EAE34F52CFC7D95F34FDF734D http://www.lemonde.fr/crise-financiere/article/2011/12/13/le-fmi-exclut-un-nouveau-pret-a-la-grece-pour-le-moment_1618153_1581613.htmlASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEVan 5.000 muertos y 14.000 presos en Siria, según la ONU.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16166616 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/nueva-jornada-de-protestas-en-siria-deja-5000-muertos_10911588-4 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/D8BA1151-2162-40FB-81BC-789A29E975DD.htm?id={D8BA1151-2162-40FB-81BC-789A29E975DD} http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/middleeast/more-than-30-are-killed-across-syria.html?ref=world&gwh=D64953B18A55C739219C0D1070A37ABFLa oposición siria reta a El Asad con una huelga durante las municipales.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323692072_130661.htmlYemen captura factores claves de Al Qaeda en su región.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/meast/yemen-al-qaeda-captures/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Sismo de 6,1 grados sacudió la isla de Célebes, en norte de Indonesia.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/sismo-de-61-grados-sacudi-la-isla-de-clebes-en-norte-de-indonesia_10912145-4El partido de Aung San Suu Kyi podrá participar a las elecciones de Myanmar.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/29/actualidad/1319901028_878586.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/asia/myanmar-nld-suu-kyi/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7Primer Ministro iraquí llama a las inversiones estadounidenses.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16172886India: fuerte movilización del tercer sector contra la corrupción.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16172942Irak deja en suspenso la ejecución de Tarek Aziz, hombre clave de SadamPara más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/08/actualidad/1323346790_008893.htmlAtentado a chiitas deja decenas de muertos en Afganistán. Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghanistan-bombings-20111207,0,4701392.story http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/asia/us-plans-afghan-shift-to-lessen-nato-combat-role.html?ref=world&gwh=D238C2401FC31B490223BD6AF9A8DB7CFilipinas arresta a ex oficial acusado de fraude electoral.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/asia/philippines-arrests-former-official-accused-of-election-fraud.html?ref=world&gwh=2B33D15E3777B039F6868A7DF5A8EBC3Cinco galardonados lanzan una campaña por la liberación del disidente chino Liu Xiaobo.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/13/actualidad/1323795246_365163.htmlhttp://behindthewall.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/13/9422733-chinese-artists-portraits-of-corruptionDesempleo en Corea del Sur cayó un 2.9%.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14265253.htmKuwait: un nuevo gobierno con pocas propuestas de cambios.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/12/13/koweit-un-nouveau-gouvernement-sans-grand-changement_1618161_3218.html Irak quiere actuar como intermediario en crisis siria.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/12/13/l-irak-veut-jouer-les-intermediaires-dans-la-crise-syrienne_1618162_3218.htmlÁFRICAViolencia en las elecciones de Congo.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21541447 http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/10/9355085-congo-election-spurs-violence-at-home-in-londonTúnez: defensor de derechos humanos fue elegido presidente.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323718658_453258.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/E245DC1E-56BA-402E-B4BF-A4D2AD20533F.htm?id={E245DC1E-56BA-402E-B4BF-A4D2AD20533F} http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/meast/tunisia-president/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Egipcios comienzan a votar en segunda fase de elecciones legislativas.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/12/13/egypte-20-000-prisonniers-politiques-liberes-depuis-fevrier_1618146_3212.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16172151 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/segunda-fase-de-elecciones-legislativas-en-egipto_10913505-4 http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2011/12/14/reprise-des-operations-de-vote-dans-un-tiers-de-l-egypte_1618190_3210.htmlEgipto: crece la tensión entre militares y la Hermandad Musulmana. Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/08/world/africa/egypt-elections/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/opinion/elgindy-egypt-elections/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10 http://sn118w.snt118.mail.live.com/default.aspx#!/mail/InboxLight.aspx?n=516954200!fid=1&fav=1&n=838886258&cv=1 Alarmantes índices de mortalidad en África central.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/12/13/en-centrafrique-un-taux-de-mortalite-au-dessus-du-seuil-d-urgence_1618140_3212.htmlOTRAS NOTICIAS"El manifestante" es el personaje del año de la revista Time.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432640-el-manifestante-es-el-personaje-del-ano-de-la-revista-timeLogran salvar la cumbre mundial de cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/12/climate-change-0 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1431898-logran-salvar-la-cumbre-mundial-de-cambio-climatico http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/cumbre-climtica-pospone-decisin-clave-para-el-2015_10909914-477 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/cumbre-de-durban-sobre-cambio-climtico_10908365-4 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-climate-change-20111204,0,7204452.story http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/11/world/south-africa-climate-pact/index.html?hpt=wo_bn1 Fuerte terremoto en Papúa Nueva Guinea.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432601-fuerte-terremoto-en-papua-nueva-guinea"El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21541465
AMÉRICA LATINA Humala purga la policía peruana.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/americas/peru-leader-ousts-30-police-generals.html?ref=world&gwh=B1F69D68FFBE75A88F22A758A766B306 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15250508 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/11/world/americas/peru-police-purge/index.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318322947_647673.htmlCentroamérica intenta unirse para luchar contra la violencia sin freno.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/10/actualidad/1318206645_589009.htmlEl PRI prepara su regreso en México.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/07/actualidad/1318013594_889310.htmlColombia continúa su lucha contra la guerrilla.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/americas/colombia-clashes-with-guerrillas.html?ref=world&gwh=35C84E89B1BE1AB922A51CAD5D4679CB http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15230632Costa Rica respira cercada por la violencia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/10/actualidad/1318201880_244161.htmlHuracán Jova azota con fuertes vientos costas del Pacífico de MéxicoPara más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15270185 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/12/world/americas/tropical-weather/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/huracan-jova-azota-pacifico-de-mexico-_10548224-4http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44858787/ns/weather/Haití enfrenta por diversos frentes el desafío del hambre. Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/10/11/cnnheroes.haiti.children/index.htmlMás de un millón de chilenos votaron en plebiscito por la educación.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15235826 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/ms-de-un-milln-de-chilenos-participaron-en-plebiscito-por-la-educacin_10532125-4Paraguay otorga derecho de voto a los ciudadanos en el extranjero.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/10/actualidad/1318232009_186746.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15234483Espía cubano es puesto en libertad en Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/07/justice/cuban-spy-freed/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8El chavismo reedita coalición de cara a las próximas elecciones.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/popularidad-de-hugo-chvez_10526424-4Inflación brasileña sube considerablemente.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15218174Los datos económicos agitan la campaña de Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/08/actualidad/1318091400_783800.htmlVenezuela rechaza recomendaciones sobre Derechos Humanos.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/11/world/americas/un-venezuela-human-rights/index.htmlAmérica Latina tiene la mayor tasa de homicidios con armas de fuego del mundo.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/amrica-tiene-la-mayor-tasa-de-homicidios-con-armas-de-fuego-del-mundo_10538028-410 cadáveres son encontrados en el puerto de Veracruz.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44830121/ns/world_news-americas/Cuba y Vietnam estrechan sus relaciones militares.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/12/content_13876446.htmVisita del líder de la Autoridad Palestina por América Latina. Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/declaraciones-de-mahmud-abs-durante-su-gira-en-colombia_10536304-4http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-abbas-latin-america-20111011,0,6198305.storyMéxico registra más de 10.000 muertes violentas en lo que va de 2011.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/mxico-registra-ms-de-10000-muertes-violentas-en-lo-que-va-de-2011_10525984-4Chile: al menos 4 muertos y 25 heridos por un choque entre 51 vehículos.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1413977-chile-al-menos-4-muertos-y-25-heridos-por-un-choque-entre-unos-45-autos ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁFrustran atentado a embajadas de Arabia Saudita e Israel en Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44870617/ns/us_news-security/ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74676.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-iran-plot-20111012,0,1169376.story http://clesnes.blog.lemonde.fr/2011/10/11/liran-preparait-un-attentat-sur-le-sol-americain-selon-washington/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15269348Al menos 100 detenidos en Boston durante una manifestación.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/12/content_13877065.htm http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318326328_543958.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/manifestantes-arrestados-en-boston_10540865-4California aprueba ley 'Dream Act' que becará a inmigrantes ilegales.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/california-aprueba-ley-que-becar-en-la-universidad-a-inmigrantes-ilegales_10532046-4 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/09/actualidad/1318175969_801411.htmlCrece la fuerza de los 'indignados' de Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2011/10/11/anti-wall-street-ils-estiment-que-leurs-dirigeants-ne-les-representent-plus_1585889_3222.html http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74680.html La ciencia reabre el caso de los ataques con cartas contaminadas con ántrax.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318315635_900029.htmlEstados Unidos ordenó a Google entregar información de seguidor de Wikileaks.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/entrega-de-informacin-por-parte-de-google-al-gobierno-de-estados-unidos_10533704-4 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318291477_258038.htmlSenado estadounidense frena propuesta de Obama.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/12/content_13874379.htmEstados Unidos planea instaurar subsidios a agricultura"verde".Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15272815La economía fue punto central en el debate televisado de candidatos republicanos.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15269094La Casa Blanca pide a la justicia que bloquee la ley migratoria de Alabama.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/07/actualidad/1318009566_332170.htmlEUROPALa justicia de Ucrania condena a la ex primer ministra Timoshenko a siete años de cárcel.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318317478_423665.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/12/world/europe/yulia-tymoshenko-sentenced-to-seven-years-in-prison.html?_r=1&ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/11/world/europe/ukraine-prime-minister-trial/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41293679/ns/world_news-europe/ http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/11/content_13877333.htm http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74683.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15263475 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-ukraine-conviction-20111012,0,7918429.storyhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/siete-aos-de-prisin-para-ex-primer-yulia-timoshenko_10540784-4Los indignados de Bruselas empiezan a trabajar sin buscar más enfrentamientos.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/09/actualidad/1318185105_029967.htmlPolonia: la victoria histórica en las urnas permite al Gobierno liberal seguir con las reformas económicas.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/10/actualidad/1318256293_835393.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/europe/polands-palikot-movement-signals-a-changing-society.html?ref=worldAlivio para Grecia: liberan un tramo de su plan de rescate.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/12/business/global/aid-to-greece-likely-in-november.html?ref=world http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1413818-alivio-para-grecia-liberan-un-tramo-de-su-plan-de-rescate http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2011/10/12/les-syndicats-mobilises-en-grece-contre-une-nouvelle-loi-d-austerite_1586081_3214.htmlHollande y Aubry disputarán en segunda vuelta la carrera presidencial francesa.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/europe/primary-yields-runoff-for-french-socialists-and-a-surprise.html?ref=world&gwh=6A061FAD557FD8F58BA500C470CF07F2 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/hollande-y-aubry-disputarn-en-segunda-vuelta-la-carrera-socialista-al-elseo_10531965-4Eslovaquia boquea fondo de rescate europeo.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/12/content_13876979.htm http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/12/world/europe/slovak-leader-vows-to-resign-if-bailout-vote-fails.html?ref=world http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2011/10/12/slovaquie-un-possible-deuxieme-vote-jeudi_1586037_3214.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15271141 http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/10/slovakia-europe-bailout-fund-vote.htmlItalia despega fuerzas especiales para rescatar buque tomado por piratas.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/11/world/europe/italy-pirates/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Merkel y Sarkozy mantienen diálogo estrecho para hacer frente a la crisis europea.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/09/business/germany-france/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9Standard and Poor's degrada la nota de los bancos españoles.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15267628 http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2011/10/11/standard-and-poor-s-degrade-la-note-de-dix-banques-espagnoles_1585962_3234.htmlPrimer Ministro turco y su postura desafiante frente a los Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-us-turkey-20111011,0,3520640.story ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEPutin llega a China para reforzar los lazos comerciales con el gigante asiático.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318315212_434945.htmlMyanmar comienza a desmantelar la dictadura birmana.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/12/world/asia/myanmar-reportedly-prepares-to-free-thousands-of-prisoners.html?ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/11/world/asia/myanmar-prisoner-release/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44870651/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/ http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318320894_979283.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-myanmar-prisoners-20111012,0,7704676.story http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/10/11/la-perestroika-birmane-se-confirme-par-la-remise-en-liberte-de-6-300-prisonniers_1585686_3216.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15269259Pese a sanciones, continúan las constantes violaciones a los Derechos Humanos en Siria.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/middleeast/sanctions-pose-growing-threat-to-syrias-president-assad.html?ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/11/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44871339/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/10/12/demonstration-de-force-du-regime-de-bachar-al-assad_1586100_3218.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1413794-siria-la-crisis-se-complica http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-syria-warning-20111010,0,1826954.story http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-syria-homs-20111012,0,4891144.storyInundaciones en Tailandia dejan decenas de muertos, miles de desaparecidos y cuantiosos daños materiales.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/inundaciones-en-tailandia-_10548184-4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15255038 http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/12/content_13877062.htm http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/12/world/asia/thailand-floods/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Atentados en Bagdad dejan al menos 26 muertos y 78 heridos.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/middleeast/iraq-19-die-near-basra-and-in-baghdad.html?ref=world&gwh=F6C0DD9F6C4C94D21043580FE7EF73A3 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-ast-15271758 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/serie-de-atentados-en-bagdad_10548424-4 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44870489/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ La ONU denuncia torturas sistemáticas en Afganistán.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/asia/un-report-finds-routine-abuse-of-afghan-detainees.html?ref=world http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44846598/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/ http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/10/actualidad/1318271038_441710.html"CNN" analiza la rivalidad Saudí - Iraní. Para más información: http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/10/12/explaining-the-iran-saudi-rivalry/?hpt=wo_c1Israel liberará mil palestinos a cambio del soldado israelí Shalit.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/10/12/un-conflit-israelo-arabe-jalonne-de-liberations-massives_1586218_3218.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/israel-liberara-mil-palestinos-a-cambio-de-shalit_10544944-4 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44861388/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74682.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15273206 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-israel-shalit-20111012,0,1241844.storyBalance de los 10 años de guerra y crisis social en Afganistán.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/afganistn-10-aos-de-guerra-y-crisis-social_10527685-4Presidente de Myanmar visita India para estrechar lazos.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-10/12/content_13877528.htmAumenta la producción de opio en Afganistán.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/800160.htmlPresidente surcoreano visita Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/10/lee-myung-bak-barack-obama-us-south-korean-free-trade-agreement-north-korea-kim-jong-il.htmlVicios occidentales llegan hasta Corea del Norte.Para más información: http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/10/north-korea-pornography-prositution-martial-infidelity-on-rise.htmlChina y Vietnam culminan su disputa por límites.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15273007 ÁFRICATres mujeres activistas por los Derechos Humanos compartieron el Nobel de la paz.Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/portada/Africa/nombre/mujer/elpepusoceps/20060611elpepspor_1/Teshttp://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/10/11/a-la-tete-du-liberia-mme-johnson-sirleaf-brigue-un-deuxieme-mandat_1585691_3212.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/07/world/world-nobel-peace-prize/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/06/actualidad/1317893682_280982.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/premio-nobel-de-la-paz-2011_10518044-4Los coptos egipcios culpan al ejército del baño de sangre.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/middleeast/coptics-criticize-egypt-government-over-killings.html?ref=world http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/los-coptos-egipcios-culpan-al-ejrcito-del-bao-de-sangre_10530504-4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15261479 Sirte, uno de los últimos bastiones de Gadafi, a punto de caer.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/africa/anti-qaddafi-fighters-vie-with-loyalists-for-control-in-surt.html?ref=world http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/combates-por-el-control-de-sirte_10533565-4 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/world/africa/nato-commander-says-resilience-of-qaddafi-loyalists-is-surprising.html?ref=world La presidenta de Liberia busca su reelección tras recibir el Nobel de la paz.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15271680 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/11/actualidad/1318322754_727395.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/12/world/africa/nobel-laureate-faces-soccer-star-in-liberian-election.html?ref=worldEl presidente de Zambia recurre a los Diez Mandamientos para gobernar.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/10/actualidad/1318237613_427626.html Fuerzas de Paz de la ONU son asesinadas en Darfur.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/11/world/africa/sudan-peacekeepers-killed/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Violencia inter religiosa se expande en Egipto.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-egypt-protests-20111010,0,5642011.storyOTRAS NOTICIAS"El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21526960
W artykule przyglądam się temu, jaką edukację polityczną warto rozwijać we współczesnej polskiej szkole i wszędzie tam, gdzie buduje się w ludziach zdolność do wspólnej i niewyalienowanej pracy. Kierunek rozważań wyznaczyła konieczność ustosunkowania się myśli pedagogicznej – i równoległego dostosowania praktyk wychowawczych – do zmian w sposobie koordynacji społeczeństwa, które dokonują się w atmosferze groźby wybuchu wojny. Rozważania te buduję na dotychczasowych badaniach własnych z obszaru uczenia się w ruchach społecznych, analizując trzy porządki zapewniające koordynację społeczeństw (neoliberalizm, nacjonalizm, militaryzm) w kontekście wykluczanych przez nie wartości: dobra wspólnego, samorządu i pokoju. Rezultatem pracy jest matryca przyporządkowująca te kontrwartości różnym typom współpracy (koordynacji, kooperacji i kolaboracji). Matryca pozwala identyfikować specyfikę konkretnych przykładów mobilizacji społecznej, jak i rozpoznawać luki w kształceniu kolektywnych umiejętności współdziałania. Rezultaty analizy pozwalają zoperacjonalizować praktyki oporu pod kątem celów wychowania i stawiają w nowym świetle problemy powiązań i nawarstwiania się wrogich szkole ideologii neoliberalizmu, nacjonalizmu i militaryzmu. ; The paper analyses types of political education worth developing in contemporary Polish schools and in other places dedicated to building human capacity to work together in a non-alienated way. The analysis is based on my own research from the area of learning in social movements. I analyze three orders ensuring social coordination (neoliberalism, nationalism, and militarism) in the context of the values they exclude: the common good, self-government and peace. The result of the work is a matrix assigning these counter-values, accordingly, to coordination, cooperation and collaboration. 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http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/E9220CF5-62F9-40A1-809E-27C4030D5291.htm?id={E9220CF5-62F9-40A1-809E-27C4030D5291}El grupo de hackers Anonymous parece ser un nuevo enemigo del narcotráfico mexicano.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/americas/mexicans-turn-to-witchcraft-to-ward-off-drug-cartels.html?ref=world http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45105396/ns/technology_and_science-security/#.TrEYoXKwA90 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/31/world/americas/mexico-anonymous-threat/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Sismo de 6 grados Richter sacudió varios estados de México.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/sismo-de-6-grados-richter-sacude-algunos-estados-mexicanos_10679904-4La prensa iberoamericana vigila EcuadorPara más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/30/actualidad/1319932160_220227.htmlHuracán Rina se debilita antes de llegar a Cancún.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45073311/ns/weather/#.TrEYqXKwA90Fiscal argentina pide cárcel para modelo colombiana por narcotráfico.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/fiscal-argentina-pide-crcel-para-modelo-colombiana-por-narcotrfico_10682969-4Polémica por fuerte aumento del gasto militar y baja inversión en seguridad interna venezolana.Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/7BBC5361-DBF7-4DE3-9927-BCF65E4A4907.htm?id={7BBC5361-DBF7-4DE3-9927-BCF65E4A4907}Detienen al disidente Guillermo Fariñas en Cuba.Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/DA774136-3673-46C1-8F69-9543AFA005DE.htm?id={DA774136-3673-46C1-8F69-9543AFA005DE}Choque de tren contra un bus escolar deja 7 muertos en Argentina.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/choque-de-tren-contra-un-bus-escolar-deja-7muertos-en-buenos-aires_10689884-4 ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁ Wall Street sacudida por anuncio de posible referéndum en Grecia.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/02/content_14024826.htmEl FED determina el curso de la política monetaria estadounidense.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2011/11/02/la-fed-fixe-le-cap-de-la-politique-monetaire-americaine_1597147_3222.html Protestas en Estados Unidos dejan miles de arrestos.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74983.htmlUn escándalo sexual pone en apuros al líder de las primarias.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2011/10/herman-cain-0 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/74992.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/31/actualidad/1320092176_576774.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/ventilan-episodios-de-acoso-sexual-aspirante-a-la-investidura-republicana_10678505-4Tormenta de nieve deja doce muertos en el noreste de Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/tormenta-de-nieve-deja-seis-muertos-en-el-noreste-de-ee-uu_10670685-4 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/30/actualidad/1319929940_539145.htmlAumentan los controles para evitar inmigración ilegal en Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45084559/ns/us_news-security/#.TrEYqnKwA90 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/us/americas-waning-influence-has-a-silver-lining.html?ref=world Estados Unidos desarticula una importante red de narcotráfico en la frontera con México.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45100583/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/#.TrEYpXKwA90 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/01/actualidad/1320178748_682737.htmlBarack Obama obtiene el apoyo ciudadano a su política exterior.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/01/actualidad/1320167402_707844.htmlSegun Kissinger la contraparte de Estados Unidos no pueden ser los Talibanes. Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/02/content_14020988.htm El nivel de aprobación de Obama aumentó a 47%. Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/el-nivel-de-aprobacin-de-obama-aument-a-47_10687444-4EUROPAEl referéndum griego sobre el acuerdo de la Unión Europea reaviva la crisis de la deuda.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/buttonwood/2011/11/greek-referendum http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-greece-debt-fallout-20111102,0,1461340.story http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15555449 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/01/world/europe/greece-debt-referendum/index.html?hpt=wo_c1 http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/referendum/griego/acuerdo/UE/reaviva/crisis/deuda/elpepueco/20111101elpepueco_1/Teshttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/grecia-perturba-el-futuro-de-la-ue-con-anuncio-de-referendo_10679444-4 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/europe/austerity-faces-political-test-in-greek-turmoil.html?ref=world http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45114513/ns/world_news-europe/#.TrEYaXKwA90La crisis griega se apodera del G20.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/805736.htmlGabinete de Grecia respaldó propuesta de Papandreou.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/11/euro-zone-crisis http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/gabinete-de-grecia-respald-propuesta-de-papandreou_10686484-4Tribunal de Londres autoriza la extradición de Julian Assange a Suecia.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15549985 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/extradicion-de-julian-assange-_10687424-4 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/805742.htmlhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45129622/ns/world_news-europe/#.TrEYdHKwA90A 20 años de la caída de la URSS Putin reflota el sueño ruso de una superpotencia.Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/580BB725-FBFF-4088-9E76-6C1B2EA32015.htm?id={580BB725-FBFF-4088-9E76-6C1B2EA32015}Cuestiones económicas dominan la agenda de reunión de líderes del G20.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/02/content_14019609.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15550422 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/business/global/euro-crisis-holds-both-hopes-and-fears-for-britain.html?ref=world http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/02/content_14021676.htmCensurado un reportaje televisivo sobre la tortura en Chechenia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/01/actualidad/1320150607_986884.htmlSilvio Berlusconi sometería reformas económicas al voto de confianza.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/berlusconi-dispuesto-a-someter-sus-reformas-econmicas-al-voto-de-confianza_10671303-4Semanario francés fue incendiado la noche del pasado martes.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/semanario-francs-incendiado_10687484-4 http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/11/01/8583325-a-protest-only-the-french-could-cook-upBulgaria apuesta por la continuidad y elige al candidato oficial a la presidencia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/28/actualidad/1319803405_310247.htmlASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEAtambáyev arrasa en los comicios de Kirguizistán ante denuncias de fraude.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/asia/kyrgyzstan-says-united-states-manas-air-base-will-close.html?ref=world http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/31/actualidad/1320052345_875824.htmlPosible acuerdo entre Siria y Liga Árabe para detener violencia.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/middleeast/syria-accused-of-kidnapping-4-in-lebanon.html?ref=world http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/16B7D92D-45D5-4FA8-A577-4838AE22630B.htm?id={16B7D92D-45D5-4FA8-A577-4838AE22630B} http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/siria-acepta-sin-reservas-plan-de-paz-de-la-liga-rabe-_10689205-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/01/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/11/01/consultations-a-damas-sur-un-plan-de-sortie-de-crise-de-la-ligue-arabe_1596738_3218.html Cuatro muertos y al menos 100 heridos en explosión en China.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45128660/ns/local_news-seattle_wa/#.TrEYhnKwA90 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/cuatro-muertos-y-al-menos-100-heridos-en-explosin-en-china_10679384-4El presidente sirio, Bashar Al Assad, dice que 'la región puede arder'.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/crisis-en-siria-y-en-oriente-medio_10668644-4Ataque con carro bomba deja 17 personas muertas en Afganistán.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/15551751 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/ataque-suicida-contra-soldados-de-la-otan_10662924-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/31/world/asia/afghanistan-violence/index.html?hpt=wo_c2China ordena pagar 1,7 millones de euros al artista disidente Ai Weiwei por evasión de impuestos.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/01/actualidad/1320134125_023619.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/4CBA0653-801D-4A93-962A-A049E1556070.htm?id={4CBA0653-801D-4A93-962A-A049E1556070} http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/754BEDB0-A771-470C-B523-4D5CE1B7F04E.htm?id={754BEDB0-A771-470C-B523-4D5CE1B7F04E} http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/asia/dissident-artist-says-china-is-seeking-2-4-million-in-back-taxes.html?ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/01/world/asia/china-artist-taxes/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7Hallan nexo de Siria y Pakistán en tema nuclear.Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/C93DC5A8-CD55-4D1B-A442-BB8B4561332A.htm?id={C93DC5A8-CD55-4D1B-A442-BB8B4561332A} http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/asia/report-details-problems-for-karzais-afghan-security-force-plan.html?ref=worldEl Asad lanza un aviso: una intervención en Siria "quemaría la región".Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/30/actualidad/1319967959_959688.htmlTailandia continua sufriendo las consecuencias de las nefastas inundaciones .Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/asia/bangkok-officials-have-to-choose-who-stays-dry-in-floods.html?ref=world http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15553636 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/31/world/asia/thailand-flood/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45115550/ns/world_news/#.TrEYv3KwA90 http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/02/content_14025094.htm http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/11/02/les-inondations-en-thailande-ont-fait-plus-de-400-morts_1597154_3216.htmlLa carrera por los tesoros de Afganistán.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/31/actualidad/1320084432_089252.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghanistan-attacks-20111030,0,4617457.storyA soldado estadounidense lo condenan a 10 años de prisión por violación en Corea del Sur.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/01/world/asia/south-korea-soldier-rape/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Siria coloca minas en su frontera con Líbano.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45114788/ns/world_newsmideast_n_africa/#.TrEYfnKwA90Palestina avanza en el ingreso en la ONU.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/31/actualidad/1320089513_204037.htmlEjercito israelí autorizado a detener cohetes provenientes de Gaza.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45120459/ns/world_newsdeast_n_africa/#.TrEY2HKwA90"China Daily" analiza la importancia que tiene para China el comercio con América Latina.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/02/content_14019004.htmEl emir de Catar anuncia elecciones para su cámara consultiva.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/01/actualidad/1320137304_545664.htmlAFRICAAbdelrahim Elkib, designado jefe del Gobierno libio de transición.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45123039/ns/world_newsmideast_n_africa/#.TrEYgnKwA90 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/abdelrahim-elkib-designado-jefe-del-gobierno-libio-de-transicin_10675506-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/31/world/meast/libyagovernment/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10Ataque suicida sacude a Somalia. Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45100121/ns/world_news-africa/#.TrEYi3KwA90Miles de rebeldes mueren en Sudán del Sur.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/01/content_14014820.htm http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/31/world/africa/sudanighting/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10Drama de los somalíes que huyen por no morir de hambre y en silencio.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/giving/some-aid-trickles-into-somalia-surrounded-by-death-and-disease.html?ref=world http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/crisis-en-somalia_10678564-4La OTAN cerró su operación militar de siete meses en Libia.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/la-otan-cerr-su-operacin-militar-de-siete-meses-en-libia_10678385-4 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/africa/in-libya-the-fighting-may-outlast-the-revolution.html?ref=world El islamismo avanza en la nueva Libia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/01/actualidad/1320170181_471604.htmlLa ONU insta a Libia a mantener sus arsenales fuera del alcance de Al Qaeda.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/africa/in-libya-the-fighting-may-outlast-the-revolution.html?ref=world http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/01/actualidad/1320146343_540072.htmlKenia incursiona militarmente en territorio de Somalia. Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-kenya-somalia-20111030,0,4326630.story http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/africa/planes-are-flying-arms-into-somalia-for-militants-kenya-says.html?ref=worldLa fiebre de cultivos perturba África.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/30/actualidad/1319999483_738868.htmlNo es posible culminar por el momento el juicio a Mubarak. Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/30/world/meast/egypt-mubarak-trial/index.html?hpt=wo_bn11 http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/11/01/le-zimbabwe-peut-reprendre-le-commerce-de-diamants-de-marange_1597120_3212.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/world/middleeast/egypts-tourism-suffers-as-its-revolution-stalls.html?ref=worldOTRAS NOTICIASEl mundo tiene 7.000 millones de habitantes.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-15459643 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/numero-de-personas-de-la-poblacion-mundial_10639484-4 http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2011/10/26/7-milliards-d-humains-en-2011-et-15-milliards-en-2100_1594137_3244.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-seven-billionth-baby-20111031,0,455314.story "El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21534852
El Huracán Gustav se formó en el Caribe la mañana del 25 de agosto al sureste de Puerto Príncipe, Haití. Rápidamente se intensificó en una tormenta tropical esa misma tarde y en un huracán en las primeras horas del día siguiente. Con su paso afectó gravemente a poblaciones de Haití, Republica Dominicana, Jamaica y esta última semana, Cuba y los Estados Unidos. Varios medios informan sobre este suceso y sus repercusiones en diferentes ámbitos: "MSNBC": "Cuba digs out after Gustav's winds hit 212 mph: Homes destroyed and flooded, but no deaths; hurricane set wind record":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26486029/"New Orleans mayor: Don't come home yet: Nagin says it's too early to return after massive hurricane evacuation":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26501363/"MSNBC" presenta sitio con links a noticias relacionadas al paso del huracán: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/22886841#22886841"Gustav may trigger $10B in insurance claims: 'More of a wind event, than a flood event,' says insurance spokesman": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26510099/"Le Monde":"L'ouragan Hanna fait 10 morts à Haïti, déjà frappé par Gustav":http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/09/02/l-ouragan-hanna-fait-10-morts-a-haiti-deja-frappe-par-gustav_1090770_3222.html#ens_id=1088297"A Lafayette, en Louisiane, "rien n'a changé depuis Katrina"":http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/09/02/a-lafayette-en-louisiane-rien-n-a-change-depuis-katrina_1090733_3222.html#ens_id=1088297"El Mercurio" de Chile: "Fueron canceladas todas las actividades políticas: Republicanos dedican su primera jornada de convención a los afectados por el huracán":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/3D183F6E-D62D-469D-892E-8DFD8DA361E1.htm?id={3D183F6E-D62D-469D-892E-8DFD8DA361E1}"Gustav pierde fuerza, pero deja siete muertos al golpear a Nueva Orleáns":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/4AC9C805-D662-43B7-BDCF-9E76B1708AB5.htm?id={4AC9C805-D662-43B7-BDCF-9E76B1708AB5}"Miami Herald":"Hurricane Gustav largely spares New Orleans, floods parts of La., Miss.":http://www.miamiherald.com/569/story/668225.html"Los Angeles Times":"After Gustav, Louisiana begins process of recovering":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gustav3-2008sep03,0,3455205.story"New Orleans levees hold against Hurricane Gustav":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gustav2-2008sep02,0,2668771.story"Republicans scale back convention due to Hurricane Gustav":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gop1-2008sep01,0,1600658.story"Hurricane Gustav bears down on empty New Orleáns: Thousands have taken to the highways before the storm, expected to make landfall today as a Category 3.":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gustav1-2008sep01,0,1882337.story"The Economist": "Half-empty streets: New Orleans is recovering its energy, but not its people":http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12009922"The trailers that smelt bad: After the storm, the poisoning"http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12009914"New York Times":"Powerful Hurricane Lashes Gulf Coast":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/02/us/02gustav.html?ref=us"Party's Plans Are Unsettled; McCain Visits Gulf":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/01/us/politics/01repubs.html?ref=us"CNN":"CNN" presenta sitio con links a noticias relacionadas al paso del huracán: http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2008/news/hurricane.gustav/"Oil prices fall sharply as hurricane weakens":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/09/01/oil.prices.ap/index.html"Gustav hits U.S. economy: Storm is weaker than Katrina three years ago. But it hits an economy that is at greater risk.":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/01/gustav/index.htmlAMERICA LATINA"CNN" informa: "Bolivia's Morales visits Iran":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/01/bolivia.iran/index.html"La Nación" informa: "Bolivia: sorpresivo giro de la Corte Electoral contra Evo Morales: El organismo rechazó realizar el referéndum constitucional porque "no fue convocado por ley sino sólo por un decreto"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045579"New York Times" informa: "Chávez Threatens to Expel American Ambassador": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/01/world/americas/01venez.html?ref=world"El Mercurio" de Chile anuncia: "Chávez podría controlar los blogs y sitios de internet como Facebook": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/02/internacional/_portada/noticias/981BC888-A155-4AAB-8EE8-0ACA5CC4D76D.htm?id={981BC888-A155-4AAB-8EE8-0ACA5CC4D76D}New York Times" anuncia: "Drug Violence Alters the Flow of Life in Mexico": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/31/world/americas/31mexico.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid publica: "'Marcha blanca' contra el crimen en México: Cientos de miles de ciudadanos reclaman más seguridad ante la imparable ola de violencia": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Marcha/blanca/crimen/Mexico/elpepiint/20080901elpepiint_7/Tes"Los Angeles Times" anuncia: "Calderon presents Mexico's annual report in written form: A new law allows President Felipe Calderon to give his state of the nation report without having to appear before Congress, a move that avoids disturbances.":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-informe2-2008sep02,0,772815.story"La Nación" informa: "Un coche bomba dejó cuatro muertos en Cali: El gobierno de Uribe atribuyó el atentado a las FARC": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045503"El País" de Madrid informa: "Un coche bomba mata a cinco personas en Colombia: La explosión se produce cerca del Palacio de Justicia de Cali.- La Policía sospecha de las FARC": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/exodo/Nueva/Orleans/paraliza/campana/EE/UU/elpepuint/20080901elpepiint_1/Tes"La Nación" publica: "Betancourt reclamó un espacio político para las FARC: Sin embargo le pidió a la guerrilla que deje de actuar en forma "terrorista"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045634"La Nación" informa: "Ingrid Betancourt, con el Papa": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045502"El País" de Madrid publica: "Un caso de espionaje agita de nuevo las instituciones de Brasil: Lula promete investigar un escándalo de escuchas telefónicas ilegales al presidente del Supremo y a un senador": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/caso/espionaje/agita/nuevo/instituciones/Brasil/elpepuint/20080901elpepuint_10/Tes"MSNBC" analiza: "Brazil's spy chief removed over bugging scandal: Wiretaps found on phones of Supreme Court justice, senior politicians": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26505995/"The Economist" analiza: "Brazil: A funny kind of reward. Just when production from Petrobras's big new oilfields gets going, the government ponders changing the rules on oil exploration": http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12009864"CCN": "Cuban musician guilty of public disorder":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/08/29/cuba.punkrocker.ap/index.html"La Nación": "Advirtió Lugo sobre un plan golpista liderado por Oviedo: Involucró también a Duarte Frutos": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045500"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Fernando Lugo denuncia conspiración golpista":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/09/02/internacional/internacional/noticias/335949BE-6966-42F4-8C2A-4FEB762D4672.htm?id={335949BE-6966-42F4-8C2A-4FEB762D4672}"Le Monde" publica: "L'Argentine va rembourser sa dette au Club de Paris": http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2008/09/02/l-argentine-va-rembourser-sa-dette-au-club-de-paris_1090779_3222.html#ens_id=1090782"La Nación"analiza: "Primera jugada fuerte de Cristina: el Gobierno cancela la deuda con el Club de París con reservas del BCRA: Como ocurrió con el FMI, la Presidenta afirmó que saldará los compromisos de 6700 millones de dólares con fondos del Banco Central ; "esto reafirma una vez más la voluntad de pago de la Argentina", señaló; justificó que este pasivo "no es de carácter financiero" y dijo que el país "necesita confianza"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045593"El País" informa sobre gira de Vázquez : "Corea del Sur pidió más apoyo a sus inversiones":http://www.elpais.com.uy/08/09/01/ultmo_367240.aspEl Portal de "Terra" publica: "Vázquez impulsa la exportación de carne a Corea del Sur":http://actualidad.terra.es/nacional/articulo/vazquez-corea-sur-2715888.htESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"The Economist" analiza: "John McCain: No surrender. The gnarled maverick outpolls his party and might even beat Barack Obama. But what sort of president would he be?": http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12001775"The Economist" informa. "The Democratic convention: Flags, cheers, discipline and doubt. Barack Obama struggled this week to unite his party": http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12010827"Time" presenta sitio con links a artículos sobre las elecciones estadounidenses: http://thepage.time.com/"Time" anuncia: "Day One at the Republican National Convention": http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1838049,00.html"El Universal" de México publica: "Reanudan Convención Republicana con mensaje de Bush: El presidente Bush, hablará desde la Casa Blanca en una videoconferencia que se transmitirá en el Xcel Energy Center de esta capital de Minnesota": http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/534973.html"BBC" informa: "Republican convention to resume": http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7594149.stm"Le Monde" informa: "Après un faux départ, la convention républicaine revient au premier plan": http://www.lemonde.fr/elections-americaines/article/2008/09/02/apres-un-faux-depart-la-convention-republicaine-revient-au-premier-plan_1090781_829254.html#ens_id=1089564"La Nación" publica: "Inesperado giro en la campaña republicana: Palin reveló que su hija adolescente está embarazada": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045463"MSNBC" anuncia: "Palin disclosures raise questions about vetting: Alaskans say no one from McCain camp asked them about eventual VP pick": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26501863/"El País" de Madrid publica: "La convención demócrata no ayuda a Obama en las encuestas: Un sondeo realizado por CNN al finalizar la reunión de Denver revela que mantiene el empate con el republicano John McCain en las preferencias": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/convencion/democrata/ayuda/Obama/encuestas/elpepuint/20080901elpepuint_18/TesEUROPAVarios medios informan sobre desarrollo del conflicto entre Rusia y Georgia: "New York Times": "E.U. Meets on Georgia Crisis Response": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/02/world/europe/02georgia.html?ref=world"El País" de Madrid: "La UE presiona a Rusia para que retire sus tropas de Georgia a niveles previos a la guerra: Sarkozy, Solana y Barroso viajarán a Moscú y Tbilisi la próxima semana para verificar el cumplimiento del acuerdo de alto el fuego.- Medvédev avisa que no dará marcha atrás sobre el reconocimiento de Osetia del Sur y Abjazia": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/UE/condiciona/nuevas/negociaciones/asociacion/Rusia/retiro/efectivo/tropas/Georgia/elpepuint/20080901elpepuint_11/Tes"La UE busca una posición común frente a Rusia: Brown advierte que "ningún país puede tener el dominio energético de Europa"": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/UE/busca/posicion/comun/frente/Rusia/elpepuint/20080901elpepiint_5/Tes"CNN":"EU warns Russia against isolation": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/09/01/russia.georgia.summit.sanctions/index.html"La Nación": "Las inversiones europeas en Rusia alejan las sanciones: Alemania, Italia y Francia se oponen a cualquier castigo y abogan por un incremento del diálogo con el Kremlin":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045585"Cumbre europea: Dividida, la UE evita sancionar a Rusia. Le exigió que se retirara de Georgia":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045504"MSNBC":"Putin vows 'an answer' to NATO ships: Russia has repeatedly complained of Black Sea build-up after Georgia war":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26508298/"EU delays economic, political talks with Russia: Sarkozy says Moscow needs to pull its troops back from Georgia, first": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26497101/"Time""Putin Vows 'Answer' to NATO Ships":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1837975,00.html"EU Talks Tough on Russia": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1837863,00.html"China Daily":"Georgia formally breaks ties with Russia":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-09/02/content_6991967.htm"The Economist" "Russia and Georgia: Put out even more flags: Russia's recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia will reverberate for a long time—not least at home": http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12009856"Time" informa: "Italy Pays Reparations to Libya":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1838014,00.html"La Nación" informa: "Pronostican una recesión en Gran Bretaña: La OCDE que el crecimiento será negativo en los dos últimos trimestres del año, pero indicó que será positivo en 2009; lanzan un paquete para adquirir la primera vivienda": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045588ASIA – PACÍFICO /MEDIO ORIENTE"New York Times" informa: "Japan's Prime Minister Resigns":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/02/world/asia/02japan.html?ref=world"EL País" de Madrid publica: "Dimite el primer ministro de Japón: Yasuo Fukuda, que atravesaba una grave crisis de popularidad, considera que es lo mejor para el país": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Dimite/primer/ministro/Japon/elpepuint/20080901elpepuint_13/Tes"MSNBC" anuncia: "Japan's unpopular prime minister resigns: Move throws world's second-largest economy into political confusion": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26495149/"Time" informa: "In Japan, A Strategic Resignation": http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1837919,00.html"CNN" anuncia: "Beleaguered Japanese PM resigns":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/japan.pm/index.html"La Nación" publica: "Presentó su dimisión el premier de Japón: Yasuo Fukuda era resistido por el Senado": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045465"New York Times" publica: "Thai Protesters Target Utilities": http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/02/world/asia/02thailand.html?ref=world"MSNBC" informa: "Violence sparks Bangkok state of emergency: Thai premier bans gatherings of more than 5 people after deadly protests": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26498577/"La Nación" informa: "Tailandia: declaran el estado de emergencia por la ola de violencia: La crisis política, que derivó en los fuertes enfrentamientos entre oficialistas y opositores, se cobró su primera víctima; el ejército tomó el control de las calles": http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1045580"The Economist" publica: "Thailand: No compromise: A three-year political conflict grinds on, as protesters besiege the government": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12009966"Los Angeles Times" anuncia: "Thai army takes to streets": http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-thai2-2008sep02,0,2452625.story"Time" informa: "Thai PM Refuses to Step Down":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1837805,00.html"CNN" informa: "Indian flood leaves 3 million needing help":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/india.floods.relief.dead/index.html"MSNBC" analiza: "Disease feared at India flood refugee camps: 250,000 in shelters now, but that could double; cholera, diarrhea feared": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26497562/"CNN" anuncia: "Dalai Lama discharged from Indian hospital": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/india.dalai.lama.ap/index.html"Time" analiza: "The Lessons of the Beijing Olympics":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1835582,00.html"China Daily" publica: "China set to raise poverty line":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-09/03/content_6992004.htm"The Economist" analiza: "Pakistan. Man of the hour: From demented jailbird to president-in-waiting: Asif Zardari's metamorphosis": http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12010369"CNN" informa: "Iraqi troops take control of key province": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/09/01/iraq.anbar.handover.coalition/index.htmlAFRICA"New York Times" informa: "Zimbabwe Lifts Ban on Aid Groups, but Its Effects Linger":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/world/africa/30zimbabwe.html?ref=world"CNN" publica: "Police seize opposition MPs in Zimbabwe": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/27/zimbabwe.arrests/index.html"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Mauritania forma su primer Gobierno tras el golpe: El nuevo Ejecutivo está formado por 28 miembros, en su mayoría tecnócratas sin experiencia política": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Mauritania/forma/primer/Gobierno/golpe/elpepuint/20080901elpepuint_8/Tes"CNN" informa: "Nigerian militants claim 29 soldiers dead; military disagrees": http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/30/nigeria.attack/index.html"MSNBC" anuncia: "17 feared dead after aid plane crashes in Congo: No sign of survivors as humanitarian flight operated by U.S. firm goes down": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26505815/"CNN" informa: "Sudan hijackers surrender":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/08/27/sudan.plane.hostages/index.htmlECONOMIA"The Economist" publica su informa semanal: "Business this week": http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12011210"CNN" anuncia: "Iraq signs $3 billion oil deal with China":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/08/30/iraq.china.oil.deal/index.html"The Economist" informa: "The second browser war: Google's new web browser is its most direct attack on Microsoft yet": http://www.economist.com/opinion/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12039759&source=features_box_main"MSNBC" publica: "Oil industry tallies the damage from Gustav: Early indications that storm caused little damage to Gulf's facilities":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26509771/"MSNBC" analiza: "The world's most powerful women: Business and political leaders on Forbes list control $26 trillion worldwide": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26426065/"Time" publica: "Google Enters the Browser Wars": http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1837914,00.html
Conflicto en Argentina: Campo versus Gobierno. A Casi 100 días del paro del campo, Argentina vive en una ambiente de inestabilidad dominado por una crisis de abastecimiento, piquetes, inflación, cacerolazos, actos, discursos, lucha de poder y amenaza al uso de la fuerza. "El País" de Madrid informa: "Las protestas y los bloqueos de carreteras se han repetido por todo el país en medio de un grave conflicto con el Gobierno":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/campo/argentino/amenaza/alargar/paro/dias/necesario/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_3/Tes"CNN" publica: "Traffic snarls are latest bump in Argentine farm crisis":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/04/argentina.farmers/index.html"El País" de Madrid analiza: "Crisis social en Argentina: ¿Quién manda en Argentina?":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Quien/manda/Argentina/elpepuint/20080616elpepiint_3/Tes"New York Times" informa: "Argentine President Seeks to Quell Criticism":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/world/americas/18argentina.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin"El País" de Madrid informa: "La presidenta argentina recurre al Parlamento para aliviar la crisis con el campo: Néstor Kirchner acusa de "extorsión" al campo argentino y culpa a la prensa de alentar las protestas":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/presidenta/argentina/recurre/Parlamento/aliviar/crisis/campo/elpepuint/20080618elpepuint_6/Tes"El País" de Madrid informa: "Cacerolada masiva en Argentina contra la gestión del Gobierno de FernándezMiles de manifestantes muestran su malestar en la capital y otras ciudades del interior - La falta de combustibles agudiza el conflicto "http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Cacerolada/masiva/Argentina/gestion/Gobierno/Fernandez/elpepuint/20080617elpepuint_7/Tes"CNN" informa: "Argentina, in farm crisis, misses bonanza":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/08/argentina.crisis.ap/index.html "CNN" anuncia: "Fernandez defends Argentine grain export tax":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/17/argentina.farmers/index.html"La Nación" publica: "El Gobierno ratifica el acto y Cristina enviará un mensaje por cadena nacional. Randazzo defendió la convocatoria a Plaza de Mayo, en medio de la fuerte presión para levantarla; De Vido reiteró que "no es momento para tibios"; la Presidenta hablará a las 17; antes, lo hará Kirchner":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1022210"The Economist" analiza situación en Argentina: "Hocus-pocus: The real-world consequences of producing unreal inflation numbers":http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11546117"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Conflicto político-social de Argentina: Grupo de disidencia interna del PJ forma una alternativa a los Kirchner":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/17/internacional/_portada/noticias/6D000C85-0908-47B5-AAB4-EFCFFD89C404.htm?id={6D000C85-0908-47B5-AAB4-EFCFFD89C404}"La Nación" publica: "No cede la presión de dirigentes para diluir el conflicto: Desde el PJ piden que se desactive el acto y que se revisen las retenciones; nuevas críticas opositoras":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1022246"El Mercurio de Chile anuncia: "Mandataria argentina formuló el anuncio por cadena nacional de radio y televisión: Cristina Fernández opta por radicar discusión del impuesto al agro en el Poder Legislativo":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/18/internacional/_portada/noticias/EF165870-B83A-4E6B-AFBE-DF01DE842204.htm?id={EF165870-B83A-4E6B-AFBE-DF01DE842204}"La Nación publica: "El día después, en el interior. Persisten los faltantes y los cortes de ruta en varios puntos; la protesta de ayer abarcó a todas las provincias":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1022219"La Nación" publica: "No cede la presión de dirigentes para diluir el conflicto: Desde el PJ piden que se desactive el acto y que se revisen las retenciones; nuevas críticas opositoras":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1022246"CNN" publica: "Argentina farm strike turns violent":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/14/argentina.violence/index.html"CNN" informa: "Controversial tax to fund Argentina's social programs":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/10/argentina.tax/index.html"CNN" publica: "Argentina farm strike turns violent":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/14/argentina.violence/index.html "La Nación"analiza: "El reclamo popular, bajo la lupa de los analistas: Especialistas consultados por LANACION.com evaluaron similitudes y diferencias entre los cacerolazos de anoche y los de 2001":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1022220 "CNN" informa: "Argentine farmers renew protests":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/06/15/argentina.farmers.ap/index.html"La Nación" publica: "No cede la presión de dirigentes para diluir el conflicto: Desde el PJ piden que se desactive el acto y que se revisen las retenciones; nuevas críticas opositoras":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1022246"El Tiempo" de Colombia publica: "Cristina Kirchner cede ante el ruido de las cacerolas":http://www.eltiempo.com/internacional/latinoamerica/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-4304824.html"La Nación" publica: "El día después, en el interior. Persisten los faltantes y los cortes de ruta en varios puntos; la protesta de ayer abarcó a todas las provincias":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=1022219AMERICA LATINA"El País" de Madrid anuncia: "Brasil admite la falta de preparación de los controladores aéreos: Las autoridades reconocen que los técnicos no saben inglés y que esto representa un "peligro real"":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Brasil/admite/falta/preparacion/controladores/aereos/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_1/Tes"La Nación" informa: "Matan en Venezuela a otro periodista:Pertenecía a un canal opositor":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022094"La Nación" publica: "Chávez llegó a Cuba para reunirse con Fidel:Afirmó que el convaleciente líder está "vivito y coleando"":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022161"The Economist" analiza: "Hugo Chávez: Master tactician or failing bungler?: Latin America's self-styled Bolivarian hero may be losing his populist touch":http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11541336"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Primera visita en 10 años de un Mandatario de ese país: Gira de Presidente uruguayo a Cuba genera malestar opositor":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/17/internacional/internacional/noticias/5BC2BAFE-C73D-4D2F-A73E-81618A1ECBD0.htm?id={5BC2BAFE-C73D-4D2F-A73E-81618A1ECBD0}"El Mercurio" de Chile publica: "Periodista de RCTV fue asesinado a puñaladas":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/17/internacional/internacional/noticias/C270F560-C362-4594-A18A-E87D4E63EB35.htm?id={C270F560-C362-4594-A18A-E87D4E63EB35}"El Universal" de México publica: "Hablan Chávez y Castro de situación mundial y crisis energética: Ambos se reunieron en privado en un encuentro de tres horas de duración en La Habana, dijeron medios estatales este martes":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/515481.html"MSNBC" informa: "U.N.: 'Shock' rise in Colombia coca growth":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25242986/"MSNBC" analiza: "Ailing Castro makes first appearance in months: New images show former Cuban leader meeting with brother and Chavez":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25237677/"Miami Herald" informa: "Cuban TV shows new images of ailing Fidel Castro":http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/AP/story/573820.htmlESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA"Time" analiza: "Leaving Europe, Bush Eyes Legacy":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1815259,00.html"La Nación" informa: "Obama suma el apoyo de otro cacique demócrata: Al Gore":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/EdicionImpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022093"El Tiempo" de Colombia publica: "Obama tiene ventaja de seis puntos sobre McCain, según encuesta publicada por The Washington Post":http://www.eltiempo.com/internacional/euycanada/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-4300123.html"El Tiempo" de Colombia informa: "24 mil evacuados por inundaciones en Iowa":http://www.eltiempo.com/internacional/euycanada/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-4284544.html"The Economist" informa: "The American election and Iraq: The war for the White House":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11546716"The Economist" analiza: "The new Democratic establishment : Who's who in Obamaworld": http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11551686 "The Economist" analiza situación de los demócratas :"The Democrats unite: All together now":http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11551760"MSNBC" publica: "U.S., activists decry genocide in Sudan: They slam failed international efforts to stop war that's left 2 million dead":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25236102/EUROPAEL No de Irlanda: la población de Irlanda votó un NO en el referéndum sobre el Tratado de Lisboa , con el que la Unión Europea busca agilizar la toma de decisiones. Ésta se encuentra en una encrucijada: la diplomacia europea teme que la crisis abierta provoque un considerable retraso en las reformas internas, que desde hace más de cinco años pugna por adaptar sus instituciones a la nueva realidad de un bloque ampliado."El País" de Madrid informa: "Los Veintisiete instan a continuar con la ratificación del Tratado de Lisboa: La mayoría de ministros de Exteriores piden seguir adelante con el proceso pese al 'no' irlandés.- Dublín pide soluciones conjuntas.- La Presidencia eslovena cree que la UE debe "reflexionar" ":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Veintisiete/instan/continuar/ratificacion/Tratado/Lisboa/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_7/Tes"La Nación" informa: "Pese al no irlandés, la UE avanzará con el Tratado de Lisboa: Continuará el proceso de ratificación":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022073"El País" de Madrid publica: "Los ministros de la UE aplazan el debate sobre las sanciones a CubaLos titulares de Exteriores se centran en el 'no' irlandés al Tratado de Lisboa y dejan la decisión para el Consejo Europeo de finales de semana":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/ministros/UE/aplazan/debate/sanciones/Cuba/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_8/Tes"El País" de Madrid informa: "La UE arranca la semana más crítica: Irlanda pide ayuda para salvar la crisis tras el rechazo al Tratado de Lisboa - Bruselas teme que el 'no' se contagie a República Checa y Reino Unido":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/UE/arranca/semana/critica/elpepuint/20080616elpepiint_4/Tes"New York Times" informa: "Brown Says Europe Will Tighten Iran Sanctions":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/world/17prexy.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin"CNN" publica: "British mercenary could face execution":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/06/17/mann.trial/index.html"El País" de Madrid informa: "Londres presionará a Europa para endurecer las sanciones contra Irán: Gordon Brown y George W. Bush se reúnen en la residencia del 'premier'.- El líder británico anuncia más tropas para Afganistán y desmiente un calendario de retirada de Irak":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Londres/presionara/Europa/endurecer/sanciones/Iran/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_9/Tes"La Nación" informa: "Anunció Brown más sanciones contra Irán":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022154"CNN" informa: "Osama bin Laden ally' freed in UK on bail":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/06/17/qatada.free.ap/index.html?iref=topnews"La Nación" informa: "Sarkozy imprime un drástico giro en la doctrina militar, Recortes de personal y más inteligencia":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022091"El Mercurio" de Chile informa: "Premier italiano tiene un proceso por soborno: El Gobierno presenta proyecto de ley que aplazaría un juicio contra Berlusconi":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/06/17/internacional/internacional/noticias/5BC2BAFE-C73D-4D2F-A73E-81618A1ECBD0.htm?id={5BC2BAFE-C73D-4D2F-A73E-81618A1ECBD0}"La Nación" publica: "Polémica por otra ley a medida de Berlusconi: El gobierno busca desacelerar los procesos judiciales de "cuello blanco", como los que afectan al premier":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022155"El País" de Madrid publica: "El drama de la inmigración clandestina se representa en las costas italianas: 123 inmigrantes han desaparecido y otros 21 han muerto al naufragar una embarcación que se dirigía a Italia; otras 454 personas han llegado a Lampedusa, donde los centros de internamiento están colapsados":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/drama/inmigracion/clandestina/representa/costas/italianas/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_13/Tes"La popularidad de Zapatero, en su nivel más bajo por los problemas económicos: Cayó al 44%, por primera vez en cuatro años; la economía se convirtió en la mayor preocupación","La Nación" informa:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/edicionimpresa/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022152"El País" de Madrid informa: "Kosovo estrena la Constitución que lo define como Estado":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Kosovo/estrena/Constitucion/define/Estado/elpepuint/20080616elpepiint_5/Tes"New York Times" publica: "Kosovo's New Constitution Takes Effect":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/16/world/europe/16kosovo.html?ref=worldAsia – Pacífico /Medio OrieNTE"New York Times" publica: : "Iran's Nuclear Program":http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/iran/nuclear_program/index.html"CNN" informa: "Iraq war sends refugee numbers soaring, U.N. warns":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/06/17/iraq.main/index.html"Time": "Car Bomb at Baghdad Market Kills 11":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1815367,00.html"CNN" informa: " Iraqi foreign minister: Al-Sadr threats 'unacceptable'":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/06/15/iraq.main/index.html"El País" de Madrid informa: "La OTAN envía refuerzos a Kandahar tras la fuga de cientos de presos talibanes: Al Yazira asegura que los islamistas han tomado varias localidades y quieren recuperar la segunda ciudad del país":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/OTAN/envia/refuerzos/Kandahar/fuga/cientos/presos/talibanes/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_11/Tes"CNN" informa: "Hamas sources say truce with Israel near":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/06/17/israel.hamas/index.html"El País" de Madrid publica: "El Gobierno levanta 1.300 casas más en la Jerusalén ocupada":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Gobierno/levanta/1300/casas/Jerusalen/ocupada/elpepuint/20080616elpepiint_11/Tes"MSNBC" informa: "Israel confirms six-month truce with Hamas: Cease-fire deal with militant group aims to end violence in Gaza":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25207411/`"La NAcion" publica: "Hamas e Israel acuerdan una tregua: El pacto, que prevé el cese de los ataques, entrará en vigor el jueves":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022243"El Tiempo" de Colombia informa: "Hamas confirmó que aceptó hacer tregua en ataques contra Israel a partir del jueves":http://www.eltiempo.com/internacional/orientemedio/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-4300364.html"MSNBC" publica: "Indian army wants military space program: Regional race between Asian giants could accelerate militarization of space": http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25216230/"El País" de Madrid informa: "China asegura que el ascenso de Obama confirma la división racial en EE UU: El Gobierno opina por primera vez, a través de un periódico estatal, sobre el candidato demócrata a la Casa Blanca":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/China/asegura/ascenso/Obama/confirma/division/racial/EE/UU/elpepuint/20080616elpepuint_6/Tes"Time" publica: "Olympic Torch Lands in Xinjiang":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1815245,00.html"China Daily" informa: "Vice President leaves for five-Asian-nation visit":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-06/17/content_6766512.htm"MSNBC" publica: "China floods reportedly kill 63 this month: Soldiers scramble to shore up soggy levies with sandbags as thousands flee":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25203804/"China Daily" informa: "Floods take a toll on life, kill 171 people":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-06/17/content_6765159.htm"Time" publica: "1 Million Homeless in China Floods":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1815055,00.htmlAFRICA"New York Times" publica: "After 15 Years, Hints of Peace in Burundi":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/16/world/africa/16burundi.html?ref=world"CNN" informa: "Plane crashes carrying Kenya minister":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/06/10/kenya.crash/index.html"The Economist" analiza: "Ethipia: Will it ever be able to stave off starvation?: Famine is once again threatening the continent's second-most-populous country and once again its government is partly to blame":http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11549764"CNN" publica: "Junta rules Zimbabwe, opposition leader says":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/06/10/zimbabwe.junta/index.html"MSNBC" informa: "I not cede power: mbabwe president says he won't give in to Western-backed opponents":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25192724/"The Economist" analiza: "South Africa: After the storm": http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11550959 ECONOMIA"The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "Business this week":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11556710&CFID=10091822&CFTOKEN=11995213 OTRAS NOTICIAS"El País" de Madrid informa:"300 alcaldes tienden puentes por la paz: Regidores de ciudades conflictivas de 70 países aprenden en La Haya a superar juntos sus problemas":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/300/alcaldes/tienden/puentes/paz/elpepuint/20080616elpepiint_7/Tes"La Nación" informa: "Récord de refugiados en el mundo: Ya son 37,4 millones y representan la cifra más alta":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=1022225
The GSRE 1.0 dataset is based on recently released historical documents from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and improves the coverage and accuracy of state budget data for most authoritarian regimes and some democracies since the end of World War II. The GSRE dataset includes 39 unique indicators covering major aspects of state finance for 161 countries between 1946 and 2006.
Please consult the GSRE website at https://sites.google.com/a/thomaserichter.de/gsre/ for further changes and updates.
Abstract Aim: This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Methods: This was an international cohort study of patients undergoing elective resection of colon or rectal cancer without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Centres entered data from their first recorded case of COVID-19 until 19 April 2020. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included anastomotic leak, postoperative SARS-CoV-2 and a comparison with prepandemic European Society of Coloproctology cohort data. Results: From 2073 patients in 40 countries, 1.3% (27/2073) had a defunctioning stoma and 3.0% (63/2073) had an end stoma instead of an anastomosis only. Thirty-day mortality was 1.8% (38/2073), the incidence of postoperative SARS-CoV-2 was 3.8% (78/2073) and the anastomotic leak rate was 4.9% (86/1738). Mortality was lowest in patients without a leak or SARS-CoV-2 (14/1601, 0.9%) and highest in patients with both a leak and SARS-CoV-2 (5/13, 38.5%). Mortality was independently associated with anastomotic leak (adjusted odds ratio 6.01, 95% confidence interval 2.58–14.06), postoperative SARS-CoV-2 (16.90, 7.86–36.38), male sex (2.46, 1.01–5.93), age >70 years (2.87, 1.32–6.20) and advanced cancer stage (3.43, 1.16–10.21). Compared with prepandemic data, there were fewer anastomotic leaks (4.9% versus 7.7%) and an overall shorter length of stay (6 versus 7 days) but higher mortality (1.7% versus 1.1%). Conclusion: Surgeons need to further mitigate against both SARS-CoV-2 and anastomotic leak when offering surgery during current and future COVID-19 waves based on patient, operative and organizational risks. ; Appendix 1 Writing group (*denotes joint first authors) Elizabeth Li*, James C. Glasbey*, Dmitri Nepogodiev*, Joana F. F. Simoes*, Omar M. Omar, Mary L. Venn, Jonathan P. Evans, Kaori Futaba, Charles H. Knowles, Ana Minaya-Bravo, Helen Mohan, Manish Chand, Peter Pockney, Salomone Di Saverio, Neil Smart, Abigail Vallance, Dale Vimalachandran, Richard J. W. Wilkin, Aneel Bhangu (Overall guarantor). 2 Statistical analysis Omar M. Omar (Lead statistician), Elizabeth Li, James C. Glasbey, Aneel Bhangu. 3 CovidSurg Operations Committee Kwabena Siaw-Acheampong, Ruth A. Benson, Edward Bywater, Daoud Chaudhry, Brett E. Dawson, Jonathan P. Evans, James C. Glasbey, Rohan R. Gujjuri, Emily Heritage, Conor S. Jones, Sivesh K. Kamarajah, Chetan Khatri, Rachel A. Khaw, James M. Keatley, Andrew Knight, Samuel Lawday, Elizabeth Li, Harvinder S. Mann, Ella J. Marson, Kenneth A. McLean, Siobhan C. Mckay, Emily C. Mills, Dmitri Nepogodiev, Gianluca Pellino, Maria Picciochi, Elliott H. Taylor, Abhinav Tiwari, Joana F. F. Simoes, Isobel M. Trout, Mary L. Venn, Richard J. W. Wilkin, Aneel Bhangu. 4 International Cancer Leads (*denotes specialty principal Investigator) James C. Glasbey (Chair); Colorectal: Neil J. Smart*, Ana Minaya-Bravo*, Jonathan P. Evans, Gaetano Gallo, Susan Moug, Francesco Pata, Peter Pockney, Salomone Di Saverio, Abigail Vallance, Dale Vimalchandran. 5 Dissemination Committee Joana F. F. Simoes (Chair); Tom E. F. Abbott, Sadi Abukhalaf, Michel Adamina, Adesoji O. Ademuyiwa, Arnav Agarwal, Murat Akkulak, Ehab Alameer, Derek Alderson, Felix Alakaloko, Markus Albertsmeiers, Osaid Alser, Muhammad Alshaar, Sattar Alshryda, Alexis P. Arnaud, Knut Magne Augestad, Faris Ayasra, José Azevedo, Brittany K. Bankhead-Kendall, Emma Barlow, David Beard, Ruth A. Benson, Ruth Blanco-Colino, Amanpreet Brar, Ana Minaya-Bravo, Kerry A. Breen, Chris Bretherton, Igor Lima Buarque, Joshua Burke, Edward J. Caruana, Mohammad Chaar, Sohini Chakrabortee, Peter Christensen, Daniel Cox, Moises Cukier, Miguel F. Cunha, Giana H. Davidson, Anant Desai, Salomone Di Saverio, Thomas M. Drake, John G. Edwards, Muhammed Elhadi, Sameh Emile, Shebani Farik, Marco Fiore, J. Edward Fitzgerald, Samuel Ford, Tatiana Garmanova, Gaetano Gallo, Dhruv Ghosh, Gustavo Mendonça Ataíde Gomes, Gustavo Grecinos, Ewen A. Griffiths, Madalegna Gründl, Constantine Halkias, Ewen M. Harrison, Intisar Hisham, Peter J. Hutchinson, Shelley Hwang, Arda Isik, Michael D. Jenkinson, Pascal Jonker, Haytham M. A. Kaafarani, Debby Keller, Angelos Kolias, Schelto Kruijff, Ismail Lawani, Hans Lederhuber, Sezai Leventoglu, Andrey Litvin, Andrew Loehrer, Markus W. Löffler, Maria Aguilera Lorena, Maria Marta Madolo, Piotr Major, Janet Martin, Hassan N. Mashbari, Dennis Mazingi, Symeon Metallidis, Ana Minaya-Bravo, Helen M. Mohan, Rachel Moore, David Moszkowicz, Susan Moug, Joshua S. Ng-Kamstra, Mayaba Maimbo, Ionut Negoi, Milagros Niquen, Faustin Ntirenganya, Maricarmen Olivos, Kacimi Oussama, Oumaima Outani, Marie Dione Parreno-Sacdalanm, Francesco Pata, Carlos Jose Perez Rivera, Thomas D. Pinkney, Willemijn van der Plas, Peter Pockney, Ahmad Qureshi, Dejan Radenkovic, Antonio Ramos-De la Medina, Keith Roberts, April C. Roslani, Martin Rutegård, Irène Santos, Sohei Satoi, Raza Sayyed, Andrew Schache, Andreas A Schnitzbauer, Justina O. Seyi-Olajide, Neil Sharma, Richard Shaw, Sebastian Shu, Kjetil Soreide, Antonino Spinelli, Grant D Stewart, Malin Sund, Sudha Sundar, Stephen Tabiri, Philip Townend, Georgios Tsoulfas, Gabrielle H. van Ramshorst, Raghavan Vidya, Dale Vimalachandran, Oliver J. Warren, Duane Wedderburn, Naomi Wright, EuroSurg, European Society of Coloproctology (ESCP), Global Initiative for Children's Surgery (GICS), GlobalSurg, GlobalPaedSurg, ItSURG, PTSurg, SpainSurg, Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR), Association of Surgeons in Training (ASiT), Irish Surgical Research Collaborative (ISRC), Transatlantic Australasian Retroperitoneal Sarcoma Working Group (TARPSWG), Italian Society of Surgical Oncology (SICO). 6 Collaboratoring authors (*denotes site principal investigators) Argentina: Alurralde C., Caram E. L., Eskinazi D* (Sanatorio 9 De Julio Sa); Badra R., García J.S., Lucchini S.M.* (Sanatorio Allende). Australia: Cecire J., Salindera S.*, Sutherland A. (Coffs Harbour Health Campus); Ahn J.H., Chen S., Gauri N., Jang S., Jia F., Mulligan C., Yang W., Ye G., Zhang H. (Concord Repatriation General Hospital); Moss J.*, Richards T., Thian A., Vo U. G. (Fiona Stanley Hospital); Bagraith K., Chan E., Ho D., Jeyarajan E., Jordan S., Nolan G. J., Von Papen M., Wullschleger M. (Gold Coast University Hospital); Egoroff N., Gani J., Lott N., Pockney P.* (John Hunter Hospital); Phan D., Townend D.* (Lismore Base Hospital); Bong C., Gundara J.* (Logan Hospital); Bowman S.*, Guerra G. R. (Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital); Dudi-Venkata N. N., Kroon H. M.*, Sammour T. (Royal Adelaide Hospital); Mitchell D.*, Swinson B. (Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital). Austria: Messner F., Öfner D.* (Medical University of Innsbruck); Emmanuel K., Grechenig M., Gruber R., Harald M., Öhlberger L., Presl J.*, Wimmer A. (Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg). Barbados: Barker D., Boyce R., Doyle A., Eastmond A., Gill R., O'Shea M., Padmore G.*, Paquette N., Phillips E., St John S., Walkes K. (Queen Elizabeth Hospital). Belgium: Flamey N., Pattyn P.* (Az Delta); Oosterlinck W.*, Van den Eynde J., Van den Eynde R. (Uz Leuven). Bulgaria: Sokolov M.* (University Hospital Alexandrovska). Canada: Boutros M.*, Caminsky N. G., Ghitulescu G. (Jewish General Hospital); Boutros M.*, Demyttenaere S.*, Garfinkle R. (St Mary's Hospital); Nessim C.*, Stevenson J. (The Ottawa Hospital). Croatia: Bačić G., Karlović D., Kršul D., Zelić M.* (University Hospital Center Rijeka); Bakmaz B., Ćoza I., Dijan E., Katusic Z., Mihanovic J.*, Rakvin I. (Zadar General Hospital). Cyprus: Frantzeskou K., Gouvas N.*, Kokkinos G., Papatheodorou P., Pozotou I., Stavrinidou O., Yiallourou A.* (Nicosia General Hospital). Czechia: Martinek L., Skrovina M.*, Szubota I. (Hospital and Oncological Centre Novy Jicin). Denmark: Ebbehøj A. L., Krarup P., Schlesinger N., Smith H.* (Bispebjerg Hospital). Egypt: Al Sayed M., Ashoush F.*, Elazzazy E., Essam E., Eweda M., Hassan E., Metwalli M., Mourad M., Qatora M. S., Sabry A.*, Samih A., Samir Abdelaal A., Shehata S.*, Shenit K. (Alexandria Main University Hospital); Attia D., Kamal N., Osman N.* (Alexandria Medical Research Institute); Alaa S., Hamza H. M., M. elghazaly S., Mohammed M. M.*, Nageh M. A., Saad M. M.*, Yousof E. A. (Assiut University Hospital); Eldaly A. S.* (El-Menshawy Hospital); Amira G., Sallam I.*, Sherief M., Sherif A. (Misr Cancer Center); Ghaly G.*, Hamdy R., Morsi A., Salem H.*, Sherif G. (National Cancer Institute); Abdeldayem H., Abdelkader Salama I.*, Balabel M., Fayed Y., Sherif A. E.* (National Liver Institute, Menoufia University). Finland: Kauppila J. H.*, Sarjanoja E. (Länsi-Pohja Central Hospital); Helminen O., Huhta H., Kauppila J. H.* (Oulu University Hospital). France: Beyrne C., Jouffret L.*, Marie-Macron L. (Centre Hospitalier Avignon); Lakkis Z.*, Manfredelli S. (CHU Besançon); Chebaro A.*, El Amrani M., Lecolle K., Piessen G.*, Pruvot F. R., Zerbib P. (CHU Lille); Ballouhey Q.*, Barrat B., Taibi A. (Chu Limoges); Bergeat D., Merdrignac A. (CHU Rennes – General Surgery); Le Roy B., Perotto L. O., Scalabre A.* (Chu Saint Etienne); Aimé A., Ezanno A.*, Malgras B. (Hia Begin); Bouche P. A.*, Tzedakis S.* (Hôpital Cochin – APHP); Cotte E., Glehen O., Kepenekian V., Passot G. (Hopital Lyon Sud); D'Urso A., Mutter D., Seeliger B.* (Strasbourg University Hospitals/IHU-Strasbourg); Bonnet S., Denet C., Fuks D., Laforest A., Pourcher G., Seguin-Givelet A.*, Tribillon E. (Institut Mutualiste Montsouris); Duchalais E.* (Nantes University Hospital). Germany: Bork U.*, Fritzmann J., Praetorius C., Weitz J., Welsch T. (Carl-Gustav-Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden); Beyer K., Kamphues C.*, Lauscher J. C., Loch F. N., Schineis C. (Charité University Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin); Becker R.*, Jonescheit J. (Heilig-Geist Hospital Bensheim); Pergolini I., Reim D.* (Klinikum Rechts der Isar TUM School of Medicine); Boeker C., Hakami I.*, Mall J.* (KRH Nordstadt-Siloah Hospitals); Albertsmeier M.*, Kappenberger A., Schiergens T., Werner J. (LMU Klinikum Campus Innenstadt); Nowak K.*, Reinhard T.* (Romed Klinikum Rosenheim); Kleeff J., Michalski C., Ronellenfitsch U.* (University Hospital Halle (Saale)); Bertolani E., Königsrainer A.*, Löffler M. W., Quante M.*, Steidle C., Überrück L., Yurttas C. (University Hospital Tuebingen); Izbicki J., Nitschke C., Perez D., Uzunoglu F. G.* (University Medical Center Hamburg–Eppendorf). Greece: Antonakis P., Contis I., Dellaportas D., Gklavas A., Konstadoulakis M., Memos N.*, Papaconstantinou I.*, Polydorou A., Theodosopoulos T., Vezakis A. (Aretaieion Hospital); Antonopoulou M. I., Manatakis D. K.*, Tasis N. (Athens Naval and Veterans Hospital); Arkadopoulos N., Danias N., Economopoulou P., Frountzas M., Kokoropoulos P., Larentzakis A., Michalopoulos N.*, Parasyris S., Selmani J., Sidiropoulos T., Vassiliu P. (Attikon University General Hospital); Bouchagier K.*, Klimopoulos S., Paspaliari D., Stylianidis G. (Evaggelismos General Hospital); Baxevanidou K., Bouliaris K., Chatzikomnitsa P., Efthimiou M., Giaglaras A., Kalfountzos C.*, Koukoulis G., Ntziovara A. M., Petropoulos K., Soulikia K., Tsiamalou I., Zervas K., Zourntou S. (General Hospital of Larissa 'Koutlimpaneio and Triantafylleio'); Baloyiannis I., Diamantis A., Perivoliotis K., Tzovaras G.* (General University Hospital of Larissa); Christidis P., Ioannidis O.*, Loutzidou L. (George Papanikolaou General Hospital of Thessaloniki); Karaitianos I.*, Tsirlis T. (Henry Dunant Hospital Center); Charalabopoulos A., Liakakos T., Baili E., Schizas D.*, Spartalis E., Syllaios A., Zografos C. (Laiko University Hospital); Athanasakis E., Chrysos E., Tsiaoussis I., Xenaki S.*, Xynos E.* (University Hospital of Heraklion Crete and Interclinic Hospital of Crete). Hong Kong: Futaba K.*, Ho M. F., Hon S. F., Mak T. W. C., Ng S. S. M. (Prince of Wales Hospital); Foo C. C.* (Queen Mary Hospital). Hungary: Banky B.*, Suszták N. (Szent Borbála Kórház). India: Bhat G. A., Chowdri N. A., Mehraj A.*, Parray F., Shah Z. A., Wani R. (Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences); Ahmed Z., Bali R., Bhat M. A., Laharwal A., Mahmood M., Mir I., Mohammad Z., Muzamil J., Rashid A.* (SMHS Hospital, Government Medical College). Ireland: Aremu M.*, Canas-Martinez A., Cullivan O., Murphy C., Owens P., Pickett L. (Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown); Corrigan M.*, Daly A., Fleming C.*, Jordan P., Killeen S., Lynch N., O'Brien S., Syed W. A. S., Vernon L. (Cork University Hospital); Fahey B. A., Larkin J. O.*, McCormick P., Mehigan B. J., Mohan H., Shokuhi P., Smith. J (St James's Hospital); Bashir Y., Bass G. A., Connelly T. M., Creavin B., Earley H., Elliott J. A.*, Gillis A. E., Kavanagh D. O., Neary P. C., O'Riordan J. M., Reynolds I. S., Rice D., Ridgway P. F., Umair M., Whelan M. (Tallaght University Hospital); Corless K., Finnegan L., Fowler A., Hogan A., Lowery A.*, McKevitt K.*, Ryan É. (University Hospital Galway); Coffey J. C., Cunningham R. M., Devine M., Nally D.*, Peirce C. (University Hospital Limerick); Hardy N. P., Neary P. M., O'Malley S.*, Ryan M. (University Hospital Waterford/University College Cork). Italy: Macina S.* (ASST Mantua); Mariani N. M.*, Opocher E., Pisani Ceretti A. (ASST Santi Paolo E. Carlo); Bianco F.* (ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII – Bergamo); Marino M. V.*, Mirabella A., Vaccarella G. (Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello); Agostini C., Alemanno G., Bartolini I., Bergamini C., Bruscino A., De Vincenti R., Di Bella A., Fortuna L., Maltinti G., Muiesan P.*, Prosperi P.*, Ringressi M. N., Risaliti M., Taddei A.*, Tucci R. (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi); Campagnaro T.*, Guglielmi A., Pedrazzani C., Rattizzato S., Ruzzenente A., Turri G. (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona); Bellora P., D'Aloisio G., Ferrari M., Francone E., Gentilli S.*, Nikaj H. (Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità); Bianchini M., Chiarugi M., Coccolini F., Di Franco G., Furbetta N., Gianardi D., Guadagni S., Morelli L.*, Palmeri M., Tartaglia D.* (Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana); Anania G.*, Carcoforo P.*, Chiozza M., De Troia A., Koleva Radica M., Portinari M., Sibilla M. G., Urbani A. (Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria San'anna); Fabbri N., Feo C. V.*, Gennari S., Parini S., Righini E. (Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale di Ferrara, Università di Ferrara); Annessi V., Castro Ruiz C., Montella M. T., Zizzo M.* (Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale – IRCCS di Reggio Emilia); Grossi U., Novello S., Romano M., Rossi S., Zanus G.* (Ca' Foncello Treviso – DISCOG – Università di Padova); Esposito G., Frongia F., Pisanu A., Podda M.* (Cagliari University Hospital); Belluco C., Lauretta A.*, Montori G., Moras L., Olivieri M.; Feo C. F., Perra T.*, Porcu A.*, Scanu A. M. (Cliniche San Pietro, Aou Sassari); Aversano A., Carbone F., Delrio P.*, Di Lauro K., Fares Bucci A., Rega D.*, Spiezio G. (Colorectal Surgical Oncology Unit – Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione, Pascale IRCCS); Calabrò M.*, Farnesi F., Lunghi E. G., Muratore A.*, Pipitone Federico N. S. (Edoardo Agnelli); De Palma G. D., Luglio G.*, Pagano G., Tropeano F. P. (Federico II University Hospital); Baldari L.*, Boni L.*, Cassinotti E.* (Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda – Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano); Cosimelli M., Fiore M.*, Guaglio M.*, Sorrentino L. (Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano); Agnes A., Alfieri S., Belia F., Biondi A., Cozza V., D'Ugo D., De Simone V., Litta F., Lorenzon L., Marra A. A., Marzi F., Parello A., Persiani R., Ratto C., Rosa F., Scrima O., Sganga G. (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS); Belli A.*, Izzo F., Patrone R. (HPB Surgical Oncology Unit – Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione, Pascale IRCCS); Carrano F. M., Carvello M. M., Di Candido F., Maroli A., Spinelli A.* (Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano (Mi) and Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pieve Emanuele (Mi)); Aprile A., Batistotti P., Massobrio A., Pertile D., Scabini S.*, Soriero D. (IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino); De Manzoni Garberini A.* (Ospedale Civile Spirito Santo); Federico P., Maida P., Marra E., Marte G., Petrillo A., Tammaro P., Tufo A.* (Ospedale del Mare); Berselli M.*, Borroni G.*, Cocozza E., Conti L., Desio M., Rizzi A. (ASST Sette Laghi-Varese); Baldi C.*, Corbellini C., Sampietro G. M. (Ospedale di Rho – ASST Rhodense); Baldini E.*, Capelli P., Conti L., Isolani S. M., Ribolla M. (Ospedale Guglielmo da Saliceto Piacenza); Bondurri A., Colombo F.*, Ferrario L., Guerci C., Maffioli A. (Ospedale Luigi Sacco Milano); Armao T., Ballabio M.*, Bisagni P., Gagliano A., Longhi M., Madonini M., Pizzini P. (Ospedale Maggiore di Lodi); Mochet S.*, Usai A. (Ospedale Regionale Umberto Parini); Bianco F.*, Incollingo P. (Ospedale S. Leonardo – Asl Napoli 3 Sud, Castellammare di Stabia); Mancini S., Marino Cosentino L.*, Sagnotta A.* (Ospedale San Filippo Neri); Nespoli L. C., Tamini N.* (Ospedale San Gerardo); Anastasi A., Bartalucci B., Bellacci A., Canonico G.*, Capezzuoli L., Di Martino C., Ipponi P., Linari C., Montelatici M., Nelli T., Spagni G., Tirloni L., Vitali A. (Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio); Abate E., Casati M.*, Casiraghi T., Laface L., Schiavo M. (Ospedale Vittorio Emanuele III – Carate Brianza); Arminio A., Cotoia A., Lizzi V.*, Vovola F. (Ospedali Riuniti Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Foggia); Vergari R.* (Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona); D'Ugo S.*, Depalma N., Spampinato M. G. (Vito Fazzi, Leece); Brachini G., Chiappini A., Cicerchia P. M., Cirillo B., De Toma G., Fiori E., Fonsi G. B., Iannone I., La Torre F., Lapolla P.*, Meneghini S., Mingoli A., Sapienza P., Zambon M. (Policlinico Umberto I Sapienza University of Rome); Capolupo G. T.*, Mazzotta E. (Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio Medico of Rome); Gattolin A., Migliore M., Rimonda R., Sasia D.*, Travaglio E. (Regina Montis Regalis Hospital, Mondovì); Cervellera M., Gori A., Sartarelli L., Tonini V.* (S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital); Chessa A.*, Fiorini A., Norcini C. (San Giovanni di Dio); Colletti G., Confalonieri M., Costanzi A.*, Frattaruolo C., Mari G., Monteleone M. (San Leopoldo Mandic); De Nardi P.*, Parise P., Vignali A. (San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan); Belvedere A., Bernante P., Jovine E., Neri J., Parlanti D., Pezzuto A. P., Poggioli G., Rottoli M.*, Tanzanu M., Violante T. (IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero – Universitaria di Bologna; Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna); Borghi F., Cianflocca D., Di Maria Grimaldi S., Donati D., Gelarda E., Giraudo G., Giuffrida M. C., Marano A.*, Palagi S., Pellegrino L., Peluso C., Testa V.* (Santa Croce E. Carle Hospital, Cuneo); Agresta F.*, Prando D.*, Zese M.* (Santa Maria degli Angeli Hospital ULSS 5 – Adria); Armatura G.*, Frena A., Scotton G.* (St Moritz Hospital); Gallo G.*, Sammarco G., Vescio G. (University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro); Di Marzo F.* (Valtiberina); Fontana T.* ('Vittorio Emanuele' – Gela). Japan: Kanemitsu Y.*, Moritani K. (National Cancer Center Hospital). Jordan: Al Abdallah M.*, Ayasra F., Ayasra Y., Qasem A. (Al-Basheer Hospital); Fahmawee T., Hmedat A., Obeidat K.* (King Abdullah University Hospital); Abou Chaar M. K., Al-Masri M.*, Al-Najjar H., Alawneh F. (King Hussein Cancer Center). Libya: Alkadeeki G.*, Al Maadany F. S. (Al-Jalaa Hospital); Aldokali N., Senossi O., Subhi M. T. (Alkhadra Hospital); Burgan D.*, Kamoka E., Kilani A. I. (National Cancer Institute, Sabratha); Ellojli I.*, Kredan A. (Tripoli University Hospital). Lithuania: Bradulskis S., Dainius E., Kubiliute E., Kutkevičius J., Parseliunas A., Subocius A., Venskutonis D.* (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinical Hospital). Madagascar: Rasoaherinomenjanahary F.*, Razafindrahita J. B., Samison L. H. (Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Hospital). Malaysia: Hamdan K. H., Ibrahim M. R., Tan J. A., Thanapal M. R.* (Hospital Kuala Lumpur); Amin Sahid N., Hayati F.*, Jayasilan J., Sriram R. K.*, Subramaniam S. (Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah); Che Jusoh M. A., Hussain A. H., Mohamed Sidek A. S., Mohd Yunus M. F., Soh J. Y., Wong M., Zakaria A. D.*, Zakaria Z. (School of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Universiti Sains Malaysia); Fathi N. Q., Xavier R. G., Roslani A. C.* (University Malaya Medical Centre). Mexico: Buerba G. A., Mercado M. Á.*, Posadas-Trujillo O. E., Salgado-Nesme N., Sarre C. (Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición 'Salvador Zubirán'). Morocco: Amrani L., El Ahmadi B., El Bouazizi Y., Majbar A. M., Benkabbou A., Mohsine R., Souadka A.* (Institut National d'Oncologie, Université Mohammed V Rabat). Netherlands: Hompes R.*, Meima-van Praag E. M., Pronk A. J. M., Sharabiany S. (Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam); Grotenhuis B.*, Hartveld L. (Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis); Posma-Bouman L.* (Slingeland Ziekenhuis); Derksen T., Franken J., Oosterling S.* (Spaarne Gasthuis); Konsten J.*, Van Heinsbergen M. (Viecuri Medisch Centrum). Nigeria: Olaogun J.* (Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital); Abdur-Rahman L.*, Adeyeye A.*, Bello J., Olasehinde O., Popoola A. (University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital). Pakistan: Jamal A., Kerawala A. A.* (Cancer Foundation Hospital); Memon A. S.*, Nafees Ahmed R., Rai .L* (Dr Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital); Ayub B., Ramesh P., Sayyed R.* (Patel Hospital); Butt U. I.*, Kashif M., Qureshi A.*, Farooka M. W.*, Ayyaz M.* (Services Hospital Lahore); Ayubi A., Waqar S. H.* (Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences). Poland: Major P. (Jagiellonian University Medical College). Portugal: Azevedo C., Machado D., Mendes F.* (Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira); De Sousa X.* (Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal); Fernandes U., Ferreira C.*, Guidi G., Marçal A., Marques R., Martins D., Vaz Pereira R., Vieira B. (Centro Hospitalar de Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, EPE); Afonso J., Almeida J. I., Almeida-Reis R.*, Correia de Sá T., Costa M. J. M. A., Fernandes V., Ferraz I., Lima da Silva C., Lopes L., Machado N., Marialva J., Nunes Coelho M., Pereira C., Ribeiro A., Ribeiro C. G., Santos R., Saraiva P., Silva R., Tavares F., Teixeira M. (Centro Hospitalar do Tamega e Sousa); Almeida A. C., Amaral M. J., Andrade R., Camacho C., Costa M., Lázaro A.*, Nogueira O., Oliveira A., Ruivo A., Silva M., Simões J. (Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra); Devezas V., Jácome F., Nogueiro J., Pereira A., Santos-Sousa H.*, Vaz S. (Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João); Pinto J., Tojal A.* (Centro Hospitalar Tondela-Viseu); Cardoso P.*, Cardoso N., Domingos J. C., Henriques P., Manso M. I., Martins dos Santos G., Martins R., Morais H.*, Pereira R., Revez T., Ribeiro R., Ribeiro V. I., Soares A. P., Sousa S., Teixeira J. (Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Algarve – Unidade de Faro); Amorim E., Baptista V. H., Cunha M. F.*, Sampaio da Nóvoa Gomes Miguel I. I. (Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Algarve – Unidade de Portimão); Bandovas J. P., Borges N.*, Chumbinho B., Figueiredo de Barros I., Frade S., Gomes J., Kam da Silva Andrade A., Pereira Rodrigues A., Pina S., Silva N.*, Silveira Nunes I., Sousa R. (Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central); Azevedo P., Costeira B., Cunha C., Garrido R.*, Miranda P., Peralta Ferreira M., Sousa Fernandes M. (Hospital Beatriz Angelo); Galvão D., Vieira A.* (Hospital de Santo Espirito da Ilha Terceira); Patrício B., Santos P. M. D. D.*, Vieira Paiva Lopes A. C. (Hospital de Torres Vedras – Centro Hospitalar do Oeste); Cunha R., Faustino A., Freitas A., Mendes J. R.*, Parreira R. (Hospital do Divino Espírito Santo); Abreu da Silva A.*, Claro M., Costa Santos D., Deus A. C., Grilo J. V. (Hospital do Litoral Alentejano); Borges F.*, Corte Real J., Henriques S., Lima M. J., Matos Costa P. (Hospital Garcia de Orta); Brito da Silva F., Caiado A.*, Fonseca F. (Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil); Ângelo M., Baiao J. M., Martins Jordão D.*, Vieira Caroço T. (IPO Coimbra); Baía C., Canotilho R., Correia A. M., Ferreira Pinto A. P., Peyroteo M., Videira J. F.* (IPO Porto). Réunion: Kassir R.*, Sauvat F. (CHU Réunion). Romania: Bezede C., Chitul A., Ciofic E., Cristian D., Grama F.* (Coltea Clinical Hospital); Bonci E.*, Gata V.*, Titu S.* (Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta Institute of Oncology). Russia: Garmanova T., Kazachenko E., Markaryan D., Rodimov S., Tsarkov P.*, Tulina I. (Clinic of Coloproctology and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sechenov Medical State University); Litvina Y., Provozina A. (Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Regional Clinical Hospital); Agapov M.*, Galliamov E., Kakotkin V., Kubyshkin V., Kamalov A., Semina E. (Moscow Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University). Saudi Arabia: Alshahrani M.*, Alsharif F., Eskander M. (Aseer Central Hospital); Alharthi M., Aljiffry M., Basendowah M., Malibary N.*, Nassif M., Saleem A., Samkari A., Trabulsi N.* (King Abdulaziz University Hospital); Al Awwad S.*, Alghamdi M.*, Alnumani T.* (King Fahad General Hospital); Al Habes H., Alqannas M.*, Alyami M.*, Alzamanan M., Cortés Guiral D.*, Elawad A. (King Khalid Hospital); AlAamer O., Alselaim N.* (King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard, Health Affairs, General Surgery Department); Al-Khayal K., Alhassan N., Alobeed O., Alshammari S., Bin Nasser A.*, Bin Traiki T., Nouh T.*, Zubaidi A. M. (King Saud University). Serbia: Aleksić L., Antic A., Barisic G.*, Ceranic M., Grubač Ž., Jelenkovic J., Kecmanović D., Kmezić S., Knezevic D.*, Krivokapic Z.*, Latinčić S., Markovic V.*, Matić S.*, Miladinov M., Pavlov M.*, Pejovic I., Tadic B., Vasljević J., Velickovic D. (Clinic for Digestive Surgery, Clinical Centre of Serbia); Buta M., Cvetkovic A., Gacic S., Goran M., Jeftic N., Markovic I.*, Milanović M., Nikolic S., Pejnovic L., Savković N., Stevic D., Vucic N., Zegarac M. (Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia); Karamarkovic A., Kenic M., Kovacevic B., Krdzic I.* (Zvezdara University Medical Center). Singapore: Lieske B.* (National University Hospital). South Africa: Almgla N.*, Boutall A., Herman A., Kloppers C.*, Nel D., Rayamajhi S. (Groote Schuur Hospital). Spain: Paniagua García Señorans M.*, Vigorita V. (Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital); Acrich E., Baena Sanfeliu E., Barrios O., Golda T.*, Santanach C., Serrano-Navidad M., Sorribas Grifell M., Vives R. V. (Bellvitge University Hospital); Escolà D., Jiménez A.* (Comarcal Alt Penedés); Cayetano Paniagua L., Gómez Fernández L.* (Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa); Collera P., Diaz Del Gobbo R., Farre Font R., Flores Clotet R., Gómez Díaz C. J.*, Guàrdia N., Guariglia C. A., Osorio A., Sanchez Jimenez R., Sanchon L., Soto Montesinos C. (Fundació Althaia – Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa); Alonso-Lamberti L., García-Quijada J., Jimenez Miramón J., Jimenez V.*, Jover J. M., Leon R., Rodriguez J. L., Salazar A., Valle Rubio A. (Getafe University Hospital); Aguado H.* (Hellín Hospital); Bravo Infante R., De Lacy F. B., Lacy A. M.*, Otero A., Turrado-Rodriguez V.*, Valverde S. (Hospital Clinic Barcelona); Anula R., Cano-Valderrama O., Del Campo Martín M., Díez-Valladares L., Domínguez I., Dziakova J., García Alonso M., García Romero E., Gómez Latorre L., Muguerza J.M.*, Pizarro M. J., Saez Carlin P., Sánchez del Pueblo C., Sánchez-Pernaute A., Sanz Ortega G., Sanz-Lopez R., Torres A. (Hospital Clínico de Madrid); Garcés-Albir M.*, Lopez F.*, Martín-Arévalo J., Moro-Valdezate D.*, Pla Marti V. (Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia); Beltrán de Heredia J., De Andrés Asenjo B.*, Gómez Sanz T., Jezieniecki C., Nuñez del Barrio H., Ortiz de Solórzano Aurusa F. J., Romero de Diego A., Ruiz Soriano M., Trujillo Díaz J., Vázquez Fernández A. (Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid); Lora-Cumplido P., Sosa M. V.* (Hospital de Cabueñes); Gonzalez-Gonzalez E., Minaya Bravo A. M.* (Hospital del Henares); Alonso de la Fuente N., Jimenez Toscano M.* (Hospital del Mar); Grau-Talens E. J., Martin-Perez B.* (Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva); Benavides Buleje J. A., Carrasco Prats M.*, Giménez Francés C.*, Muñoz Camarena J. M., Parra Baños P. A., Peña Ros E., Ramirez Faraco M., Ruiz-Marín M.*, Valero Soriano M. (Hospital General Reina Sofía); Estaire Gómez M.*, Fernández Camuñas Á., Garcia Santos E. P., Jimenez Higuera E., Martínez-Pinedo C., Muñoz-Atienza V., Padilla-Valverde D.*, Picón Rodríguez R., Sánchez-García S., Sanchez-Pelaez D. (Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real); Colombari R. C., del Valle E., Fernández M., Lozano Lominchar P.*, Martín L., Rey Valcarcel C., Zorrilla Ortúzar J. (Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón); Alcaide Matas F., García Pérez J. M., Troncoso Pereira P.* (Hospital Mateu Orfila); Mora-Guzmán I.* (Hospital Santa Bárbara); Achalandabaso Boira M.*, Sales Mallafré R. (Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII); Marín H., Prieto Calvo M., Villalabeitia Ateca I.* (Hospital Universitario Cruces); De Andres Olabarria U., Durán Ballesteros M., Fernández Pablos F. J., Ibáñez-Aguirre F. J., Sanz Larrainzar A., Ugarte-Sierra B.* (Hospital Universitario de Galdakao); Correa Bonito A., Delgado Búrdalo L., Di Martino M.*, García Septiem J.*, Maqueda González R., Martin-Perez E. (Hospital Universitario de la Princesa); Calvo Espino P.*, Guillamot Ruano P. (Hospital Universitario de Móstoles); Colao García L., Díaz Pérez D.*, Esteban Agustí E., Galindo Jara P., Gutierrez Samaniego M.*, Hernandez Bartolome M. A.*, Serrano González J. (Hospital Universitario de Torrejón de Ardoz); Alonso Poza A., Diéguez B., García-Conde M., Hernández-García M., Losada M.* (Hospital Universitario del Sureste); Alvarez E., Chavarrias N., Gegúndez Simón A., Gortázar S., Guevara J., Prieto Nieto M. I., Ramos-Martín P., Rubio-Perez I.*, Saavedra J., Urbieta A. (Hospital Universitario la Paz); Cantalejo Diaz M., De Miguel Ardevines M. D. C., Duque-Mallén V.*, Gascon Ferrer I., González-Nicolás Trébol M. T., Gracia-Roche C., Herrero Lopez M., Martinez German A., Matute M., Sánchez Fuentes N., Sánchez-Rubio M., Santero-Ramirez M. S., Saudí S. (Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet); Blazquez Martin A., Diez Alonso M.*, Hernandez P., Mendoza-Moreno F., Ovejero Merino E., Vera Mansilla C. (Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias); Acebes García F., Bailón M., Bueno Cañones A. D., Choolani Bhojwani E., Marcos-Santos P., Miguel T., Pacheco Sánchez D., Pérez-Saborido B., Sanchez Gonzalez J., Tejero-Pintor F. J.* (Hospital Universitario Río Hortega); Cano A., Capitan-Morales L., Cintas Catena J., Gomez-Rosado J.*, Oliva Mompean F., Pérez Sánchez M. A., Río Lafuente F. D., Torres Arcos C., Valdes-Hernandez J. (Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena); Cholewa H., Frasson M., Martínez Chicote C., Sancho-Muriel J.* (Hospital Universitario Y Politécnico la Fe); Abad Gurumeta A., Abad-Motos A., Martínez-Hurtado E., Ripollés-Melchor J.*, Ruiz Escobar A. (Infanta Leonor University Hospital); Cuadrado-García A.*, Garcia-Sancho Tellez L.*, Heras Aznar J.*, Maté P., Ortega Vázquez I.*, Picardo A. L., Rojo López J. A., Sanchez Cabezudo Noguera F.*, Serralta de Colsa D.* (Infanta Sofía University Hospital); Cagigas Fernandez C., Caiña Ruiz R., Gomez Ruiz M., Martínez-Pérez P., Poch C., Santarrufina Martinez S.*, Valbuena Jabares V. (Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital); Blas Laina J. L., Cros B., Escartin J.*, Garcia Egea J., Nogués A., Talal El-Abur I., Yánez C. (Royo Villanova); Cagigal Ortega E. P., Cervera I., Díaz Peña P., Gonzalez J., Marqueta De Salas M., Perez Gonzalez M.*, Ramos Bonilla A., Rodríguez Gómez L. (Severo Ochoa University Hospital); Blanco-Colino R., Espin-Basany E.*, Pellino G. (Vall d'Hebron University Hospital). Sri Lanka: Arulanantham A., Bandara G. B. K. D., Jayarajah U.*, Ravindrakumar S., Rodrigo V. S. D. (District General Hospital Chilaw); Srishankar S.* (Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura). Sudan Ali Adil A. K. (Al-Rajhi). Sweden: Älgå A.*, Heinius G., Nordberg M., Pieniowski E. (Stockholm South General Hospital); Löfgren N., Rutegård M.* (Umea University Hospital). Switzerland: Arigoni M., Bernasconi M., Christoforidis D.*, Di Giuseppe M., La Regina D., Mongelli F. (Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale); Chevallay M., Dwidar O., Gialamas E., Sauvain M. (Pourtales Neuchatel Hospital); Adamina M.*, Crugnale A. S., Guglielmetti L., Peros G. (Kantonsspital Winterthur). Turkey: Aghayeva A.*, Hamzaoglu I., Sahin I. (Acibadem Altunizade Hospital); Akaydin E., Aliyeva Z., Aytac E., Baca B., Ozben V.*, Ozmen B. B. (Acibadem Atakent Hospital); Arikan A. E.*, Bilgin I. A.*, Kara H., Karahasanoğlu T., Uras C. (Acibadem Maslak Hospital); Dincer H. A., Erol T. (Hacettepe University Hospital); Alhamed A., Ergün S.*, Özçelık M. F., Sanli A. N., Uludağ S. S.*, Velidedeoglu M.*, Zengin A. K. (Istanbul Universty – Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty); Bozkurt M. A., Kara Y.*, Kocataş A. (Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital); Azamat İ. F., Balik E.*, Buğra D., Kulle C. B. (Koç University Medical School); Gözal K., Güler S. A., Köken H., Tatar O. C.*, Utkan N. Z., Yıldırım A., Yüksel E. (Kocaeli University Teaching Hospital); Akin E., Altintoprak F.*, Cakmak G., Çelebi F., Demir H., Dikicier E., Firat N., Gönüllü E., Kamburoğlu M. B., Küçük I. F., Mantoglu B. (Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine); Çolak E.*, Kucuk G. O., Uyanik M. S. (Samsun Training and Research Hospital); Göksoy B.* (Sehit Prof. Dr. İlhan Varank Training and Research Hospital); Bozkurt E., Mihmanli M., Tanal M.*, Yetkin S. G. (Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital); Akalin M., Arican C., Avci E. K., Aydin C., Demirli Atıcı S.*, Emiroglu M., Kaya T.*, Kebabçı E., Kilinc G., Kirmizi Y., Öğücü H., Salimoğlu S., Sert İ., Tugmen C., Tuncer K., Uslu G., Yeşilyurt D. (University of Health Sciences Tepecik Training and Research Hospital); Yildiz A.* (Yildirim Beyazit University Yenimahalle Training and Research Hospital). Uganda: Lule H.*, Oguttu B.* (Kampala International University Teaching Hospital). UK: Agilinko J., Ahmeidat A., Bekheit M.*, Cheung L. K., Kamera B. S., Mignot G., Shaikh S.*, Sharma P. (Aberdeen Royal Infirmary); Al-Mohammad A., Ali S., Ashcroft J., Baker O., Coughlin P., Davies R. J.*, Kyriacou H., Mitrofan C. G., Morris A., Raby-Smith W., Rooney S., Singh A., Tan X. S., Townson A., Tweedle E. (Addenbrooke's Hospital); Angelou D., Choynowski M., McAree B.*, McCanny A., Neely D. (Antrim Area Hospital – Northern Health and Social Care Trust); Mosley F.* (Bradford Royal Infirmary); Arrowsmith L.*, Campbell W.* (Causeway Hospital); Grove T., Kontovounisios C., Warren O.* (Chelsea and Westminster Hospital); Clifford R., Eardley N., Krishnan E., Manu N., Martin E., Roy Mahapatra S., Serevina O. L., Smith C., Vimalachandran D.* (Countess of Chester Hospital); Emslie K.*, Labib P.*, Minto G., Natale J., Panahi P., Rogers L.* (Derriford Hospital); Abubakar A.*, Akhter Rahman M. M., Chan E., O'Brien H., Sasapu K.* (Diana Princess of Wales Hospital Grimsby); Ng H. J.* (Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary); Day A.* (East Surrey Hospital); Hunt A., Laskar N.* (East Sussex Healthcare (Conquest Hospital and Eastbourne District General Hospital)); Gupta A.*, Steinke J., Thrumurthy S. (Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust); Massie E., McGivern K., Rutherford D., Wilson M.* (Forth Valley Royal Hospital); Handa S., Kaushal M., Kler A., Patel P.*, Redfern J., Tezas S. (Furness General Hospital); Aawsaj Y., Barry C., Blackwell L., Emerson H., Fisher A.*, Katory M., Mustafa A. (Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust); Kretzmer L.*, Lalou L., Manku B., Parwaiz I., Stafford J. (George Eliot Hospital); Abdelkarim M., Asqalan A., Gala T., Ibrahim S., Maw A.*, Mithany R., Morgan R.*, Sundaram Venkatesan G. (Glan Clwyd Hospital); Boulton A. J. (Good Hope Hospital); Hardie C., McNaught C.* (Harrogate District Hospital); Karandikar S.*, Naumann D. (Heartlands Hospital); Ayorinde J., Chase T., Cuming T., Ghanbari A., Humphreys L., Tayeh S.* (Homerton University Hospital); Aboelkassem Ibrahim A., Evans C., Ikram H., Loubani M.*, Nazir S., Robinson A., Sehgal T., Wilkins A. (Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust); Dixon J.*, Jha M., Thulasiraman S. V., Viswanath Y. K. S.* (James Cook University Hospital); Curl-Roper T., Delimpalta C., Liao C. C. L.*, Velchuru V., Westwood E. (James Paget University NHS Foundation Trust Hospital); Bond-Smith G.*, Mastoridis S., Tebala G. D., Verberne C. (John Radcliffe Hospital); Bhatti M. I., Boyd-Carson H., Elsey E., Gemmill E., Herrod P.*, Jibreel M., Lenzi E., Saafan T., Sapre D., Sian T., Watson N. (King's Mill Hospital); Athanasiou A.*, Burke J., Costigan F., Elkadi H., Johnstone J., Nahm C. (Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust); Annamalai S., Ashmore C., Kourdouli A. (Leicester Royal Infirmary); Askari A., Cirocchi N., Kudchadkar S., Patel K., Sagar J.*, Talwar R.* (Luton and Dunstable University Hospital); Abdalla M., Ismail O., Newton K., Stylianides N.* (Manchester Royal Infirmary); Aderombi A., Bajomo O., Beatson K., Garrett W.*, Ng V. (Medway Hospital); Al-Habsi R., Divya G S., Keeler B.* (Milton Keynes University Hospital); Egan R., Fabre I., Harries R.*, Li Z., Parkins K., Spencer N., Thompson D. (Morriston Hospital Swansea); Gemmell C., Grieco C., Hunt L.* (Musgrove Park Hospital); Mahmoud Ali F. (Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.); Seebah K., Shaikh I.*, Sreedharan L., Youssef M.* (Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital); Shah J.* (North Manchester General Hospital); McLarty N., Mills S.*, Shenfine A. (Northumbria NHS Hospital Trust); Sahnan K. (Northwick Park Hospital); Michel M., Patil S., Ravindran S., Sarveswaran J.*, Scott L. (Pinderfields Hospital); Bhangu A.*, Cato L. D., Kamal M., Kulkarni R., Parente A., Saeed S., Vijayan D. (Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham); Kaul S., Khan A. H., Khan F., Mukherjee S.*, Patel M., Sarigul M., Singh S. (Queen's Hospital Romford); Adiamah A., Brewer H., Chowdhury A.*, Evans J., Humes D.*, Jackman J., Koh A., Lewis-Lloyd C., Oyende O., Reilly J., Worku D. (Queens Medical Centre); Bisset C., Moug S. J.* (Royal Alexandra Hospital); Math S., Sarantitis I., Timbrell S., Vitone L.* (Royal Blackburn Hospital); Faulkner G.* (Royal Bolton Hospital); Brixton G., Findlay L., Majkowska A., Manson J.*, Potter R. (Royal Bournemouth Hospital); Bhalla A.*, Chia Z., Daliya P., Grimley E., Malcolm F. L., Theophilidou E. (Royal Derby Hospital); Daniels I. R., Fowler G., Massey L., McDermott F.*, Rajaretnam N. (Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital); Beamish A., Magowan D., Nassa H., Price C., Smith L., Solari F., Tang A. M., Williams G.* (Royal Gwent Hospital); Davies E.*, Hawkin P., Raymond T., Ryska O. (Royal Lancaster Infirmary); Baron R. D.*, Gahunia S., McNicol F.*, Russ J., Szatmary P., Thomas A. (Royal Liverpool University Hospital); Jayasinghe J. D., Knowles C., Ledesma F. S., Minicozzi A.*, Navaratne L., Ramamoorthy R., Sohrabi C., Thaha M.*, Venn M. (Royal London Hospital); Atherton R.*, Brocklehurst M., McAleer J., Parkin E.* (Royal Preston Hospital); Aladeojebi A., Ali M., Gaunt A.* (Royal Stoke University Hospital); Hammer C., Stebbing J. (Royal Surrey County Hospital); Bhasin S., Bodla A. S., Burahee A., Crichton A., Fossett R., Yassin N.* (Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust); Brown S.*, Lee M., Newman T., Steele C. (Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust); Baker A., Konstantinou C., Ramcharan S.*, Wilkin R. J. W. (South Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust); Lawday S., Lyons A.* (Southmead Hospital); Chung E., Hagger R., Hainsworth A., Karim A., Owen H., Ramwell A., Williams K.* (St George's Hospital); Hall J. (Stepping Hill Hospital); Harris G., Royle T.*, Watson L. J. (Sunderland Royal Hospital); Asaad P., Brown B., Duff S.*, Khan A., Moura F., Wadham B. (The University Hospital of South Manchester); McCluney S., Parmar C.*, Shah S. (The Whittington Hospital); Babar M. S., Goodrum S., Whitmore H. (Torbay and South Devon NHS Trust); Balasubramaniam D.*, Jayasankar B.*, Kapoor S., Ramachandran A. (Tunbridge Wells Hospital); Beech N., Chand M.*, Green L., Kiconco H., McEwen R. (University College London Hospital); Pereca J.* (University Hospital Ayr); Gash K.*, Gourbault L., MacCabe T., Newton C.* (University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust); Baig M., Bates H., Dunne N., Khajuria A., Ng V., Sarma D. R., Shortland T., Tewari N.* (University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trusts); Akhtar M. A.*, Brunt A., McIntyre J., Milne K., Rashid M. M., Sgrò A., Stewart K. E., Turnbull A. (Victoria Hospital Kirkcaldy); Aguilar Gonzalez M.*, Talukder S.* (West Suffolk Hospital); Eskander P., Hanna M., Olivier J.* (Weston General Hospital); Magee C.*, Powell S.* (Wirral University Teaching Hospital); Flindall I., Hanson A., Mahendran V. (Worcestershire Royal Hospital); Green S., Lim M., MacDonald L., Miu V., Onos L., Sheridan K., Young R.* (York Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust); Alam F., Griffiths O., Houlden C., Kolli V. S., Lala A. K., Seymour Z.* (Ysbyty Gwynedd). USA: Haynes A.*, Hill C., Leede E., McElhinney K., Olson K. A., Riley C., Thornhill M. (Dell Seton Medical Center at the University of Texas); Etchill E., Gabre-Kidan A.*, Jenny H., Kent A., Ladd M. R., Long C., Malapati H., Margalit A., Rapaport S., Rose J., Stevens K., Tsai L., Vervoort D., Yesantharao P., Bigelow B. (Johns Hopkins Hospital); Klaristenfeld D.* (Kaiser Permanente San Diego Medical Center); Huynh K. (Kaiser Permanente West Los Angeles); Azam M., Choudhry A.*, Marx W. (SUNY Upstate University Hospital); Abel M. K., Boeck M., Chern H., Kornblith L.*, Nunez-Garcia B., Ozgediz D., Glencer A., Sarin A., Varma M. (University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)); Abbott D., Acher A., Aiken T., Barrett J., Foley E., Schwartz P., Zafar S. N.* (University of Wisconsin); Hawkins A.*, Maiga A. (Vanderbilt University Medical Center).
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NDI's Chris Fomunyoh is once again joined by Ambassador Johnnie Carson as they discuss the steps that can be taken to strengthen democracy. They continue their conversation with their thoughts on the key challenges and opportunities facing Africa this year. Find us on: SoundCloud | Apple Podcasts | Spotify | RSS | Google Play Johnnie Carson: When female voices are not heard, the conversation is crippled, the policy is crippled, the institutions are crippled and the results are crippled. Chris Fomunyoh: I'm Chris Fomunyoh, senior associate and regional director for Central and West Africa at the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, NDI. Welcome to this edition of DemWorks.
Again we're joined by Ambassador Johnnie Carson, a proud member of the board of directors of The National Democratic Institute, NDI with a 37 year career in the U.S. Foreign Service focus on Africa. In our previous episode, you spoke about the risk of back sliding. So for this episode, we will focus on the steps that can be taken to strengthen democracy in Africa.
I'd like us to pivot a little bit to the Sahel because in Tanzania we see the back sliding that's coming from political actors themselves, but there's something happening in the Sahel, which is a region in which we see a lot of political commitment to democratic governance, whether it's from the leaders and activists in Niger Republic, in Burkina Faso and in Mali, but at the same time these countries are coming under tremendous pressure from violent extremists who are coming across the desert and destabilizing what would be an emerging democracy and what concerns do you have and how do you think organizations like NDI, like USIP and others that have the self-power expertise, so to speak can contribute to the efforts to counter violent extremism like Sahel and also the whole of Africa?
JC: Chris you're absolutely right and we should all be concerned about outside forces that can come in and destabilize a country, its politics, its economy and its society and across the Sahel we in fact see this happening. The challenges to stability, to democracy to holding free and transparent and creditable elections and having democratic systems that work, are not only challenged by sometimes authoritarian leaders seeking to maintain power and control, we also can see this emerging as a result of exogenous forces coming in from outside, and here we see non-state actors undermining stability across the Sahel, which is creating tension for democracies and tensions for states.
I think one of the things that is absolutely critical in addressing the problems with the Sahel is for government to reconnect with their citizens, to put in place the kinds of services that citizens are looking for and are demanding and expecting. They need to be responsive to the needs that they, citizens believe are not there and they have to have these connections in order to build up resilience, to build up strength against the ideologies and to the negative forces that are brought in by extremist groups.
It is extremists groups across the Sahel are taking advantage of the absence of good services and good connectivity between government and citizens and one of the things that must accompany the security response is in fact a development and government response. Security alone cannot end the problems in the Sahel. It's an important ingredient but the most important ingredient is government going in and establishing responsible connections, providing services, education, healthcare, sanitation, water cattle feeding stations and services that citizens require and are being deprived of.
So one of the things that must be hand in hand and be out front is not the military response and the security response but the governance response, the social service response and if that is absent, the security response will be deficient and will not work.
CF: In fact, I'm so thankful you say that, because I know that you and other members of our board, Secretary Albright, in particular the chair of our board, you've been emphasizing reinforcing this message about democracy and development component as part of the toolkit in conquering violent extremism and in fact, that's the approach that NDI is taking to its work in the Sahel because we currently have ongoing programs in Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso, and our focus, the main focus of that piece of work is on people, processes and the politics and trying to create platforms where governments can reconnect with citizens at a grassroots level.
So in a number of cases we've set up platforms where civil society with legislatures and members of the executive branch, including representatives of the security services get together regularly to figure out what the challenges are in various communities and how to foster inter-communal dialogue and better relationships between the security services and the populations that they seek to serve, because you may remember there was a UN study that said that in many of the cases where violent extremism persist, that 70% of the people who join extremist organizations, are reacting to poor performance by security services and you have paid a lot of attention to Nigerian and the whole Boko Haram phenomenon.
I don't know how this would fit into our conversation with regards to the Sahel as well.
JC: I think it also very pertinent for Nigeria, and I too have seen studies of some very distinguished organizations, Mercy Corps and others that talk about why people are recruited and indeed, the authoritarian sometimes brutal nature of security forces towards communities that they should be protecting drives individuals away from the government and into the hands of Boko Haram.
Even the origin of the current violence in Northern Nigeria has its origins in the brutal extrajudicial killing of Boko Haram's first leader in 2009. His apprehension, his questioning, his interrogation, torture and mistreatment were all recorded on someone's cellphone and became widely seen throughout the country and throughout the north. Two years later, after that event in 2009 we saw and upsurge in 2011 and the activities of Boko Haram and indeed people continued to say that the brutal nature in which the security forces sought to root out Boko Haram, in fact generated more recruits for Boko Haram than it did for support for the government's efforts.
It is absolutely critical, it's absolutely critical that security forces recognize that they have a responsibility to protect the civil liberties and the human rights of the citizens of the state that they are protecting and that the way they treat the individuals in areas that they go into, may have an impact on their ability to ultimately win the conflict, but one thinks of Nigeria and particularly of the North East and there again weak institutions of corruption of lack of social services are all playing a major part in why the conflict in that region continues.
In the north east of Nigeria particularly and the three most affected states, Borno, Yobe and Adamawa. Those three states have the lowest social indicators of any of Nigeria's 36 states, less access to education, to healthcare, to water resources and to jobs and access and this all plays out as well. Governments needs to be responsive to their citizens and while a security response is important, governance and providing social services and the needs to citizens to build resilience is critical as well.
CF: This seems like a good place to take a short break. For well over 35 years NDI has been honored to work side by side with courageous and committed pro-democracy activists and leaders around the world to help contribute to develop the institutions practices and skills necessary for democracy's success.
I realize it's many countries to cover but in the few minutes that are left, I just see if you have any parting words for four countries that we haven't really focused that much on and those are Ethiopia, Kenya, The Democratic Republic of Congo and we'll exit with Cameroon. What are your thoughts?
JC: My thoughts on Ethiopia. It is absolutely essential that those of us who support a democracy and democratic progress lend all of our efforts to those of the Ethiopian government to ensure that the democratic experiment that is underway is successful. Prime Minister Abiy won the Nobel Prize for bringing about peace with Eritrea but the more important thing is that we, outside step up our effort to help him ensure that his legislative elections, this year, are successful and that we do what we can to strengthen his country's democratic progress.
He has appointed and outstanding leader, Birtukan, former opposition leader, spent many years in jail as his country's election commissioner. We need on the outside to provide the kind of technical and financial and advocacy support that she might need to put in place the architecture for running the country's elections. It will in fact be the first real serious elections in that country since the collapse of the Derg in the early 1990s. So it's important that we help do this.
Ethiopia is Africa's second most populous country behind Nigeria and it's important that we help democracy there. It's also a key and strategic state in the region bordering a number of other countries that will look to the success of what happens here. So we need to support.
Kenya, will have elections next year. It is important that there be a continuation in the improvement of the country's electoral agencies. The shadow of the flawed and failed and controversial and violent elections of 2007 and 2008 continue to be a shadow. The controversies associated with the last elections and court decisions there continue to hang over. It is important to continue to support civil society, support the electoral commission and work with the Kenyan government to ensure an outcome.
It appears very clearly that President Kenyatta wants to leave a positive legacy of progress, economically, politically and electorally. This will be a challenge but we should support the process moving forward. The features are still there.
CF: In fact, I should say before end up with the last two countries that for listeners, Ethiopia has got a parliamentary system of government. That's why the parliamentary elections are extremely important, the national elections for Ethiopia and also with regards to Kenya, as you say, President Uhuru Kenyatta would like to leave a good legacy. He's coming to the end of his second term and NDI working with partners on the continent has been very strong on the issue constitutionalism, respect for rule of law. In fact, we had a continent wide conference in Niamey, Niger Republic last October on the whole question of presidential term limits and we'll be having a second conference in Botswana in June to discuss term limits with former African heads of states and various other partners on the continent.
Just to say that, as leaders relinquish power when their terms come to an end, they help consolidate and strengthen democratic practices and institutions. So, with the two remaining countries-
JC: I applaud President Kenyatta for saying very early on that he would adhere to the constitution, he would serve two terms and step down. This is an important message for the most important country in East Africa, especially looking at the neighboring states, particularly Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda where leaders there have found ways to extend themselves in office. He recognizes the importance of transition at the top and allowing the citizens of the country to select new leadership on a constitutional basis rather than trying to alter the constitution to eliminate term limits, age limits and perpetuate themselves in power.
So I hope others in the region are in fact looking at Kenya's model. One jumps across to West Africa and looks at President Paul Biya who's been in power for three decades, plus shows no desire whatsoever to leave office. Here is a man who has lost touch with his citizens and the communities of his country and because he has lost touch with his citizens, because there have been structural deficiencies and weaknesses and the institutions that he is responsible for, we now see a country that is suffering from three or four major political crisis, crisis with the English speaking portion of this country in the south west, the emergence of Boko Haram and radicalism across the border from Nigeria in the north west and problems of herders and farmers driven by drought and climate conditions.
President Biya has lost touch with the needs of his citizens and his government has not been responsive to anyone but himself and a small political elite. I think it is important for the international community to point out the failures and the flaws of his governance, the corruption that underpins it and to support those internally who are pushing for a constitution and political policies that fundamentally change the nature and structure of society, political architecture in society.
CF: You're so right, because that's one country that it's got tremendous potential but that it's not pulling its weight at all and because of its strategic location, invariably weakens other countries in the central Africa sub region, as well as in West Africa too and it's now taking full advantage of what could be real opportunities to improve the wellbeing of its citizens.
We'll be right back after this quick message.
And let's end with the country right in the heart of the continent, The Democratic Republic of Congo. I was in Kinshasa in October and met with political leaders and opinion leaders across the board, civil society, religious leaders who are very powerful in the Congo, very influential and I came away, I should say, a little more optimistic than I was going in. I was quite apprehensive given what has transpired in the 2018 presidential elections but after talking to the Congolese, I got a sense that a genuine attachment to reform.
Everybody wants some reforms of the political process or the electoral process and the key question is whether they are going to be able to set aside their personal agendas and actually get together to help this country, which has got tremendous resources and tremendous potential get back on its feet. I was very impressed by the fact that most of the leaders in Congo are pretty young. I know that you and I have talked about Congo for many, many times and when you were still in the administration you had to deal with some of their crisis.
I don't know what you take is on the present leadership and the present challenges but also the opportunities that present themselves in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
JC: Let me say that The Democratic Republic of the Congo has more unrealized potential than any other large state in Africa and that potential has continued to be in held in check and not realized because of the poor nature of the politics that have occurred there since the 1960s.
The 2018 elections were deeply flawed and irregular and not representative, I think, of the vote of the people. The one thing that one can say about the process that it did lead to President Kabila stepping down and a new younger president, Tshisekedi coming into power. There was immediately after the election a strong feeling that Tshisekedi was going to be instrument of Kabila going forward in that his leadership and his authority and his ability to do things would be substantially constrained. Tshisekedi has shown some degree of independence.
It is again important to recognize that there is little we can do to rerun that election or to reverse it but there is something that all of us can do going forward, and that to put pressure on President Tshisekedi to ensure that the electoral commission is strengthened, it has more independence, more technical capacity and more of an ability to deliver a more responsible, fair and transparent election going forward.
It is also important that he continue the fight against corruption, that he begin to put in place the kind of economic reforms that are going to unleash the potential of the Congo and to provide the people, The Democratic Republic of the Congo an opportunity to realize so many of the opportunities that they have been denied in the past. He has shown more independence than I thought but it is important that he not stop, that he continue to move forward, that he open up political space and continue to open it up for civil society, for the opposition, for the media, that he not constrain but unleash the country's potential and that he continue to show both in reality and fact his independence away from Kabila and those who were around him in the past.
He will be judged on the next four years very keenly, but it's important that the institutions of democracy to the extent that we can help civil society strengthen them, that they be nurtured and pushed forward. Elections and democracy...Democracy doesn't depend essentially, solely on elections. It is institutions that must be strengthened and we can help the DRC and civil society move those forward.
Again, working effectively with religions groups, Catholic Church, a very powerful instrument, working with women's groups, with working youth groups across the DRC and working with an emerging entrepreneurial class of young Congolese as well. We have to nurture and strengthen and push them forward. These next elections will be able to tell us whether there's been progress. President Tshisekedi needs to continue to move forward.
CF: Thank you very much Ambassador Johnnie Carson. It's really been an honor to have you do this tutor for us on the entire continent. Of course there still would always be ground to cover. As you were speaking, I thought about what late President John F Kennedy said about democracy as a never ending endeavor, and so NDI and similar organizations will continue to work side by side with our African partners to make sure that we can support them, give them the support and share experiences that they need so that we can all collectively, continue to work to strengthen and support democracy in countries like the DRC, Ethiopia, Sudan and across the entire continent.
Thank you also for being a member of our board of directors. We are extremely proud of that and extremely proud of the partnership that NDI has with USIP and hope that our two organizations would continue to work together to support the growth of democracy across Africa and to our listeners, can I just say thank you for sharing in this edition of DemWorks, to follow our next podcast. Please check us out on our website www.NDI.org.
AMÉRICA LATINA Cuba eliminará doble moneda para mejorar su economía. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2013/10/22/a-cuba-la-reunification-monetaire-est -en-marche_3501100_3222.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/22/world/americas/cuba-single-currency/index.html?hpt=wo_bn5http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24627620http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1631347-nuevo-gesto-de-raul-castro-anuncio-reformas-en-el-siste ma-monetario-y-cambiariohttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/22/21079591-cubans-give-muted-welcome-to -end-of-convertible-peso-dual-currency-system?lite México se prepara ante la amenaza del huracán Raymond. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/21/world/americas/tropical-weather-raymond/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/21/21061049-hurricane-raymond-threate ns-mexico-coast-battered-by-storms-last-month?litehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24627670http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/raymond-se-debilita-a-categoria-2-y-avan za-ligeramente-hacia-costa-mexicana_13139060-4http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-mexico-hurricane-20131022,0,1631604 .story#axzz2iUk49HvE Ausencias y llamado de renovación en inicio de Cumbre Iberoamericana. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/xxiii-cumbre-iberoamericana_13134001-4 Panamá enviará pronto a Corea del Norte tripulación y barco capturados. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/americas/panama-preparing-to-free-most-of-north-korea-crew.html?ref=world&gwh=34909CC5FE4CAA0F702E63C0FEC78407http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/panam-enviar-a-corea-del-norte-tripulacin- y-barco-capturados_13131395-4http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-north-korea-panama-cuba-ship-weapons-20131018,0,4019282.story#axzz2iUk49HvE Tensión diplomática en México por espionaje de Estados Unidos. Para más información:http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/mexico-convoca-embaixador-americano-por-caso-de-e spionagem-pena-nieto-ordena-investigacao-10494797#ixzz2iUpDXe4O http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2013/10/131022_ultnot_mexico_espion aje_embajador_eeuu_jp.shtmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/21/actualidad/1382378859_232209.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/20/world/americas/mexico-nsa-spying/index.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-mexico-us-spying-20131022,0,138 061.story#axzz2iUk49HvE Los grupos anarquistas irrumpen con fuerza en las protestas de Brasil. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629714-los-grupos-anarquistas-irrumpen-con-fuerza-en-las-protestas-de-brasil Disturbios y decepción en una gran subasta petrolera en Brasil. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/americas/brazil-consortium-wins-oil-rights.html?ref=world&gwh=05D2C553FD44EDD2F3BB98376D194F43http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1631224-disturbios-y-decepcion-en-una-gran-subasta-petrolera-de-brasilhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/21/world/americas/brazil-oil-auction-winner/index.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24618086 Más de 100 heridos por choque de tren en Buenos Aires Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/19/21041661-train-plows-into-bu enos-aires-station-injuring-dozens?litehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24595870http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/19/world/americas/argentina-train-crash/index.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/choque-de-tren-en-buenos-aires_13134305-4 Cristina Fernández es dada de alta tras cirugía. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/13/world/americas/argentina-fernandez-health/index.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/anlisis-del-poder-en-argentina-tras-la- enfermedad-de-cristina-fernndez_13119720-4 Los planes de Piñera molestan a sus aliados. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1628847-los-planes-de-pinera-molestan-a-sus-aliados Chile: procesan a 79 agentes por desaparición de comunistas en 1976. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2013/10/131022_ultnot_chile_justicia_proc esamiento_desaparicion_comunistas_jp.shtml Dilma lanza incentivos a la cultura. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630702-dilma-lanza-un-inedito-bono-para-incentivar-la-cultura Sismo de 6,5 grados sacude costa occidente de México. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/sismo-en-costa-occidente-de-mxico_13134755-4 Un ex capo narco mexicano fue asesinado por un payaso en una fiesta infantil. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/19/world/americas/mexico-cartel-figure-killed/index.htmlhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/19/21043968-gunman-in-clown-su it-kills-former-mexico-drug-cartel-leader-who-was-member-of-notorious-family?litehttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630860-un-ex-capo-narco-mexicano-fue-ejecutado-por -un-payaso-en-una-fiesta-infantil Correa deja la puerta abierta a la reelección. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2013/10/21/equateur-correa-menace-de- quitter-son-parti-apres-un-conflit-sur-l-avortement_3500561_3222.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630696-correa-deja-la-puerta-abierta-a-la-reeleccion El mayor grupo criminal de Brasil amenaza con un "Mundial del terror". Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629421-el-mayor-grupo-criminal-de-brasil-amenaza-con- un-mundial-del-terror Rescatan en México a 44 secuestrados. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/rescatan-en-mxico-a-44-secuestrados_13133600-4 ONU asegura que no fueron ellos quienes introdujeron el cólera en Haití. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/09/world/americas/haiti-un-cholera-lawsuit/index.html?hpt=wo_bn5 Al menos 52 muertos tras caer un ómnibus a un abismo en el sur de Perú. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/accidente-en-per-un-camin-a-un-abismo-en-el-sur-de-per_13118775-4http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/12/world/americas/peru-bus-falls-off-cliff/index.html Estados Unidos ayuda a Perú en su lucha anti drogas. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/12/20920291-as-us-ups-aid-to-perus- drug-battle-farmers-say-they-will-fight-to-defend-cocaine-source?lite Suspenden juicio a ex mandatario peruano Fujimori por razones de salud. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/suspenden-juicio-a-ex-mandatario-peru ano-fujimori-por-razones-de-salud_13129337-4El chavismo avanza para darle más poderes a Maduro. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630504-el-chavismo-avanza-para-darle-mas-poderes-a-maduro En Chile convocan marcha contra extranjeros. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/marcha-en-chile-contra-colombianos_13132135-4 Costa Rica tilda defensa de Nicaragua en Corte Internacional de Justicia como 'falsa y engañosa'. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/costa-rica-tilda-defensa-de-nicaragu a-en-corte-internacional-de-justicia-como-falsa-y-engaosa_13125100-4 ESTADOS UNIDOS /CANADÁ Estados Unidos y el fin de la parálisis administrativa. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629849-barack-obama-firmo-la-ley-que-pone-fin-al-cierre-del-gobierno Obama defiende su ley de salud. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2013/10/obamacarehttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/obama-defiende-reforma-de-la- salud-aprobada-en-estados-unidos_13138104-4http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/impreso/obama-defiende-su-ley-de-salud-84598.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-24613022 Escritora canadiense Alice Munro recibe el premio Nobel de literatura. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/10/20897047-canadian-writer-a lice-munro-wins-nobel-literature-prize?lite Tiroteo en un colegio de Nevada deja dos muertos. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1631192-tiroteo-en-un-colegio-de-nevada-dos-muertoshttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/tiroteo-en-escuela-de-estados-unid os-deja-dos-muertos-y-dos-heridos_13137471-4 Protestas en Canadá se tornan violentas. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/17/world/americas/canada-clashes/index.html Obama estudia descongelar fondos para aliviar las sanciones contra Irán. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/18/actualidad/1382117359_125749.html EUROPA Otro caso de espionaje de Estados Unidos despierta indignación en Francia. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/europe/new-report-of-nsa-spying-angers-france.html?ref=world&gwh=A96B553EE2BB476C152511FFE5A000FBhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/22/world/europe/france-nsa-spring/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/21/actualidad/1382344257_270773.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2013/10/22/la-diplomatie-francaise- sur-ecoute-aux-etats-unis_3500717_3210.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24628947 Hollande recibe varias críticas por una polémica deportación. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630905-hollande-contra-las-cuerdas-por-una-polemica-deportacion Seis personas mueren en un atentado en bus en Rusia. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/europe/deadly-bombing-hits-bus-in-southern-russia.html?ref=world&gwh=75EB5A6B6ECB046C9FBC0829395E0E66http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/21/actualidad/1382366426_077171.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1631032-exploto-una-bomba-en-un-colectivo-en-rusia-al-menos-6-muertoshttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/atentado-en-bus-en-rusia_13137052-4http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/21/world/europe/russia-bus-explosion/index.html?hpt=wo_bn6 Conmoción por una chica hallada en un campamento gitano. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne/2013/10/roma-greecehttp://www.l atimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-greece-gypsy-camp-girl-found-20131018,0,5255487.story#axzz2iUk49HvEhttp://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2013/10/22/grece-la-police-enquete-sur-une-dizaine-de-disparitions-d-enfants_3500797_3214.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/21/world/europe/roma-discrimination/index.html?hpt=ieu_c1 Justicia española excarcela a la temida etarra Inés del Río. Para más información:http://espagne.blog.lemonde.fr/2013/10/22/letarra-ines-del-rio-prada-sort-de-prison/http://elpais.com/elpais/2013/10/22/inenglish/1382435271_206746.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1631331-espana-excarcela-a-una-temible-etarra-tras-la-exigencia-de-la-uehttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/liberan-a-miembro-de-eta-en-espaa_13138168-4http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/europe/european-court-rules-against-spain-on-terror-sentences.html?ref=world&gwh=B3584186D57A2EDBCA8875BDFAE85064 Once Nobel de la Paz pidieron a Vladimir Putin por la liberación de los activistas de Greenpeace. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629850-once-nobel-de-la-paz-pidieron-a-vladimir- putin-por-la-liberacion-de-los-activistas-de-greenp Rusia afirma que había drogas en el barco de Greenpeace abordado. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/09/actualidad/1381331456_632250.html Italia busca evitar más naufragios tras nuevo hundimiento frente a sus costas. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/11/world/europe/italy-ship-capsized/index.htmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/21/actualidad/1382381896_157074.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1628181-otro-naufragio-tragico-al-menos-50-muertos-en-el-mediterraneo Jean-Claude Juncker vence en las elecciones legislativas en Luxemburgo. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/20/actualidad/1382292491_339077.htmlEspaña supera la recesión pero le espera un frágil futuro. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629084-espana-supera-la-recesion-pero-le-espera-un-fragil-futuro La justicia impone a Berlusconi dos años de inhabilitación por fraude fiscal. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/19/21042040-italy-court-bans- berlusconi-from-public-office-for-2-years?litehttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/19/actualidad/1382175524_077719.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1628305-silvio-berlusconi-pide-cumplir-su-pena-haciendo-trabajos-socialeshttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/reducen-pena-de-inhabilidad-de-silvio-berlusconi_13134235-4 La ultraderecha toma fuerza en Francia. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/ultraderecha-en-francia_13135425-4 "El País" de Madrid analiza el creciente protagonismo global ruso y cómo choca con la falta de una voz única en la Unión Europea. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/18/actualidad/1382123363_894347.html El SPD pone líneas rojas al pacto de gobierno con Merkel en Alemania. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/20/actualidad/1382272269_458019.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629722-una-gran-coalicion-la-unica-alternativa-para-merkel Policía turca dispersa ambientalistas en Estambul Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/22/world/meast/turkey-road-protest/index.html?hpt=ieu_c2 En Barcelona miles de personas marchan contra la independencia. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1628555-en-barcelona-miles-de-personas-marchan-contra-la-independencia Snowden asegura que no ha filtrado documentos secretos a Rusia. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/snowden-asegura-que-no-ha-filtrado-docum entos-secretos-a-rusia_13131535-4 Primer Ministro de India visita Rusia. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/photo/2013-10/21/content_17047529.htm El PP español más complicado por un escándalo. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630475-el-pp-mas-complicado-por-un-escandalo ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTE Continúa la violencia en Siria a pesar de intentos de pacificación. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/20/world/meast/syria-civil-war/index.html?hpt=imi_c2http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/20/21049361-suicide-bomb-i n-hama-syria-kills-31-wounds-dozens-state-media?litehttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/20/actualidad/1382285291_165420.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24619329http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630007-la-onu-ya-inspecciono-la-mitad-del-arsenal-quimico-en-siriahttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/ataque-en-el-sur-de-siria-deja-21-muertos_13126416-4http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-arab-western-states-syria-t alks-20131022,0,6791558.story#axzz2iUk49HvEhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/health/in-syria-doctors-risk-life-and-juggle-ethics.html?ref=world&gwh=25D1DEC31F71E41DAE2A2AB77B2D2274 Irán ofrece concesiones en su plan nuclear Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21588100-iran-sounds-s erious-about-wanting-nuclear-deal-getting-one-will-behttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629716-iran-ofrece-concesiones-en-su-plan-nuclearhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/16/actualidad/1381920579_931807.htmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/19/actualidad/1382207739_689630.html Lluvias provocan l desbordamiento de agua radiactiva en Japón. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/asia/rainwater-problem-hits-japans-closed-nuclear-plant.html?ref=world&gwh=399011E6FF376DF395E3ECA711E360AChttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/las-lluvias-provocan-el-desbordamiento-de -agua-radiactiva-en-fukushima-tokio-2_13137338-4http://www.chinadaily.com.cn /world/2013-10/22/content_17049389.htm Tifón Wipha golpea la zona de Tokio. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/16/world/asia/japan-typhoon-deaths/index.html?hpt=wo_bn4http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/desaparecidos-por-el-tifn-wipha_13128755-4 La contaminación en China ha provocado el cierre de escuelas, autopistas y aeropuertos. Para más información:http://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/10/air-pollution-capitalhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/china-clima-obliga-a-cerrar-escuelas-y-autopistas-959623.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/densa-nube-de-contaminacin-cubre-ciudad-china_13137329-4http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/22/world/asia/china-smog-lingers/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 Serie de atentados golpean a Irak. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/13/world/meast/iraq-violence/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/20/world/meast/iraq-violence/index.html?hpt=imi_c2http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24631099http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/impreso/ola-de-atentados-sacude-a-irak-84586.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/ataques-suicidas-en-irak_13130108-4http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/atentado-suicida-en-irak_13128775-4 Estampida en India deja al menos 115 muertos. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/15/world/asia/india-temple-stampede/index.html?hpt=wo_bn4http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/estampida-en-la-india_13121416-44 Al menos 44 personas mueren al caer un avión en Laos. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/17/world/asia/laos-aircrash-aviation-safety/index.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/accidente-de-avin-en-laos_13134096-4http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629638-al-menos-44-personas-mueren-al-caer-un-avion-en-laoshttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/16/world/asia/laos-plane-crash/index.html?hpt=wo_bn4 19 muertos y decenas de heridos tras un choque múltiple en Filipinas. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/choque-mltiple-en-filipinas_13134019-4 Decenas de muertos por un terremoto y tifón en Filipinas. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629185-al-menos-cuatro-muertos-por-un-terrem oto-de-72-grados-de-magnitud-en-filipinashttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/13/world/asia/philippines-typhoon-nari/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/14/world/asia/philippines-earthquake/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/19/world/asia/philippines-earthquake/index.html Se culmina el gaseoducto que une China y Myanmar. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-10/20/content_17046712.htm Cerca de 1,5 millón de musulmanes en la Meca. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1629024-cerca-de-15-millon-de-musulmanes-en-la-meca Evacuadas 360 mil personas en el este de India por el ciclón Phailin. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/cicln-phailin-en-el-este-de-india_13118535-4 Pakistán pide fin de ataques de Estados Unidos con drones. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/asia/civilian-deaths-in-drone-strikes-cited-in-report.html?ref=world&_r=0&gwh=799DB8F62CFC647FA5F6BB112771BEF4says.html?ref=world&gwh=8FE5BA642948DD538D2DD4636400EB9Fhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/paquistan-drones-960044.htmlhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-10/21/content_17047803.htm Israel descubre un "túnel del terror" construido desde Gaza. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1628850-israel-descubre-un-tunel-del-terror-construido-desde-gaza 13 heridos al estallar dos bombas en el sur de Tailandia. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/bombas-en-el-sur-de-tailandia_13134277-4 Enormes incendios en Australia dejan miles de desplazados y considerables pérdidas Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/22/world/asia/australia-fires/index.html?hpt=wo_c1http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/22/world/asia/australia-bushfire-climate-change/index.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/20/world/asia/australia-fires/index.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2013/10/22/australie-les-pompiers-fusionnent-deux-enormes-incendies_3500574_3216.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24607401 ÁFRICA Continúa la violencia en Egipto. Para más información:http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/10/06/3673711/at-least-34-dead-as-egyptian-police.htmlhttp://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-egypt-church-shooting-20131022,0,2360541.story#axzz2iUk49HvEhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/20/world/meast/egypt-protests/index.html?hpt=iaf_c2http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/21/actualidad/1382378448_459569.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/22/world/africa/mozambique-1992-peace-pact-collapses.html?ref=world&gwh=F5D963293D49CACE01B1EAD6D2E37C05 Diversos medios intentan explicar lo que sucedió durante el ataque al shopping en Nairobi. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/11/20922818-what-actually-happened-in-the-nairobi-mall-attack?litehttp://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2013/10/21/world/africa/ap-af-kenya-mall-attack.html?ref=world&gwh=DA72B28577F3713A89B336A19759E2FE Ataque suicida en Somalia. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/19/world/africa/somalia-unrest/index.html?hpt=iaf_c2 41 personas son muertas tras ataque rebelde en Sudán del Sur. Para más información:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-10/21/content_17049068.htm Matrimonios de niñas: un drama en el África que pasa inadvertido. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/matrimonios-de-nias-un-drama--el-frica_13134536-4 Forzados a innovar, los zares de la droga buscan nuevas rutas. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1630473-forzados-a-innovar-los-zares-de-la-droga-buscan-nuevas-rutas#comentar OTRAS NOTICIAS Cada año más de 800.000 personas son víctimas del tráfico humano. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/cada-ao-ms-de-800000-personas- son-vctimas-del-trfico-humano-en-el-mundo_13132278-4 "The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week". Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/world-week/21583302-business-week
Transcript of an oral history interview with General Gordon R. Sullivan, conducted by Sarah Yahm at the Sullivan Museum and History Center on 23 April 2015, as part of the Norwich Voices oral history project. Gordon Sullivan was a member of the Norwich University Class of 1959. After graduating from Norwich University, he served in a variety of Army command and staff assignments in the United States, Germany, Korea and Vietnam. He became Chief of Staff of the U. S. Army on 21 June 1991. The Sullivan Museum and History Center at Norwich University was named in his honor. Topics of interest within the oral history include General Sullivan's Army career as well as his legacy, philosophy, and activities after his retirement from the U.S. Army. ; 1 Gordon Sullivan, NU 1959, Oral History Interview April 23, 2015 Interviewed by Sarah Yahm GORDON SULLIVAN: I have often talked -- I talk a lot to troops and groups and so forth and so on and I'm very quick to tell them that I have been in and around the United States Army since 1955 in one form or another, either as a cadet at Norwich when I took my oath in the summer -- late summer of 1955 -- and obviously as a commissioned officer in the United States Army since 1959, 1995. Then, in my retired life, other than a two-year period when I was doing something in the commercial sector which I frankly didn't -- it wasn't for me. I knew it wasn't for me. I did okay at it but I didn't want to continue doing it. The job was open as the president of the Association of the United States Army, which is the Army's professional association, designed to tell the story of land power and the story of the Army and to do whatever we could to help soldiers and their families. So, in reality, I've spent my adult life in or around the United States Army. Since I retired, in addition to the association and the United States Army, I've done a couple of things which, to me, fit with the way I wanted to live my life. One was to create with three other retired officers an organization known as the Marshall Legacy Institute, Marshall being General George C. Marshall, former Secretary of State who, in 1948, created the Marshall Plan; he and others who worked for him. The essential nature of the Marshall Plan was to help war-torn nations recover in a collaborative way, not in a Big Brother way where we went in and did all the work and they stood by and watched us. It was where we collaborated with them and enabled them to help themselves. So, by happenstance, I was asked, since I had been the chief of staff of the Army to help commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the creation of the Marshall Plan. I found out that what they wanted was celebratory activities; a cocktail party and so forth and so on, which didn't interest me. So, I found some kindred spirits and we created the Marshall Legacy Institute, which has been around since 1997, and we have over 200 mine detection dogs out around the world. We have raised the money. The State Department has supported us, and these dogs are in some of the worst places in the world, enabling others to take landmines, a silent killer, out of the ground, and to provide safe living and a way of being; food, commerce, and so forth in war-torn countries such as in the Balkans, in Afghanistan, Iraq, African countries like Angola, one of the most mine-infested countries in the world, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, so forth and so on. We have -- those dogs have cleared, along with their indigenous handlers, millions and millions of square you-name-it -- square kilometers or yards or whatever, whatever metric you want, ground for people to live safely. I view that as sort of right up along with everything else I did when I was in uniform. It's the same kind of a business, making the world safe for others to live, save lives, not take lives, save lives. As a part of -- for some reason, let's put it this way. Sometimes in life, things happen that you really don't -- you didn't expect and so forth. I was asked to be a part of a study group in 2006. The study group was on -- conducted by CNA. That's otherwise known in a previous life as the Center for Naval Analysis. Well, I'm an Army general and it was kind of odd to be asked to do something 2 with the CNA but I was asked to do it and I did. It seemed like a good idea at the time. It was to look at the national security implications of global climate change. Well, the implications of global climate change, no matter how you feel about it, the trends of anything related to climate are going in the wrong direction; not the specifics. If you argue point data, there is always someone who has better data or different data. So, that becomes very contentious. All right, I think it was twelve retired admirals and generals were on this study group and by some fluke, I guess, I became the chairman of this group. We published a study in '07 which said that climate change is a national security threat or presents a national security threat to the United States of America. Failed and failing states, whether they failed because of drought or political reasons or why they failed, become like a Petri dish within which extremist groups grow, and that goes from Somalia to the Sudan and you name it; Syria and so forth. Syria was later but the ones we were dealing with at the time were mainly in the Middle East and Africa and we could see it. So, we published that study and it got some attention. Actually, we, within reason, steered away from the maelstrom of political stuff because we were the least likely people to say it. All of us were mostly operators. Now, we had one astronaut, a naval officer, and one of them was a nuclear -- you know, you would expect the Navy because of the nuclear-powered submarines and ships and so forth. So, they were scientists, really, and they had access to data and they knew about the phenomenon. But, the rest of us were either fighter pilots or I'm a ground combat guy or Marine -- Marines; you know, just people with a lot of experience in international stuff and defense and security. So, anyway, that study was replicated in '14 and said, "Well, this is what we said in '07. It's worse." Things got worse, and that's what we said; that not only was it bad then, but it's worse today. Obviously, we had Syria and various other garden spots on the table; Syria, Libya, on and on and on. Arab Spring was caused, in many places, since -- Arab Spring, what became known as Arab Spring, was caused by drought or one of the causes was drought in Russia, which -- and the Russians stopped exporting wheat because they had to -- they had a shortage of wheat so they stopped exporting it. That caused ripples throughout North Africa and Mesopotamia, specifically, Syria. SARAH YAHM: So, I have a couple questions for you, and I do want to -- you know, I feel like we're talking now for a little bit and I do want to sit down when I have more time to prepare and really give a couple hours. GS: I want you to do that. What I'm telling you is I put it all together and my time here at Norwich here as the chairman and it's all a piece. SY: Well, that's what I sense is that you felt this urgency to come in today. GS: I want you to know that in case -- I'm now 77, almost 78. I want to take advantage of you being here, me meeting you, so that you know how I really feel about it. SY: So, yeah, so you feel this urgency about your legacy. So, what -- so, you're telling me something now that it seems like you're afraid isn't in the historical record or won't be in the historical record. GS: It's not. SY: So, is it the idea that this global warming work, this landmine work, that is all part and parcel -- GS: That's all a part and parcel of how I view my life.3 SY: OK, and so you see this linear thread that goes through your life. GS: Yes. SY: So, if you were to articulate the values of that linear thread, how would you articulate it? GS: I think -- I don't know it. I think that when I sit here today, this morning I was talking about -- I was introducing these 200 things that you don't know about Norwich, and I said to myself, well, there's a lot I don't know about Norwich but I know about myself. I don't think I'm unique, by the way, in the history of Norwich. I think I'm just one of the people who went here. So, you have this museum which, you know, is -- I find this hard to say, but, okay, there's this museum here, and you've got some of my stuff. It doesn't -- it's hard -- yeah, how do -- what do I think? How do -- there's some stuff out there. There's nobody but me who could tell you why I think some of those artifacts tell the story. SY: No, you need to interpret the story of your life. GS: Yeah, I need to interpret it. SY: You need to interpret it. GS: It's me. I don't think -- SY: Absolutely. GS: I don't think -- I can go to things out there. I can show you one panel that shows me as a young man struggling to figure out who I am and Norwich, my buddies, this institution enabled me to mature and they didn't throw me out, because I was, struggling. I don't mean that in a -- I was struggling to figure out how I would fit in the world, and I don't think I'm unique and Norwich helped me do that. Okay? SY: Absolutely. GS: So, on the same panel, it goes from me being, you know, this guy I was who was whatever. I'm not apologizing for any of it because I don't have anything to apologize for. But, I can tell you it went from somebody who was immature to the chief of staff of the Army with the woman I was married to for 49 years standing beside me when I became the chief of staff in the Army. I will tell you, I'd do it all the same way and marry the same woman. SY: I think your vulnerability matters, and I think that's something that needs to go in the record, too -- the confusion of being a 20-year old, right? GS: Yeah, the confusion of being a 20-year old and now 70 -- in my late seventies. I'm reasonably healthy but I know my own -- I mean, I'm human. I've figured it out obviously since my wife essentially died, you know. I mean, well, she did die. I'm also struggling. I'm not struggling with it. I think I've accommodated. I understand it all but I know, okay, that's the way it is, and I want you to know it. SY: Yeah, and you're evaluating. You're in a moment in your life of evaluation, right? GS: Yeah, right. What did I do? What did I do with my life? SY: Yeah, and that has to be richer than a list of accomplishments, right? GS: It's not the accomplishments. It's what do you -- how does it fit? I think I am occupying a very large part of the space there, and there are many people like me and I know that, and they should be here, too. SY: Yeah, and we're actually -- I mean, we are collecting their voices, but maybe the key is to figure out how you're representative of a moment.4 GS: Yeah, whatever. You're the expert. I'm just here, and I don't think for one minute -- I have a hard time telling people. I talk about this as 'the museum.' SY: Not the 'Sullivan Museum.' GS: No, no, I don't say that. I have never said it. SY: So, we'll sit down and we'll talk and we'll have you curate the story of your life, you know, and that will help enrich our museum. I also think -- I mean, you oversaw a messy century, you know. The second half of the 20th century was a messy century, right? GS: Well, yeah, here's the cycle, though. I just came back from Germany. I was in the headquarters of the United States Army Europe. I went to Europe for the first time in 1965, 50 years ago, when the Soviet Union, the Warsaw Pact, was right up against the border. I went up into a part of Germany. I was about 40 miles from the inner German border in a tank battalion. I later commanded a tank brigade -- an armored brigade -- in the same division, the largest brigade in the US Army at the time; five maneuver battalions, three tank battalions, two mechanized infantry battalions, about 5000 men and women. There were some women. The Cold War -- so the Cold War is over. I go 50 years later. Twenty years ago, Russia was sort of off the screen militarily. So, I'm sitting in the room and I look out at this expanse of Europe and in Eastern Ukraine, there's this major penetration, this major red thrust. What goes around comes around. In my life, I have gone from an officer who spent twelve and a half years in Germany during the Cold War, became the chief of staff in the Army. I saw the Wall come down and now this, where the Russians are back moving again. I mean, it's -- what goes around comes around, and I'm seeing the nation-state, the concept of nation-states being questioned. Will the Middle East unravel so that it's just tribes? This is -- I mean, this has been in my lifetime, and I've been a part of it, in a sense. SY: No, in a very concrete sense. Does it lead you to despair? Does it lead you to -- GS: No, it doesn't lead me to despair. It leads me to understand that the cycles of history have a way of repeating themselves and it's the human interaction. That's missteps. Did we handle it right? Did we appreciate how -- well, how Russia would perceive what happened when the Cold War ended. How would the Russian people perceive it? Clearly, as an amateur looking at it, people say, "Well, Russia needs --." Russia has needs like any country, and they have always wanted to have the near abroad as a buffer. So, let's say that's real. Let's say that's true for the sake of argument. Then, now we have a nationalist. That's what he is. Putin is a nationalist and he has turned the switch. They sign up politically. They sign up. SY: Yeah, they always do. GS: They always do. They always have, and they are again, and here it is. So, look, that doesn't -- I don't think I'm the first Norwich grad to figure that out. I don't -- I wouldn't -- but it's been a part of my life, and I am what I am. What I am, for better or worse, is a soldier. I'm just a soldier that's retired. SY: Yeah. Could you talk a little about the connection -- so, you know, most of your life was concrete soldiering, right? GS: Yes, real soldiering. SY: Real soldiering. Now, you're talking about specifically this landmine work. How do you see the two as connected, because in one part of your life, you were in charge of --5 GS: Putting landmines in the ground. SY: Yes. GS: Right, and I wasn't -- I am a defender of that because it protects soldiers and so forth and so on because they do protect soldiers. It's one of these strange weapons. They protect soldiers and they kill soldiers. OK, so, in 1997, when I and three combat arms colonels -- retired colonels -- created this thing, this entity, we wanted to do something to help others and it was the mines. Get the mines out of the ground. Everybody was talking mines are bad but they were talking about it. Mines are bad, right? Got it. What are you going to do about it? We wanted to do something about it. It wasn't to philosophize. It was to take them out of the ground, help other people take them out of the ground; like to make things -- make something happen, action-oriented. That's more important to me than all the great ideas of the world. Yeah, global hunger -- I've got it. You know, make the world mine-free. Well, okay, if you want to take mines out of the ground, you can. We've actually, along with others -- there are other ways to take mines out of the ground mechanically and that's a lot of what Princess Diana was involved with -- Princess Diana was involved with and now Harry -- Prince -- SY: Yeah, the royal British family, yeah. GS: So, anyway, we -- so that's -- to me, that fits, okay? SY: Yeah, it's not something -- GS: Now, whether anybody else thinks it fits or not, I don't know, but to me it does. SY: But, to you, it doesn't seem like a contradiction to you? GS: It's not a contradiction to me. SY: Could you talk more about that? GS: Why? What? SY: Well, because I'm curious about getting at your sort of philosophy and understanding so that it does seem part and parcel of the same work. GS: It seems part and parcel of the same work because the country says -- I don't know where we are on the treaty, whether -- the chiefs have said, of which I was one; you know, in my former life, I was one of the Joint Chiefs, a member of the Joint Chiefs. We're protecting South Korea. We're partners with the South Koreans -- Republic of Korea -- and the UN protecting South Korea. Part of that defense involves the demilitarized zone, which is heavily mined. At certain points in Afghanistan and Iraq, I would suspect that there are mines which are -- you can turn them on and off. That type of protection is used, not much but it is periodically. It's there. It's available if they want to use them. I don't view that as much of a contradiction. These things are, as I say, you turn them on and you turn them off. You put them back in your rucksack and unless somebody hits one with a round or something, they're not going to detonate. SY: Yeah, they're safer. GS: Safer. SY: They're not going to get women and children 20 years later. GS: No. That's not -- no, that's not going to happen. SY: You know -- GS: So, anyway, I guess I'm a theory to practice guy. Okay, I've got the theory. I've got the concept and, okay, let's do something about it then.6 SY: That's the thread that goes through your life. GS: That's the thread for me. Let's do something about it. So, global climate change -- national security issue. I came up here and talked about that. You have the speech that I gave down here, and I gave another one at the Society of American Military Engineers, which -- a national security issue for the United States of America is -- and an economic issue and a health issue is we're running out of water -- fresh water -- fresh, potable water. Now, the Corps of Engineers, which US Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for a lot of that in some sense. So, I represent -- I'm trying to tell the Army story, right? It's my job -- Association of the United States Army. The Corps of Engineers is a part of it. The Army Medical Department -- just the researchers and medical researchers just discovered a vaccine which prevents Ebola. Walter Reed was an Army officer. So, we -- Lewis and Clark were Army people. SY: Do you remember, you know, the kid you were at Norwich -- the 20-year old kid -- and the world you lived in then? GS: Yes. SY: What do you think he would have thought of this particular world we're in now, of this US, of this globe? GS: Well, there's some that wouldn't have surprised him, given that I was a history major. I was quoted in the Boston Globe in 1989. I was giving a talk in Cambridge, Massachusetts in the Sonesta. I was at a conference. I was a three-star at the time. I was the chief of operations in the United States Army and before I got up to speak -- I was to speak on doctrine, Army doctrine -- I was handed a note that said, "Heads up. The Wall just came down and people are streaming and streaming into Berlin -- West Berlin." The heads-up was that the press was in the room. So, anyway, I gave my -- whatever I was going to say. The first question I was asked was, "The Berlin Wall just opened. What do you think?" I gave an honest answer. SY: What did you think? GS: I said, "I don't know what I don't know." I didn't. I mean, I was -- you know, I was obviously pleased. That was apparent, but in the back of my mind, I didn't -- you couldn't -- I couldn't predict it. SY: You couldn't -- GS: I couldn't then -- I couldn't predict it and I wasn't going to. SY: Your whole life had been a Cold War world. GS: Yes, I understand that, and I couldn't -- I didn't know what it would mean. Well, what it meant was genocide in the Balkans. What it has meant is a lot of things that aren't good. The whole world that we knew is over time coming apart, like the nation-state. Remember what I said earlier here? Will the nation-state, which was created by -- at the end of World War I -- will those boundaries hold in the Middle East? What about the Balkans? What about the Baltic nations? It's all a part. My uncertainty then -- it's all -- it's still playing out. What's the role of the United States of America? I have no idea. SY: What do you think it should be? GS: Well, I think everybody expects the United States of America to be what it has been since the end of World War II, like the United States of America, the leader; in some sense, the leader. I think we're struggling with that. Are we? Do we really want to be the leader? 7 What about a world where the United States is a reluctant leader? What kind of a world is that? I don't know. That's beyond me. All I know is what I know. That, by the way, if you can figure that out, all I know is what I know or what I feel -- SY: Yeah. Did you have any moments when you had -- when you were talking about you feel gut reactions that really helped you out, that steered you in the right direction? GS: A lot of time, a lot of time. I suppose there is some type that you could say this guy is this type of person. I'm pretty good at reading people. I can read -- I think I am, anyway. That may be a conceit of mine, but I think I am, and I can -- I don't -- yeah, sometimes I go by feel. Sometimes, when I'm doing things, which is why I like the give and take in a meeting, why I need to hear, I want to hear from people. I like ideas. I like the dialog because I learn from it. SY: Yeah, we're thinking a lot about this citizen soldier idea, right, which means a lot of different things to different people but to some people it means having the courage to stand up for what you believe in in moments where it's scary. Can you think of moments like that in your life where you pushed back out of your gut and it was scary? GS: Yeah, well, when you go up to Capitol Hill and you tell people things that politically they don't agree with or if the senator comes from a coal-producing state and you're there telling him that, hey, this climate change is serious, and certainly, one of the causes is carbon, hydrocarbons, whatever, in the air, okay, now don't ask me how many parts per million but for some reason, it's warmer in the last 10 years, like 4 or 5 of the years have been the warmest in recorded history. Something is going on which is warming the planet up. Is that a part of it? Perhaps, probably. You know, he's going to come back -- he or she is going to come back at you and say, "Well, you're smoking dope but it's not. It happens all the time, right?" Well, yeah, but you've got a lot of trends that are going in the wrong direction. Okay, but at any rate, yeah, sure, you know. People said, "Well, we need -- the country needs a peace dividend," which is all well and good. Right after the Cold War, the country did need a peace dividend but at some point, you get so small -- the Army gets so small that you wind up fighting wars. You fight two wars and the strength of the Army -- active Army -- was such that you asked too much from too few and you wind up with soldiers who are psychologically damaged because the same men and women went back and forth and back and forth. You think that's popular to say that? I don't care. It's true. SY: Yeah, I mean, right. You spent a lot of time in Capitol Hill, obviously the most partisan place in the country and you served under -- you were chief of staff under a Republican and then a Democrat, right? GS: That's correct. SY: How did you navigate that partisan world? GS: You just -- well, you know, first of all, you don't -- you're not partisan. I'm not partisan. Nobody knows what I am and that's the way I like it. I'm my own person. I'm essentially an independent and I decide. Frankly, many people like me -- I didn't vote when I was a chief of staff and before. I just didn't vote. SY: Talk about that. GS: Well, I think that that's fine. I mean, I didn't vote. I could have voted but I elected not to because I'm nonpartisan. I'm serving the country. Now, I know people would say, 8 "Well, you know, it's your duty to vote." Yeah, but when I -- the more senior I became -- first of all, I was overseas 17 years out of 36. In spite of what everybody says, getting absentee ballots to some of the places I was -- give me a break. It's not going to happen. You know, all the paperwork; who are you? What do you mean? Who? It wasn't worth it. Then, the more senior I became, it just became -- to me, it didn't make any difference. I was not going to be known as a Democrat or a Republican or anything. I didn't want to be known as anything other than as a soldier. But, I understand very clearly. There is a distinction between citizen soldier and soldier citizen. I always felt I was a citizen first. SY: What's that distinction? GS: Well, the distinction to me was that when I was retired that it was not -- I knew -- I always knew that I would leave the Army some day and that I would do something. Well, it just so happens so when it came, it came. I mean, I knew I was so I got a job. It just so happens that the job I ultimately have is related to the Army. SY: When you were here at Norwich and you were struggling just like any kid struggles, what were you struggling with? What were your ambitions? What were your visions? GS: I didn't know. I didn't know. I told somebody last night that, you know, one of my friends -- he's still a close friend of mine; like I talk to him once a week, anyway. He said to me -- I don't know whether I was a junior or a senior, but he said, "Well, what do you want to do?" I said, "Well, maybe," I think I answered him, "Well, maybe, I'll go in the Army," or maybe at that time I was writing a column for the newspaper for -- SY: The Guidon. GS: -- the Guidon. Sully's -- it was called Sully's Scratchings. I said, "Maybe, I'll get into the newspaper business or something, become a columnist or whatever." I mean, that seemed like a good idea at the time, you know. Whether I could have done it or not, I don't know but I thought it. Well, as it turned out, you know, as it turned out, it turned out. I found what I really liked. SY: When was the moment that you realized you had this passion? GS: In summer camp -- ROTC summer camp. SY: What -- GS: Went to Fort Knox. Well, I was very -- I found it very attractive what -- the kind of people I met there, the noncommissioned officers who were teaching the courses. Officers were sort of distant to cadets. It was the NCOs and I found that relationship in keeping with what I had done during the summer, working. I worked construction jobs and so forth and so on. I liked that kind of stuff, being outside and most of them were men who were doing labor and building things and making things. So, I think I found that attractive. SY: It seemed honest to you? GS: Well, it was honest. Yeah, it was an honest way of making a living, you know, but I knew I didn't want to do it for the rest of my life but -- and I liked that relationship. So, anyway, one thing led to another and I became a commissioned officer and I didn't want to stay a reservist because I thought that being a reservist was -- I mean, I didn't have anything against being a reserve officer but it was just I wanted to be a part of the -- in it, committed to being a soldier. Immediately upon becoming a regular Army officer, I was sent to Korea, and that's where I really, really knew that I was -- had chosen correctly.9 SY: Was there a moment when you knew it? GS: Well, I knew it as soon as I got there because it was -- first of all, the country, at that time -- it was in June of 1961. I had been at Fort Hood for a while but that was sort of kind of getting my feet on the ground. It was very, very under-resourced units and there was not -- it was not fulfilling at all. When I arrived in Korea, we were full up. We were up close to the DMZ. It was real soldiering, and that's where I learned how much I liked it. SY: Did you also learn that you were good at it? Was there a moment when you were like, oh, hey, I'm good at this? GS: No. I felt I was -- probably felt at that time I was a good platoon leader and company commander and I had a staff job for a while. Then, I volunteered to go to Vietnam and you can see a picture of me in that passport I gave yesterday. So, I went from Korea to Vietnam. Some people say, "Well, you know, why?" I said, "Because that's what I thought soldiers did." The chief of staff of the Army asked for volunteers and I thought that's what you do. You volunteer to go to war. That's what I was -- a professional soldier. So, I did that for 18 months and then I came back home. I didn't meet my wife. I knew my wife. I had gone to grammar --I'd gone -- I knew her. We grew up in the same town so I knew who she was as a kid. Then, we were in the same junior high school class. You know, like I'd known her forever. I knew her forever. Then, I went to public school, public high school. I blew that. My mother said, "This is not going to work out," so I wound up at what we called then a country day school -- a private school but not a live-in school. Gay was my classmate in summer school because she couldn't do math either and neither could I so I had to take a summer course. SY: Did you need more structure? Is that what happened with you and public school? GS: Yeah, it's probably the same thing. I mean, it was the same thing that you saw here. I had -- I'm the kind of guy that they would say, "Well, he has lots of talent but he doesn't apply himself because he's with his buddies and doing other things while he should be studying or something else." SY: You were like that at Norwich, too? GS: The same thing. It was the same thing. SY: What were you doing? GS: Well, I was working in the mess hall, selling sandwiches at night to make a couple of bucks for my buddy, actually, my buddy who I memorialized a building for him last week. I was a eulogist at his funeral. One of the things that's sort of fallen to me, you know, whatever, it's the sad kind of stuff is being the eulogist at two -- Jack (Dirgins?) who I came up here as a senior in high school when we both decided to come here. I went to high school with him and Norwich with him, and I'm the godfather of one of his children and I buried him. That's -- you know, that's hard duty -- SY: Yeah, it is. GS: -- because they're my buddies. I also -- my wife told me the day she died -- she said -- she gave me instructions. She said, "I want you to speak at my funeral service, not as an army general, as my husband." SY: Those are good instructions. GS: That's different. I said, "Are you sure?" She said, "I'm very sure." SY: What did she mean?10 GS: She meant she didn't want me to give some Army kind of speech. She wanted me to tell them what kind of a person she was. SY: She wanted you to be vulnerable. GS: Yeah, well, sure, sure. SY: It sounds like she was a good counterbalance. GS: She was a great counterbalance and a huge part of my life. SY: Yeah, 49 years? GS: Forty-nine years. One night she told me -- I was -- oh, I had something going on professionally and so forth and she was -- she said, "Look," we were in the kitchen, just the two of us. I think all the kids had gone by then. She said, "Look, I'm going to bed. I'm tired of listening to you, you know, sort of fuming around and stumbling around." She said, "Just remember this -- suck it up. It's a test." That was it. "Suck it up. It's a test," and it was and she was right, and how I handled it was a test and it all worked out. When I woke up the morning of her funeral and I had been through about eight drafts of what I was going to say, I had papers and notes all over the place. I laid in bed and I said to myself, "What would Gay have said?" She would have said, "Suck it up. It's a test." SY: That's beautiful. GS: Life's a test. I don't know whether I passed or not. It's a test. SY: Do you have doubts? GS: I have no doubts. That's false modesty. That's really not me. SY: So, you do think you passed. GS: I passed. (laughter) I passed. SY: All right! GS: OK? SY: OK. GS: I don't want Norwich -- anybody at Norwich University to think I think I failed. SY: Yeah. What are you proudest of? GS: I'm proud to say I'm a Norwich University graduate. I'm proud to say I was an American soldier and I don't care who knows it. SY: Proud of being a good husband? GS: I'm proud of being a good husband, and a good father, and a good grandfather. I'm proud of all of it. Was I as good a father as I could have been? Probably not. SY: Is anyone? GS: I don't know. I'm sure everybody has their doubts about that. Being a parent never ends -- never ends -- and being a grandfather is a joy. SY: Did you have to be away from them a lot? GS: Well, my children, I did, yes. My wife and I actually raised one of our grandchildren and that was the joy, extra joy, in our life. He's now a junior in college and doing pretty good. He's a good boy, thanks to his grandmother and me to some extent. Anyway, so that's what I wanted you to know, okay? SY: OK.11 GS: Now, I could show you some things in there which are more meaningful than others to tell that story but personally, frankly, I don't think that story holds. I don't think that what's in there -- I'm not arguing for any more space. You could probably do less and do the same thing. You've got some stuff. I mean, I can tell stories about almost everything you've got and how it all fits. SY: But, it sounds like, yeah, you have a slightly different narrative, so what -- GS: I have a different narrative than what a historian would pick out. SY: So, what would your narrative be? GS: Well, I think my narrative would be I can take you right in there right now and start -- and show you stuff that supports what I just told you. SY: All right. Do you want me to take the microphone and we can go in there? END OF AUDIO FILE
