Suchergebnisse

In today's globalized international system, international and regional organizations can only function effectively within the context of a larger social partnership with governments, the private sectors, and a plethora of increasingly influential interest groups. Regionalism Versus Multilateralism seeks to illustrate these new roles by tracing the way the Organization of American States (OAS), the oldest regional organization, has pursued its objectives in the context of evolving hemispheric and international circumstances. It analyzes the impact of these circumstances on the operations, programs and activities of the Organization, and the adjustments and direction which `metamorphosed' the regional membership at certain crucial junctures of hemispheric and international evolution. The book does so in three parts: through an historic examination of the objectives of the Organization; a critical analysis of its response over time to the forces of growth, transformation and change; and the projection of what continuing developments might dictate on the future characteristics of the Organization if it is to respond effectively to the needs and aspirations of member states. This book is a collaboration between Christopher R. Thomas and Julian T. Magloire, with both parties contributing equally to its content and preparation

Universities are currently faced with many challenges: National and international competition in the university sector grows, while demands from stakeholders are high. This publication provides an overview of current higher education management issues in Africa. Focusing exclusively on the first two rounds of the International Deans' Course (IDC), the collection describes the experience of different IDC participants by showcasing their Personal Action Plans (PAP).

Wells, D.: Local worker struggles in the global South: reconsidering Northern impacts on international labour standards. - S. 567-579 Seidman, G. W.: Labouring under an illusion? Lesotho's 'sweat-free' label. - S. 581-598 Merk, J.: Jumping scale and bridging space in the era of corporate social responsibility: cross-border labour struggles in the global garment industry. - S. 599-615 Munck, R.: Afterword: beyond the 'new' international labour studies. - S. 617-625

Senior officials of the Hezbollah party very rarely talk to the international press. Highly protected, always on their guard, the leaders of the "Party of God" are hard to contact-but at the same time Hezbollah is playing an increasingly important role not only in Lebanese politics, but also the economy & social aspects. This makes the interview by Christian Chesnot of Politique lnternationale with Mohammed Raad, head of Hezbollah's parliamentary bloc for eight years, all the more important. Hezbollah's credo is simple: it represents the sole "resistance" to Israel, with which it considers itself to be at permanent war. In his eyes, the members of the opposing "March 14th" anti-Syrian majority can only be considered "traitors" acting on behalf of Israel. When his Lebanese political opponents ask him to lay down his arms to facilitate the peace process, the response by this representative of Hezbollah is clear: his movement will do this with pleasure ... once Israel is destroyed. Adapted from the source document.

The article presents an approach to assessment of how independent an international actor can be from the political point of view. The author formulates a coordinate system composed of four spaces (fields) of social communication. The first one is the space of ideological interaction. In this space, governments have a possibility to manipulate the policies of their counteragents via exploiting psychological sentiments in the short term or fortifying specific worldview attitudes in the long run among the peoples in foreign countries. The second is the space of international norms. Unlike on the national level, the international relations system does not imply an existence of a common decision-making mechanism that serves as a generator of communication norms. Therefore, states use their national might to establish a normative order, which they are trying to fortify by consequently repeating specific actions in the international arena. In the third space, international actors try to integrate their counteragents into a specific type of economic relations that would serve as a determinant of their behavior. Finally, in the security space, the relations of states are defined by their internal understanding of what specific international trends and policies could threaten their own interests of national survival and development. The author concludes that the state of affairs in these four spaces determines the nature of subjectivity (sovereignty) of international actors on the global political stage. Through this lens, their bilateral relations could be classified into one of three types: subject-subject (interdependent), subject-object (unilaterally dependent) or object-object (independent). Therefore, the assessment of the nature of interstate bilateral relations could serve as a good starting point to characterize the whole structure of the international relations system: whether it is functioning in a unipolar, bipolar or multipolar manner. Moreover, the presented methodology could help to evaluate a degree of effectiveness of the foreign policy strategies implementation, since it presents a measurable coordinate system of the state and the structure of international affairs.

Illegal fishing practices are transnational in nature, which are not so easy to prevent and eradicate without international cooperation. Several international treaties both in the field of international maritime and fisheries law as well as international crimes have not categorized it as a transnational crime. This article discusses regulations that cover the issue of illegal fishing according to Indonesian national law and international law and examines the urgency of countermeasuring illegal fishing as a transnational crime. This article is a normative legal research with a statutory approach that explores the relevant national and international legal instruments which analyzed using descriptive methods. The results indicated that illegal fishing has been strictly regulated both in national and international law, although international law has not categorized illegal fishing as a crime that has cross-border characteristics. Therefore, there is an urgency to countermeasuring illegal fishing through international cooperation. In terms of the implementation of Indonesian national law, until now there seems to be lack of coordination between the national government and regional governments in establishing a mechanism related to efforts to prevent and eradicate illegal ?shing. Praktik Illegal fishingbersifat transnasional yang sulit untuk dicegah dan diberantas tanpa adanya kerjasama internasional. Sejumlah perjanjian internasional baik di bidang hukum laut dan perikanan internasional maupun pidana internasional belum mengategorikan illegal fishing sebagai suatu kejahatan transnasional. Artikel ini membahas pengaturan terkait Illegal Fishing menurut hukum nasional Indonesia dan hukum internasional serta menelaah urgensi penanggulangan Illegal Fishing sebagai kejahatan transnasional.Artikel ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan yang menelusuri instrumen hukum nasional dan internasional yang relevan yang dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Illegal Fishing sudah diatur secara tegas baik dalam hukum nasional maupun hukum internasional, kendatipun kukum internasional belum mengategorikan illegal ?shing sebagai kejahatan yang memiliki karakteristik lintas batas Negara. Oleh karenanya, penanggulangan illegal fishing urgen dilakukan melalui kerjasama internasional. Dari segi implementasi hukum nasional Indonesia,hingga saat ininampaknya belum terdapat koordinasi antara pemerintah pusat dengan pemerintah daerah dalam menetapkan suatu mekanisme berkaitan dengan upaya pencegahan dan pemberantasan illegal ?shing.

Alexander von Humboldt betätigte sich in unterschiedlichsten Wissensbereichen und vielen Disziplinen. Obwohl er natürlich kein Jurist war, hat er sich vielfach mit Problemen befasst, die zu seinen Lebzeiten und danach zu grundlegenden Fragen des in der Entstehung begriffenen Völkerrechts avancierten. So beschäftigte er sich mit dem Verbot der Sklaverei und der Abschaffung der Rassendiskriminierung, mit der Fixierung von territorialen Grenzen von Staaten, mit Seegrenzen, der Förderung des Welthandels und der Hoheitsgewalt im Luft- und im Weltraum. Viele dieser Fragen wurden später in internationalen Verträgen kodifiziert, weshalb man Humboldt als Vordenker des Völkerrechts bezeichnen kann. Diese von der internationalen Humboldt-Forschung bislang nicht als Forschungsfeld erkannte Dimension seines Wirkens wird nachfolgend erstmals vertiefend beleuchtet. ; Alexander von Humboldt was active in the most diverse fields of knowledge and many disciplines. Although of course he was not a lawyer, he has often dealt with problems that became fundamental questions of emerging international law during his lifetime and afterwards. His work dealt with the prohibition of slavery and the abolition of racial discrimination, the fixing of territorial borders of states, maritime borders, the promotion of world trade and sovereignty in air and space. Many of these questions were later incorporated into international treaties, which is why Humboldt can be called a mastermind of international law. This dimension of his work, which has not yet been recognized as a research field by international Humboldt research, will be examined in greater depth for the first time in the following. ; Alexandre von Humboldt a été actif dans les domaines de connaissance les plus divers et dans de nombreuses disciplines. Bien qu'il ne soit pas juriste, il a souvent traité des problématiques qui sont devenues à bien des égards, de son vivant et par la suite, des questions fondamentales du droit international émergent. Il traita ainsi des sujets comme l'interdiction de l'esclavage et l'abolition de la discrimination raciale, la démarcation des frontières territoriales des États, des frontières maritimes, la promotion du commerce mondial et la souveraineté dans l'air et l'espace. Beaucoup de ces questions ont ensuite été codifiées dans des traités internationaux, de sorte que l'on peut qualifier Humboldt de précurseur du droit international. Cette dimension de son action, qui n'a pas encore été reconnue comme un domaine de recherche par la recherche internationale au sujet de Humboldt, sera examinée ci-après pour la première fois de manière plus approfondie.

The efforts of the BRICs countries to establish a fair international legal order determine the scholarly interest in conceptualizing the legal position on the inadmissibility of the use of unlawful unilateral coercive measures in international relations. This paper adopts an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the phenomenon of combating discriminatory sanctions policies of individual states and international organizations, including elements of economic, legal and international legal analysis. The subject of the authors' interest is not the methodology of "economic analysis" of legal phenomena, which is recognized in legal science; rather, it is an attempt to synthesize the methods of various disciplines, allowing a comprehensive assessment of the possibility of countering "sanctions threats" to the state sovereignty of Russia as one of the members of BRICS. The main directions of the economic policy of the state in the conditions of the "sanctions regime," the features of acts of Russian legislation aimed at protecting sovereignty from illegal unilateral restrictive measures, in the historical context, and taking into account modern views, the doctrinal approaches to the concept of "sanctions" in the science and practice of international law are all analyzed. As a result, it is found that the pluralism of approaches to the definition of "sanctions" is maintained, which is explained by the insufficient level of international legal regulation of international coercion and the continuing decentralization of the system of international law. The grounds for the legitimacy of sanctions mechanisms operate in the system of collective security of the U.N., based on the analysis of the provisions of the U.N. Charter and the normative array of recommendatory norms of the U.N. General Assembly. The evolution of the mechanism of non-military coercive measures of the U.N. Security Council is analyzed, and the parameters of the legitimacy of sanctions by regional international organizations on the basis of the provisions of the U.N. Charter are determined. Normative contours of "soft regulators" of counteractions to illegitimate unilateral coercive measures are established.

Das Phänomen des globalen Terrorismus stellt eine Herausforderung für die internationale Gemeinschaft dar. Da sich die Staaten bis heute auf keine allgemeingültige Definition des Terrorismusverbrechens einigen konnten, wird der IStGH nach wie vor von der Ausübung der Gerichtsbarkeit über Terrorismusverbrechen ausgeschlossen. Diese Diplomarbeit legt zunächst die Gründe dar, weshalb es einer völkerstrafrechtlichen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Terrorismusbegriff bedarf und welche Problematiken die rein politische Betrachtung mit sich bringt. Des Weiteren setzt sich der erste Teil der Arbeit mit der Frage auseinander, inwiefern die Aufnahme eines Terrorismustatbestands in das Rom-Statut mit dessen Wesen und Prinzipien vereinbar ist. Die Verhandlungsgeschichte zur Errichtung des IStGH zeigt, dass Staaten bereits Vorschläge unterbreiteten, das Terrorismusverbrechen in das Rom-Statut aufzunehmen. Diese mussten allerdings aufgrund politischer Kontroversen und der andauernden Uneinigkeit über die Definition des Verbrechens verworfen werden. Eine Vielzahl an Terrorismusregelungen auf internationaler, regionaler und staatlicher Ebene weist jedoch mittlerweile auf eine Angleichung in der Definition des Terrorismusverbrechens hin. Das letzte Kapitel widmet sich daher der Aufgabe, die objektiven und subjektiven Elemente des Terrorismustatbestands herauszuarbeiten. Diese Diplomarbeit legt dar, dass eine noch zu schließende Lücke im Völkerstrafrecht besteht und die Aufnahme eines Terrorismustatbestands in das Rom-Statut daher notwendig ist. ; The phenomenon of international Terrorism transposes a challenge for the international community. States could not agree on a common definition of Terrorism, therefore the ICC is still left out from the criminal prosecution of these crimes. First, the thesis investigates the reasons according to which terrorism needs to be confronted within the subject matter of international criminal law. Furthermore, the section will highlight why the inclusion of a descrete crime of international terrorism within the jurisdiction of the ICC would be consistend with the aims and principles of the Rome Statute. The history of negotiations illustrates the attempts of States to include core terrorism in the Statute of the ICC, although, because of political disagreements on the definition of terrorism, this proposal was overruled. However, a wide range of international, regional and national regulations show a convergence in defining the objective and subjective elements of an international crime of terrorism. The last chapter, therefore, identifies elements which constitute a core international crime of terrorism by comparing the different legal sources. Hence, this thesis will demonstrate that terrorism still is a missing crime within the context of the ICC and should be included for humanitarian reasons and the prevention of crime. ; vorgelegt von Johanna Valentina Kathan ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2018 ; (VLID)2744100

Located in a strategic position, that is between two great oceans and two land masses have made Indonesia a centre of international trade and shipping. In fact, 90% of international trades are carried out through the ocean. It is therefore crucial to assure that the activities in carrying goods across the ocean are incident free. However, if accident happens, assistance from professionals to preserve items of property is desirable. In such, salvage law emerged. This paper discusses comprehensively Indonesian salvage law within the framework of contemporary maritime law. While Indonesian maritime law is mostly based on its national law on the carriage of goods by the sea, in fact, the development of maritime law is highly affected by international practices which are largely based on international conventions and regulations.This research finds that while Indonesian salvage law can be found in Book II Chapter VII article 545-568k Wetboek Van Koophandel or known as Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Dagang (KUHD), which focused narrowly on the value of salved property as the primary measures of success, yet Indonesian salvage law has not been developed in accordance with current international salvage law, which adopted a broader and more balanced approached in both commercial and environmental aspects.Although it is believed that such approached is "culturally unrecognized" in Indonesia, this research argued that since Indonesian waters are part of international waters, all process by waters including salvage should confirm the relevant international practices and regulations. While Indonesia has taken out salvage law from KUHD and regulates it within Act Number 17/2008 on navigation, however, such act only provides one article for salvage stating that salvage will be regulates further by Ministry Regulation. Untill this paper was written no such government regulation produced yet by Indonesia. Since Indonesian waters is the centre of international navigational routes, this paper argued that it is an urgent need for Indonesia to have appropriate salvage law in place, so it can develop dinamically from shipping practice and confirm with international regulations in salvage. Keywords: salvage law, maritime law, commercial and environmental.

In order the subjects of intellectual property could participate actively in the international trade, and seeking to avoid unfair competence, their rights must be protected. To this purpose international organizations have been established and a number of international conventions have been signed. Customs plays a very important role while protecting the property that participates in the international trade. The topic of the final master's thesis is "Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights". The problem raised in the thesis is the increment in number of violation of intellectual property right. It should be noted that in the presence of depressed economic situation the violators of intellectual property rights started falsifying not only luxury goods. Falsified goods, which enter the market, may make harm to the consumers. However, in the presence of depressed economic situation and when national authorities receive lower financing than usually, there may arise a problem of intellectual property rights protection. The thesis has raised hypothesis: While the activity effectiveness of Lithuanian customs is increasing, having protection the rights of intellectual ownership and strengthening the high against falsification and piracy, the expected economic effect is not achieved. The aim of the thesis is to reveal how effectively and economically the Customs of the Republic of Lithuania protects intellectual property rights. The objectives of the thesis are as follows: to describe the importance of intellectual property in the international trade, to mark the main international organizations and national institutions which are of highest importance while protecting intellectual property rights; to specify the role of trademarks in the international trade; to carry out the analysis of customs protection of intellectual property rights in Lithuania; to analyze the perspectives of customs protection of intellectual property rights. Master's thesis consists of four parts, which are as follows: Intellectual Property in the International Trade; International and National Legislations Regulating the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights; Analysis of Statistical Data relating to Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in Lithuania; Future perspectives of Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights.

In order the subjects of intellectual property could participate actively in the international trade, and seeking to avoid unfair competence, their rights must be protected. To this purpose international organizations have been established and a number of international conventions have been signed. Customs plays a very important role while protecting the property that participates in the international trade. The topic of the final master's thesis is "Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights". The problem raised in the thesis is the increment in number of violation of intellectual property right. It should be noted that in the presence of depressed economic situation the violators of intellectual property rights started falsifying not only luxury goods. Falsified goods, which enter the market, may make harm to the consumers. However, in the presence of depressed economic situation and when national authorities receive lower financing than usually, there may arise a problem of intellectual property rights protection. The thesis has raised hypothesis: While the activity effectiveness of Lithuanian customs is increasing, having protection the rights of intellectual ownership and strengthening the high against falsification and piracy, the expected economic effect is not achieved. The aim of the thesis is to reveal how effectively and economically the Customs of the Republic of Lithuania protects intellectual property rights. The objectives of the thesis are as follows: to describe the importance of intellectual property in the international trade, to mark the main international organizations and national institutions which are of highest importance while protecting intellectual property rights; to specify the role of trademarks in the international trade; to carry out the analysis of customs protection of intellectual property rights in Lithuania; to analyze the perspectives of customs protection of intellectual property rights. Master's thesis consists of four parts, which are as follows: Intellectual Property in the International Trade; International and National Legislations Regulating the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights; Analysis of Statistical Data relating to Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in Lithuania; Future perspectives of Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights.