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AbstractIn the 1975 referendum England provided the strongest support for European integration, with a much smaller margin for membership in Scotland and Northern Ireland. By 2015 the rank order of 'national' attitudes to European integration had reversed. Now, England is the UK's most eurosceptic nation and may vote 'Leave', while Scotland seems set to generate a clear margin for 'Remain'. The UK as a whole is a Brexit marginal. To understand the campaign, we need to make sense of the dynamics of public attitudes in each nation. We take an 'archaeological' approach to a limited evidence‐base, to trace the development of attitudes to Europe in England since 1975. We find evidence of a link between English nationalism and euroscepticism. Whatever the result in 2016, contrasting outcomes in England and Scotland will exacerbate tensions in the UK's territorial constitution and could lead to the break‐up of Britain.

Eine recht schonungs- und illusionslose Bestandsaufnahme und Beschreibung der politischen und gesellschaftlichen Situation in Nordirland rund 20 Jahre nach dem "Karfreitagsabkommen". Rezension: Dass Nordirland eher in Verbindung mit Reisebüchern und Krimis auftaucht, vermittelt ein trügerisches Bild von Beschaulichkeit und Ruhe. Wie fragil der mit dem "Karfreitagsabkommen" von 1998 beschlossene Frieden ist, wurde an der Oberfläche deutlich, als während der BREXIT-Verhandlungen und aktuell anlässlich des Streits um den Covid-19-Impfstoff-Im- und Export die einzige Landesgrenze zwischen der EU und dem UK für Wirbel sorgte. Die Autorin, die auch für den "Independent" schreibt, kommt aus einer nordirisch-englischen Familie und interessiert sich auch für den BREXIT, aber in diesem 2017 entstandenen Buch vielmehr für die Gesellschaft Nordirlands 19 Jahre nach dem "Good Friday Agreement": Vorgeschichte des Abkommens, die immer noch gespaltene Gesellschaft, paramilitärische Organisationen und Gewalt, Transgenerationentraumata, Konflikte und Kontroversen um LGBTQIA+ und das hakelige Power Sharing zwischen Unionisten und Sinn Féin. Ohne Apparat. - Titel zum Thema sind eher älter: M. Quoirim (2011), O. Frank (2005). Trotz des Umfangs gut lesbar. Ergänzend. (2-3)

The Brexit referendum will remain as a milestone in contemporary European history. The British exit from the EU is not going only to shape future relations between the EU and the UK, but it will shape the relation between Brussels and other member states as well. This study aims to investigate the main claims for the leave campaigns which affected the general opinion to vote for the exit. The two main points investigated in this paper are: first, the historical background regarding the UK and the EU, the reasons for the first refusal to the European integration projects during the 1950, and the changes in the British situation which pushed the UK to seek the membership for a decade before being able to join the EEC in the 1970s; and second, national identity, which affected Britain's late entry to the EU, and shaped relations between London and Brussels during the British membership. The paper concludes that, unfortunately, British citizens in general were not aware of the full facts regarding the above two points.

The Brexit referendum will remain as a milestone in contemporary European history. The British exit from the EU is not going only to shape future relations between the EU and the UK, but it will shape the relation between Brussels and other member states as well. This study aims to investigate the main claims for the leave campaigns which affected the general opinion to vote for the exit. The two main points investigated in this paper are: first, the historical background regarding the UK and the EU, the reasons for the first refusal to the European integration projects during the 1950, and the changes in the British situation which pushed the UK to seek the membership for a decade before being able to join the EEC in the 1970s; and second, national identity, which affected Britain's late entry to the EU, and shaped relations between London and Brussels during the British membership. The paper concludes that, unfortunately, British citizens in general were not aware of the full facts regarding the above two points.

Unter dem Leitmotiv "Global Britain" versucht die britische Regierung, den Brexit als einzigartige Möglichkeit darzustellen, die eigene Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik neu zu konzipieren, und zwar globaler, einflussreicher und schlagkräftiger. Kernelemente sind eine weltweite Vernetzung und bilateral verhandelte Abkommen, die den Verlust der europäischen Einbettung kompensieren sollen. Doch scheint der anstehende Brexit die britische Außenpolitik bislang eher zu schwächen und dem künftigen Nicht-EU-Staat vor allem die Grenzen seiner Handlungsfähigkeit aufzuzeigen. Für Europa kann ein geschwächter und verunsichert handelnder Nachbar zu einem Risiko werden. Um London auch in Zukunft einzubinden, sollte Deutschland parallel zu den Brexit-Verhandlungen seine bilateralen Beziehungen intensivieren und neue Formate für die außenpolitische Konsultation in Europa vorschlagen. (Autorenreferat)

This paper applies long-memory techniques (both parametric and semi-parametric) to examine whether Brexit has led to any significant changes in the degree of persistence of the FTSE (Financial Times Stock Index) 100 Implied Volatility Index (IVI) and of the British pound's implied volatilities (IVs) vis-à-vis the main currencies traded in the FOREX (foreign exchange market), namely the euro, the US dollar and the Japanese yen. We split the sample to compare the stochastic properties of the series under investigation before and after the Brexit referendum, and find an increase in the degree of persistence in all cases except for the British pound-yen IV, whose persistence has declined after Brexit. These findings highlight the importance of completing swiftly the negotiations with the European Union (EU) to achieve an appropriate Brexit deal.

Intro -- Title -- About the Author -- Contents -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: A Vision of Britain Outside the EU -- Chapter 2: The Will of the People -- Chapter 3: Camron's Betrayal -- Chapter 4: Constitutional Considerations -- Chapter 5: "Sovereignty, Immigration" and Why 37% of the Electorate Voted to Leave? -- Chapter 6: What is Notice Under Article 50 and Can It Be Revoked? -- Chapter 7: How Does the EU Feel About the UK's Departure and the Way the UK is Handling It? -- Chapter 8: Ports and Roads -- Chapter 9: Air Transport -- Chapter 10: The Automotive Industry -- Chapter 11: Farming and the Countryside -- Chapter 12: Shortage of Electrticity, Nuclear Industry and Radioactive Isotopes -- Chapter 13: The Future of Britain Economically, Interest Rates, Inflation and the Pound Sterling -- Chapter 14: Ireland -- Chapter 15: How will this End? -- Appendix 1: Article 50 -- Appendix 2: Lord Kerr's Speech Speech/Article -- Appendix 3: May Notice Under Article 50 -- Appendix 4: Cameron's speech at Bloomberg -- Copyright

Understanding of modern political and economic processes in Europe, the goals, principles, and mechanisms of functioning of the EU is impossible without analyzing the idea of integration of European peoples in the modern context. At all stages of its development, the "European idea" was geopolitical.[9] The European Union, which continues the process of transformation, has the right to complement the idea of a "united Europe" and, accordingly, to develop the "European project".