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The author traces the idea of international, cosmopolitan ideas of government throughout Western history to the present. The article is particularly interested in how Russians have received these ideas, with attention to the ideas of pro-Western Soviet intellectuals such as Eduard Shevardnadze. The author also discusses the intellectual climate that engendered the Helsinki Process, noting that it was the product of the West's determination to advance its doctrine of the supranational nature of the human rights issues. K. Cargill

International legal research operates in the contemporary reality of an increasingly interdependent, complex world in which constant change is the order of the day. Not only are the numbers of international actors on the world stage changing (from 51 original members of the United Nations in 1945 to 157 United Nations member-states in 1982), but also changing are the concepts and methods of international law-making, as well as perceptions of the nature and sources of international law. The tremendous growth in the number of new states and international organizations has been accompanied by a corresponding expansion in world trade, international travel, and technological development, causing an unprecedented mass of legal material to appear on national, regional, and international levels. Simultaneously, an accelerated interaction among and between national and international legal systems is occurring through the various processes of unification and harmonization of laws, bilateral and multilateral treaty-making, international organization activity, international court and arbitration decisions, and international business transactions.

Es werden Ansätze zu einer Theorie über das Verhältnis von Innen- und Außenpolitik entwickelt. Untersucht werden die handelnden Akteure, die Absichten der in diesem Feld von Innen-, Außen- und internationaler Politik handelnden Akteure, die Instrumente zur Durchsetzung von Interessen, die verschiedenen Politikfelder, auf denen die Interessen realisiert werden sollen und die Voraussetzungen und Folgen der grenzüberschreitenden Aktivitäten. Die Analyse zeigt einen Dualismus zwischen den alten souveränen Nationalstaaten und der zunehmend dynamischen Weltgesellschaft, in der nichtgouvernementale Gruppen als Handlungsträger ein wesentliches Gewicht besitzen. Spannungen und Komplementarität in einem komplexen Geflecht von funktionalen Abhängigkeiten liegen dicht beieinander. Neben klassischem Konkurrenz-Pluralismus lassen sich Formen informeller Konsensfindung in außenpolitischen und internationalen Entscheidungsprozessen erkennen. (GF)

Forward / Timothy E. Wirth -- Introduction / Joseph E. Aldy, Robert N. Stavins -- An elaborated proposal for a global climate policy architecture : specific formulas and emission targets for all countries in all decades / Jeffrey Frankel -- The EU emission trading scheme: a prototype global system? / Denny Ellerman -- Linkage of tradable permit systems in international climate policy architecture / Judson Jaffe, Robert N. Stavins -- The case for charges on greenhouse gas emissions / Richard N. Cooper -- Towards a global compact for managing climate change / R. Agarwala -- Sectoral approaches to a post-Kyoto international climate policy framework / Akihiro Sawa -- A portfolio system of climate treaties / Scott Barrett -- How to negotiate and update climate agreements / Bard Harstad -- Metrics for evaluating policy commitments in a fragmented world: the challenges of equity and integrity / Carolyn Fischer, Richard D. Morgenstern -- Justice and climate change: the unpersuasive case for per capita allocations of emissions rights / Eric A. Posner, Cass R. Sunstein -- Toward a post-Kyoto climate change architecture : a political analysis / Robert O. Keohane, Kal Raustiala -- International climate technology strategies / Richard G. Newell -- Mitigation through resource transfers to developing countries : expanding greenhouse gas offsets / Andrew Keeler, Alexander Thompson -- Possible development of a technology clean development mechanism in a post-2012 regime / Fei Teng, Wenying Chen, Jiankun He -- Global environment and trade policy / Jeffrey Frankel -- A proposal for the design of the successor to the Kyoto Protocol / Larry Karp, Jinhua Zhao -- Reconciling human development and climate protection : a multistage hybrid climate policy architecture / Jing Cao -- What do we expect from an international climate agreement? A perspective from a low-income country / E. Somanathan -- Climate accession deals : new strategies for taming growth of greenhouse gases in developing countries / David G. Victor -- Policies for developing country engagement / Daniel S. Hall, Michael A. Levi, William A. Pizer, Takahiro Ueno -- International forest carbon sequestration in a post-Kyoto agreement / Andrew J. Plantinga, Kenneth R. Richards -- Modeling economic impacts of alternative international climate policy architectures : a quantitative and comparative assessment of architectures for agreement / Valentina Bosetti, Carlo Carraro, Alessandra Sgobbi, Massimo Tavoni -- Sharing the burden of GHG reductions / Henry D. Jacoby, Mustafa H. Babiker, Sergey Paltsev, John M. Reilly -- When technology and climate policy meet: energy technology in an international policy context / Leon Clarke, Kate Calvin, Jae Edmonds, Page Kyle, Marshall Wise -- Revised emissions growth projections for China: why post-Kyoto climate policy must look east / Geoffrey J. Blanford, Richard G. Richels, Thomas F. Rutherford -- Expecting the unexpected : macroeconomic volatility and climate policy / Warwick J. McKibbin, Adele Morris, Peter J. Wilcoxen -- Epilogue / Richard Schmalensee -- Lessons for the international policy community / Joseph E. Aldy, Robert N. Stavins.