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"Climate change is one of the greatest concerns of our time. For more than a quarter century, efforts have been made to mobilize international law as a tool to tackle climate change. Through the outcomes of protracted international negotiations and extensive doctrinal research, a new field of study has gradually emerged in international law. The international law on climate change is a system of State obligations to tackle climate change. It seeks to protect not only the sovereign rights of every State, but also the effective enjoyment of human rights, the interests of future generations and humankind as a whole, as well as other forms of life on Earth. The task is formidable: an attempt at altering the way we are changing our world. Some of the most complex negotiations ever undertaken have only touched the surface of the problem. The challenges are daunting, but the stakes are high and failure is not an option. It is hardly an overstatement that the fate of humankind depends on the international law on climate change"--

Es werden Ansätze zu einer Theorie über das Verhältnis von Innen- und Außenpolitik entwickelt. Untersucht werden die handelnden Akteure, die Absichten der in diesem Feld von Innen-, Außen- und internationaler Politik handelnden Akteure, die Instrumente zur Durchsetzung von Interessen, die verschiedenen Politikfelder, auf denen die Interessen realisiert werden sollen und die Voraussetzungen und Folgen der grenzüberschreitenden Aktivitäten. Die Analyse zeigt einen Dualismus zwischen den alten souveränen Nationalstaaten und der zunehmend dynamischen Weltgesellschaft, in der nichtgouvernementale Gruppen als Handlungsträger ein wesentliches Gewicht besitzen. Spannungen und Komplementarität in einem komplexen Geflecht von funktionalen Abhängigkeiten liegen dicht beieinander. Neben klassischem Konkurrenz-Pluralismus lassen sich Formen informeller Konsensfindung in außenpolitischen und internationalen Entscheidungsprozessen erkennen. (GF)

The reactivation of the Security Council at the beginning of the last decade has resulted, since the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq on August 2, l990, in increasing use of its powers under Chapter VII of the Charter and the adoption of measures against a number of state and non-state entities. The notion of a threat to the peace has now come to encompass violations of fundamental norms of international law such as human rights and humanitarian law, and the wide-ranging measures adopted have included such innovations as the establishment of the UN Compensation Commission or that of the two international criminal tribunals for Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. These measures have not only infringed on the legal rights of the targeted state (sometimes with irreversible effects where they have remained in force over a long period of time) and its population, but also on those of implementing states and of private rights within these states. The current debate over the legitimacy and long-term effects of economic sanctions on states and their populations makes it imperative to re-evaluate this instrument and the broader peace maintenance function of the Security Council in the light of current community concerns. Part One of this book addresses the theoretical issues by focussing on: 1) The place of sanctions in the international legal system; 2) the limits to the powers of the Security Council and the question of accountability; and 3) an assessment of the alternatives to collective economic sanctions. Part Two looks at the relationship between sanctions and humanitarian issues, examining the relationship between: 1) Sanctions and human rights law; 2) sanctions, humanitarian issues and mandates; and 3) sanctions and humanitarian law. Part Three focuses on implementation by states of Security Council sanctions resolutions by examining: 1) Sanctions and private rights; and 2) special problems for implementing states. Part Four addresses the future in reassessing the place and ethics of sanctions in an international legal system which is giving increased importance to the individual. This work is based on papers presented at a colloquium of the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva

International legal research operates in the contemporary reality of an increasingly interdependent, complex world in which constant change is the order of the day. Not only are the numbers of international actors on the world stage changing (from 51 original members of the United Nations in 1945 to 157 United Nations member-states in 1982), but also changing are the concepts and methods of international law-making, as well as perceptions of the nature and sources of international law. The tremendous growth in the number of new states and international organizations has been accompanied by a corresponding expansion in world trade, international travel, and technological development, causing an unprecedented mass of legal material to appear on national, regional, and international levels. Simultaneously, an accelerated interaction among and between national and international legal systems is occurring through the various processes of unification and harmonization of laws, bilateral and multilateral treaty-making, international organization activity, international court and arbitration decisions, and international business transactions.

The author traces the idea of international, cosmopolitan ideas of government throughout Western history to the present. The article is particularly interested in how Russians have received these ideas, with attention to the ideas of pro-Western Soviet intellectuals such as Eduard Shevardnadze. The author also discusses the intellectual climate that engendered the Helsinki Process, noting that it was the product of the West's determination to advance its doctrine of the supranational nature of the human rights issues. K. Cargill

Cover -- Titel -- Vorwort -- Inhaltsübersicht -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- Abkürzungsverzeichnis -- Einleitung -- I. Problemaufriss -- II. Grundmotive der Analyse -- 1. Die private Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit als funktionales Äquivalent zur staatlichen Gerichtsbarkeit -- 2. Institutionalisierung der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit -- 3. Integration der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in den europäischen Rechtsraum -- III. Gang der Untersuchung -- Kapitel 1: Grundlagen der Bestimmung des anwendbaren Sachrechts durch internationale Schiedsgerichte -- 1 Die Bindung internationaler Schiedsgerichte an die Kollisionsnormen der lex fori -- I. Lex arbitri-Lehre und die Theorie vom Sonderkollisionsrecht für Schiedsgerichte -- 1. Lex arbitri-Lehre -- a) Aussagen -- b) Kritik -- 2. Theorie vom Sonderkollisionsrecht für Schiedsgerichte -- a) Aussagen -- b) Kritik -- 3. Zwischenergebnis und Stellungnahme -- II. Die Verankerung der internationalen Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in Deutschland und anderen Mitgliedstaaten der EU -- 1. Das deutsche Schiedsverfahrensrecht -- 2. Europäischer Vergleich -- III. Ergebnis -- 2 Rechtsquellen der kollisionsrechtlichen Prüfung durch internationale Schiedsgerichte -- I. Internationale Übereinkommen -- 1. New Yorker Übereinkommen über die Anerkennung und Vollstreckung ausländischer Schiedssprüche vom 10. Juni 1958 (UNÜ) -- 2. Genfer Europäisches Übereinkommen über die internationale Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit vom 21. April 1961 (EuÜ) -- II. Autonomes nationales Recht -- 1. Deutschland - 1051 ZPO -- a) Vorbildfunktion des UNCITRAL-Modellgesetzes über die internationale Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit (UMG) -- b) Modifizierte Übernahme des UMG durch den deutschen Gesetzgeber -- c) 1051 ZPO -- aa) Rechtswahl - 1051 Abs. 1 ZPO -- bb) Objektive Anknüpfung - 1051 Abs. 2 ZPO.

Conflicts involving religion have returned to the forefront of international relations. And yet political scientists and policymakers have continued to assume that religion has long been privatized in the West. This secularist assumption ignores the contestation surrounding the category of the "secular" in international politics. The Politics of Secularism in International Relations shows why this thinking is flawed, and provides a powerful alternative

Cover -- CONTENTS -- OVERVIEW -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Fiscal Policies and Framework -- B. Monetary Policies -- C. Financial Sector Policies -- D. Policies for Stronger and More Inclusive Growth -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- FIGURES -- 1. Growth and Social Indicators -- 2. Strong Expansion Due to Recovery in Domestic Demand -- 3. Domestic Demand Supported by Financial Conditions… -- 4. …and Recovering Incomes -- 5. Inflation Remains Subdued -- 6. External Position Reflects Strong Fundamentals -- 7. Outlook -- 8. Fiscal Risks -- 9. Reserves and Central Bank Financial Position -- 10. Financial Sector Developments -- 11. Electricity Sector -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators -- 2. Public Sector Accounts (in percent of GDP) -- 3. Public Sector Accounts (in billions of Dominican pesos) -- 4. Income Statement of the Central Bank -- 5. Summary Accounts of the Banking System -- 6. Balance of Payments -- 7. Financial Soundness Indicators -- ANNEXES -- I. Growth, Social Gains and Income Convergence -- II. Growth at Risk in the Dominican Republic -- III. External Sector Assessment -- IV. Risk Assessment Matrix -- V. Institutional and Governance Reforms: AML/CFT, Cybersecurity and Revenue Administration -- VI. Public Debt Sustainability Analysis -- VII. Monetary Policy Credibility in the Dominican Republic -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- RELATIONS WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS -- MAIN WEBSITES OF DATA -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.