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AbstractThe international mobility of MNE personnel has been increasing in recent years both through traditional forms of expatriation and short‐term assignments and through business travel. These overall 'portfolios of mobility', however, have been complemented by intensified virtual communication and growing localization of recruitment in developing production and market regions. In this article, we report on a return survey of the impacts of the 2008 recession on the mobility portfolios of a sample of UK‐based MNEs and consider how far it has affected established trends. We begin by reviewing evidence from recent large‐scale surveys on corporate staff mobility. We then focus on how the relationship between established business goals and global mobility strategies was rebalanced within individual companies as the recession took hold. Our evidence indicates the widely variable effects of recession, strongly affecting operations in some parts of the world, but making little, if any, change elsewhere. In many cases, corporate restructuring or the increased focus on emerging markets were already reshaping mobility portfolios. Diversification and flexibility have underlain the development of these portfolios over the last decade. The recession has accelerated several processes already under way, including a shift towards alternatives to traditional assignments and the closer incorporation of new and emerging markets into mobility systems. It has also allowed companies to drive through changes that might otherwise have been more contentious, such as reducing the financial incentives for assignment.

THE AUTHOR STATES THAT THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ACTS THAT ARE RECOMMENDATORY AND THOSE THAT ARE BINDING IS NOT CRITICAL IN THAT AREA OF LAWMAKING HAVING TO DO WITH THE ROLE OF RESOLUTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS. SINCE THE TERMS "RULES" AND "NORMS" ARE NOT SELF-EXPLANATORY, THE AUTHOR DEFINES THEM IN THIS WAY: A "RULE" IS AN OBLIGATION OF LAW WHICH IN ITS TERMS CANNOT BE GAINSAYED, E.G., THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE SECURITY COUNCIL OF THE UN HAVE FIFTEEN MEMBERS. A "NORM," BY CONTRAST, IS AN AUTHORITATIVE PROVISION OF LAW WHICH MAY BE APPRORIATELY INVOKED AND APPLIED IN A PARTICULAR FACTUAL CONTEXT. BUT THERE MAY BE A DEBATE AS TO WHICH NORM SHOULD BE APPLIED IN A GIVEN CONTEXT. FOR EXAMPLE, THE PROHIBITION AGAINST THE USE OF FORCE IS THUS A NORM. BUT DOES THE NORM PERMIT THE USE OF FORCE IN SELF-DEFENSE OR FOR REPRISALS? THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE CREATION OF NORMS VIEWED IN THIS SENSE.

"Die enorme Ausweitung der globalen Interdependenz als Folge der Globalisierung hat zu einem hohen Bedarf an Regulierung in vielen Bereichen globaler Politik geführt. Eine zentrale Antwort auf die resultierenden Koordinationsprobleme ist das Anwachsen der Zahl internationaler Organisationen und Regime, welche schon seit langem zu den am meisten untersuchten Themen der Globalisierungsforschung gehören. Die Forschungsfragen konzentrierten sich vor allem auf die Entstehung internationaler Institutionen, ihre Funktionsweise sowie ihre Effektivität im Hinblick auf die Befolgung der entsprechenden Regeln. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert die wichtigsten theoretischen Ansätze und schlägt neue Forschungsperspektiven vor. Die Doha-Runde und die Finanzkrise 2007/09 dienen als Beispiele. Es wird argumentiert, dass internationale Organisationen und Regime zentrale Bestandteile der Globalisierung bleiben. Ihre Effizienz beruht jedoch auf der präzisen Definition der Aufgaben und der Offenheit nationaler Institutionen für die von internationalen Institutionen herrührenden Handlungsanweisungen." (Autorenreferat)