Suchergebnisse

The development of the regulatory framework of Latvia's Asylum and external border is determined by international regulatory framework, the EU's regulatory framework and influence of Latvian bilateral relationship as well as the need to balance the free movement of persons which is essential part of human rights in order to ensure the legislation in relation to Latvian external border regime within international and national legal framework. This is evidenced as a problematic issue in regulatory framework, law practices and border control both in Latvia and other EU countries. It is necessary to explore international, EU and national legal framework within the EU's external borders functioning in Latvia by detecting problems in the EU's Asylum determination in the context of border regime and border control regulatory framework, by exploring legislation, legal concepts, incompleteness of terminology and eventually to develop suggestions for improving laws and regulations. The primary method is Analytical method - the analysis of international, EU, the Schengen Acquis and the national regulatory framework and administrative practice.

This paper argues that Russia's choice of economic organization, which is based on the renewed role of the state, is a response to the existence of severe transaction costs, and subsequent mitigation of contractual incompleteness in the absence of a strong property rights system. Ill-defined property rights have historically hampered formation of business classes in Russia, reducing the necessity for appropriate market infrastructure. This also implied that if Russia's political and economic system had more than one competing hierarchy, the objective of the elites would not have entailed long-term economic growth, as gains from short-term wealth tunneling would have been much larger. As in the early 2000s Russian investment projects were generally defined by large sunk costs and long-term to maturity, under a weak legal system a new substitute governing mechanism, which took form of the state–private co-partnership system, has arisen in order to reduce hold-up costs leading to high levels of underinvestment.

This paper argues that Russia's choice of economic organisation, which is based on the renewed role of the state, is a response to the existence of severe transaction costs, and subsequent mitigation of contractual incompleteness in the absence of a strong property rights system. Ill-defined property rights have historically hampered formation of business classes in Russia, reducing the necessity for appropriate market infrastructure. This also implied that if Russia's political and economic system had more than one competing hierarchy, such as truculent members of the lower classes of bureaucracy, the objective of the elites would not have entailed long-term economic growth, as gains from short-term wealth tunnelling would have been much larger. As in the early 2000s Russian investment projects were generally defined by large sunk costs and long-term to maturity, under a weak legal system a new substitute governing mechanism, which took form of the state-private co-partnership system, has arisen in order to reduce hold-up costs leading to high levels of underinvestment.

This paper argues that Russia's choice of economic organization, which is based on the renewed role of the state, is a response to the existence of severe transaction costs, and subsequent mitigation of contractual incompleteness in the absence of a strong property rights system. Ill-defined property rights have historically hampered formation of business classes in Russia, reducing the necessity for appropriate market infrastructure. This also implied that if Russia's political and economic system had more than one competing hierarchy, the objective of the elites would not have entailed long-term economic growth, as gains from short-term wealth tunneling would have been much larger. As in the early 2000s Russian investment projects were generally defined by large sunk costs and long-term to maturity, under a weak legal system a new substitute governing mechanism, which took form of the state–private co-partnership system, has arisen in order to reduce hold-up costs leading to high levels of underinvestment.

Произведен системный уголовно-правовой анализ активных и пассивных форм подкупа должностного лица юридического лица публичного права. Обосновано положение о непоследовательности и бессистемности изложения отдельных форм подкупа должностного лица юридического лица публичного права в соответствующих диспозициях уголовно-правовых норм. Акцентируется на неполноте имплементации в уголовное законодательство Украины стандартов Уголовной конвенции против коррупции касательно вымогательства неправомерной выгоды должностным лицом юридического лица публичного права. ; The criminally-right analysis of the systems of active and passive forms of subornation of official face of legal entity of public law is conducted in the article. Position is reasonable about an inconsistence and unsystematic of exposition of separate forms of subornation of official face of legal entity of public law in dispositions of corresponding criminal law norms. It is marked on incompleteness of implementation in the criminal legislation of Ukraine of standards of Criminal convention about a fight against a corruption in relation to the shakedown of illegal benefit by the official face of legal entity of public law.

There are many existing methodologies on measuring health equity, while seldom has method aiming at health resource allocation. We collected 6 method of measuring equity in health resource allocation. This paper presents key contents of methods on measuring horizontal equity in health service allocation, yet each method has its advantages and disadvantages as well as range of application, which may help researchers or government to make wise decision when choosing appropriate method for measuring equity. Through comparative analysis, we concluded that socioeconomic factors were considered in concentration index; although the Lorenz curve and Gini-coefficient are widely used, which exist uncertainty and incompleteness; overall inequality can be decomposed by Theil index, which is of significance for the planning of urban and rural areas; preferences on a certain class can be set artificially by Atkinson index; it is easy for Chi-square to analyze aided with statistical software; specific regional differences can be calculated by index of dissimilarity.

Abstract ᅟ There are many existing methodologies on measuring health equity, while seldom has method aiming at health resource allocation. We collected 6 method of measuring equity in health resource allocation. This paper presents key contents of methods on measuring horizontal equity in health service allocation, yet each method has its advantages and disadvantages as well as range of application, which may help researchers or government to make wise decision when choosing appropriate method for measuring equity. Through comparative analysis, we concluded that socioeconomic factors were considered in concentration index; although the Lorenz curve and Gini-coefficient are widely used, which exist uncertainty and incompleteness; overall inequality can be decomposed by Theil index, which is of significance for the planning of urban and rural areas; preferences on a certain class can be set artificially by Atkinson index; it is easy for Chi-square to analyze aided with statistical software; specific regional differences can be calculated by index of dissimilarity. Classification codes I1

В статье анализируются процесс формирования и развития института Уполномоченного по правам человека в Российской Федерации, факторы, способствовавшие его становлению, причины длительности и незавершенности данного процесса как на федеральном, так и на региональном уровне. Исследуются проблемы взаимодействия института Уполномоченного по правам человека с органами политической власти в РФ, причины недостаточной эффективности данного института в деле защиты прав человека. Выявляются условия повышения результативности деятельности этого института. ; The article analyzes the process of the formation and development of the institution of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation, the factors that contribute to its formation, the reasons of the duration and incompleteness of this process both at the federal and regional levels. The problems of interaction between the institution of the Commissioner for Human Rights and the bodies of political power in Russia, the reasons of the lack of this institution effectiveness in the protection of human rights are researched. The authors reveal the conditions of increasing the results of the institution activity.

The European Central Bank's Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) programme was a politically-pragmatic tool to diffuse the euro-area crisis. But it did not deal with the fundamental incompleteness of the European monetary union. As such, it blurred the boundary between monetary and fiscal policy. The fuzziness of this boundary helped in the short-term but pushed political and economic risks to the future. Unless a credible commitment to enforcing losses on private creditors is instituted, these conundrums will persist. The German Federal Constitutional Court has helped by insisting that such a dialogue be conducted in order to achieve a more durable political and economic solution. A study of the European Union Court of Justice's Pringle decision (Thomas Pringle v Government of Ireland, Ireland and The Attorney General, Case C-370/12, ECJ, 27 November 2012) suggests that the ECJ will also not rubber-stamp the OMT - and, if it does, the legal victory will not resolve the fundamental dilemmas.

The aim of this work is to shed light on the relations between the principles, those which present the basis of dominant theories of global justice, and states without a clear legitimity basis and in a process of democratization. A premise is that a global society does not have an absolute responsibility for the results achieved in overcoming internal injustices by the aforementioned states. Non-transparency of global conditions, necessary for the development of the mentioned processes, hinders the states in a process of development of long lasting stability basis. Therefore, those states are captured in a condition of permanent incompleteness. Moreover, here we highlight a position of an individual. The individual is defined as a potential subject of global processes, as well as a member of certain political communities. This definition includes their political capacity to achieve self-defined demand for justice. Considering Serbia's positioning within the frame of debates about global justice, 5th of October 2000 has been defined as a crucial moment. .

Abstract. In this paper we suggest the use of diffusion-neural-networks, (neural networks with intrinsic fuzzy logic abilities) to assess the relationship between isoseismal area and earthquake magnitude for the region of Greece. It is of particular importance to study historical earthquakes for which we often have macroseismic information in the form of isoseisms but it is statistically incomplete to assess magnitudes from an isoseismal area or to train conventional artificial neural networks for magnitude estimation. Fuzzy relationships are developed and used to train a feed forward neural network with a back propagation algorithm to obtain the final relationships. Seismic intensity data from 24 earthquakes in Greece have been used. Special attention is being paid to the incompleteness and contradictory patterns in scanty historical earthquake records. The results show that the proposed processing model is very effective, better than applying classical artificial neural networks since the magnitude macroseismic intensity target function has a strong nonlinearity and in most cases the macroseismic datasets are very small.

There is a global trend for local governments to engage in public‐private partnerships (PPPs) to provide infrastructures and public services. Light rails, water systems, waste management, schools, sport centres, social housing, are just a few examples of sectors where the private sector is becoming more actively involved with local authorities. Most of these engagements are done through mixed companies and contractual concessions. Both suffer from a major shortcoming – renegotiations. Contracts are often renegotiated within few years after signature, and some evidence show that the results might not protect the public interest. This paper tries to understand how and why renegotiations of local concessions happen by looking at the specific characteristics of contracts (endogenous determinants). To illustrate the discussion, a case study from a light rail system is analysed, exemplifying the effect of a contractual renegotiation. The authors argue that contractual renegotiation can be useful in decreasing contract incompleteness, but a poor design of these clauses can allow for opportunistic behaviour by concessionaires.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы правового регулирования парламентов субъектов Российской Федерации. На основе анализа статей Конституции РФ обосновывается необходимость организации законодательной власти в регионах и описываются ее особенности. Обращается внимание на то, что недостаточная политическая активность равно как отсутствие экономической самостоятельности большинства российских регионов есть следствие слабости и незавершенности внедрения демократических начал и элементов парламентаризма в субъектах РФ. ; The questions of the legal regulation of parliaments of subjects of the Russian Federation are examined in the article. On the basis of analysis of the articles of Constitution of the Russian Federation the necessity of organization of legislative power in regions is grounded and its features are described. Attention is drawn to the fact that the lack of political activity as well as the lack of economic independence of the majority of the Russian regions is a consequence of the weakness and incompleteness of the implementation of democratic principles and elements of the parliamentarism in the the Russian regions.

In this paper, we present a discrete time regime switching binomial-like model of the term structure where the regime switches are governed by a discrete time semi-Markov process. We model the evolution of the prices of zero-coupon when given an initial term structure as in the model by Ho and Lee that we aim to extend. We discuss and derive conditions for the model to be arbitrage free and relate this to the notion of martingale measure. We explicitly show that due to the extra source of uncertainty coming from the underlying semi-Markov process, there are an infinite number of equivalent martingale measures. The notion of path independence is also studied in some detail, especially in the presence of regime switches. We deal with the market incompleteness by giving an explicit characterization of the minimal entropy martingale measure. We give an application to the pricing of a European bond option both in a Markov and semi-Markov framework. Finally, we conclude.

Выясняются причины успехов китайского правительства в переходе от государственно-управляемой экономики к рыночно-капиталистической, причины незавершенности такого перехода в России. По мнению автора статьи, основа успеха в Китае устойчивый приоритет реализации общенациональных интересов. В России же строго выполняли положения «Вашингтонского консенсуса», основанные на неоклассической теоретической парадигме о безусловном доминировании индивидуальных интересов. Центральный постулат статьи исходным пунктом модернизации российской экономики должны стать институты, обеспечивающие приоритетную реализацию общенациональных интересов. ; The reasons for success of the Chinese government in transition from government-controlled to market-capitalist economy and reasons for incompleteness of such a transition in Russia are clarified. According to the author, the basis of success in China is a stable priority of implementation of nation-wide interests. However, Russia strictly followed the regulations of the «Washington consensus», which is based on the neoclassical theoretical paradigm of unconditional domination of individual interests. The main postulate of the article says that the institutes that provide first-priority implementation of nation-wide interests should become the start point of modernization of Russian economy.