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Nearly 250,000 U.S. college students participate in study abroad programs each year. A growing proportion of students are participating in short-term study abroad programs. Despite the large number of students in these programs, there are relatively few articles that describe how to start or manage a short-term, business-related, study abroad program. With this in mind, this article includes three examples of short-term study abroad programs: the summer semester abroad, the study tour, and the service-learning trip. Benefits of short-term study abroad programs are discussed. The article also includes tips for designing and managing the programs. The article is intended as a resource for faculty who are considering taking students abroad.

An analysis of changes in the size of 210 specific occupations indicates that less than one-third of these occupations consistently grew or consistently declined during the period. With this absence of consistent change the overall occupational division of labor remained very stable in the short term. (Abstract amended)

Short-term treatment is proposed as the treatment of choice for adolescents because it is consistent with the developmental needs and goals of that age group. Several case illustrations have been provided to show the value and benefit of such an approach for the adolescent client as well as for the therapist.

Explains that globalization and new manufacturing technologies have been generating a new kind of product competition based on the ability of the producer to offer the most suitable product for each individual market. In this new environment, the relationship between short‐term logistical decisions taken within manufacturing and business performance becomes increasingly strong. This relationship can also be complex, owing to the large number of variables and trade‐offs within the decision process. Manufacturing managers must be aware of the strategic consequences of their daily short‐term decisions but they also need proper management tools to support this decision process. Discusses the concept of short‐term strategic management and how this can be used to guide the development of manufacturing management tools for mass customized industries. Argues that manufacturing management systems can act as a link between short‐term decisions and the business strategy objectives.

This paper examines the direct, short-term effect of presidential communications on policy preferences. Using panel studies and post-speech surveys, I demonstrate that following a speech, public opinion changes in the direction of the president. This effect is strongest among people who watch the president. While the number of people who tune to the president may be small, indeed getting smaller over time, it is composed of people who participate in the political process, are more likely to affect it, and therefore are of interest to opinion leaders. The findings reveal that presidents are effective leaders of public opinion. Adapted from the source document.

This paper examines the direct, short-term effect of presidential communications on policy preferences. Using panel studies and post-speech surveys, I demonstrate that following a speech, public opinion changes in the direction of the president. This effect is strongest among people who watch the president. While the number of people who tune to the president may be small, indeed getting smaller over time, it is composed of people who participate in the political process, are more likely to affect it, and therefore are of interest to opinion leaders. The findings reveal that presidents are effective leaders of public opinion.

In this article, the authors propose and test hypotheses about the relationship between learning and performance and the team processes that are most predictive of learning and performance in short-term project teams. Results show a moderate but nonsignificant relationship between learning and performance. Results also reveal that team processes most predictive of team learning include interpersonal understanding, proactivity in problem solving, and creating clear work procedures (a negative predictor). Team processes most predictive of team performance include interpersonal understanding, proactivity in problem-solving, and confronting members who break norms (a negative predictor). Results suggest that the needs of short-term project teams differ from those of longer-term teams. They also suggest the potential for tension between learning and performance in short-term project teams. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Discussions of occupational change imply smooth secular trends. However, an analysis of US Bureau of Labor statistics on changes in the size of 210 specific occupations from 1972 to 1981 indicates that less than 33% of these occupations consistently grew or consistently declined during the period. With this absence of consistent change, the overall occupational DofL remained very stable in the short term. 2 Tables, 10 References. HA

The cross-country relationship between the relative price level and the relative GDP level is found to be significant and stable for EU member states over the period 1997-2006. The joint dynamics of price and GDP levels tend to gravitate towards the regression line but there is no shorter-term trade-off between fast real convergence and low inflation. Contrary to popular perception high inflation is not necessary for fast convergence. Moreover the trajectories of certain euro area states indicate that giving up one's national currency is risky it may stop convergence or even precipitate divergence. Problems may also emerge when the initial parity is weak. In addition, the inability to nominally devalue may prove very costly. However retaining one's national currency is not risk-free, even if domestic inflation is low, and even though subsequent corrective devaluations remain possible. While participation in the euro area has proved troublesome for some countries, it is in the interest of all member states to deepen wage and fiscal policy integration in order to help overcome the stagnation experienced in those euro area states that suffer from strongly overvalued price levels.

The increased interest in data on entrepreneurship and economic conditions of local character determines the need for systematic expansion of the information provided by economic statistics. The economic need to reduce the costs of creating the official statistics and the pressure to reduce burdens on business units and statistical reporting are limitations. Reconciling these expectations is not easy. On the one hand there is a need to modernize research methodology towards increasing the use of administrative systems. On the other hand, particular attention should be paid to maintaining the proper communication of official statistics with respondents and data users. These projects take on a special dimension in the short-term business statistics, due to the large number and frequency of research. This article presents the challenges and prospects for short-term statistics of enterprises against the existing rules and business conditions.

AbstractThe world is currently experiencing the environmental challenge of global warming, necessitating careful planning of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to deal with this problem. This study examines the environmental challenge posed by CO2 emissions from both a long and short‐term perspective. In the long term, despite efforts made by countries, our change‐point detection analysis shows that there has been no structural change in CO2 emissions since 1950. Without significant efforts, the carbon budget corresponding to the Paris Agreement's target will be exhausted by 2046. To achieve this target, a significant reduction in global CO2 emissions of 3.22% per year is necessary. In the short term, COVID‐19 is thought to have relieved pressure on CO2 emissions. However, this study shows that CO2 emissions quickly returned to normal levels after a brief downturn, and we provide information on the order of CO2 emissions recovery for different sectors.

Increasing oil security represents one of the most important policy actions, especially within IEA countries. Short and long term mechanisms could help such goal. On the short term side, revision of IEA emergency response oil stock system has been discussed. The attention is mainly focused on three issues: the high costs of stock management for private industries, the possible use of strategic reserves to smooth price when no high supply disruption has taken, the extension of IEA emergency system to non-OECD countries. The main actions specifically proposed by the European Commission are: an harmonisation of national storage systems, with the institution of public and private agency, a wider co-ordinated use of security stocks, and an increase in the physical amount of oil stocks. Long term measures for enhancing oil supply security can be seen on the demand-side and the supply-side. Main demand-side policies could be the following: energy saving and efficiency, investments in research and technology, and reduction of oil price inelasticity especially for transport sector. Main supply-side policies can be summarized into co-operation and institutional promotion for supply diversification of suppliers/routes. Main factors that could affect described policies could be the liberalization of international trade even in the energy sector and the increasing role of oil demand from developing countries.