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The United States in 1990's : Debates on Immigration, by André Kaspi
The United States are still the first country of immigration in the world. Despite restrictive laws dating back to 1965, Asiatic and Hispanic people, political refugees and the poor in the third world will go to America. There arises a debate on legal and illicit immigration. Americans are getting more and more inclined to make a selection among people candidates for immigration according to their professional qualifications or their socioeconomic backgrounds. But the problem of integrating newcomers is far from being sorted out no matter whether it is économie, educational or cultural. Some differences will arise between foreign communities ; Hispanics do not get integrated so quickly as Asiatics do. On the whole, the United States have not given up their customary welcoming policy but try to adjust it to the present circumstances.

Despite major nineteenth-century achievement in the other arts, American musical life, for decades dependent on Europe, lagged behind. Matters improved from the 1920s on, as major native composers achieved recognition. Our musical independence was helped by World War II and the arrival of European refugees to live and work here. But by the early 1950s, control of American musical life moved back to Europe, and with it went much of our self-confidence. Today, as for many years past, American musical life—especially on the level of our top orchestras—is determined by European artistic personalities and by commercial decisions taken abroad. Our problem is not to reject foreign figures when they are beneficial and willing to work here on a permanent basis, but to create an American classical music, in the tradition of great Western classical music, that we can call our own.

This article highlights important developments in the character of temporary worker flows to Canada between 1973 and 1985 through the use of unpublished data and new measures for analyzing this data. The number of employment authorizations are converted to person years to indicate the overall labor market impact of temporary worker flows and this measure is employed in an analysis of unpublished data from Employment and Immigration Canada. The analysis reveals that a significant and growing proportion of employment authorizations are exempted from governmental procedures which link the admission of temporary workers to the Canadian labor market. In many cases, these exempt documents are being authorized for social and humanitarian programs (e.g., refugee claimants, in-Canada immigrant claimants). As a result, the actual "labor recruitment" component of these authorizations is considerably less than interpreted from published statistics of employment authorizations. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.

The rapidly deteriorating social and economic situation in sub-Saharan Africa, and the need for large-scale action to reverse that ominous trend, are captured well in the following paragraph:It is becoming evident that Africa is in a state of breathtaking and grievous crisis whose… likes may not have been seen anywhere in the West since the 14th century Plague. Twenty-nine of the world's 36 poorest nations are to be found south of the Sahara desert… and 24 of them are now appealing for emergency aid to ward off famine… The percentage of Africans living in absolute poverty rose from 82 percent to 91 percent through the 1970s. In 1983 per capita food production was down by 14 percent from 1981. Five million Africans are currently refugees. Five million African children died this year; another five million were crippled by malnutrition and disease.

The new Asian and African states have laid much stress on human rights, but have often not lived up to them. The basic right of self-determination has been limited to colonies only. Democratic institutions have generally given way to authoritarian regimes, often run by the military, with popular participation denied rather than encouraged. The right to life, liberty, and security of person has been grossly violated in the cases of millions of refugees, temporary and permanent, in Africa and the Asian subcontinent. Many hundreds of thousands have been killed in domestic conflicts, as in Indonesia, Nigeria, and Burundi. One of the results is the emergence of a double standard: an all-out African and Asian attack upon the denial of human rights involved in colonialism and racial discrimination, but a refusal to face up to massive violations of human rights in the Third World itself.

This, the broadest and most thoroughgoing confrontation to date of African and Scandinavian writers, took place at the inter-Scandinavian cultural centre near Stockholm. More than 20 African writers, including representatives from North Africa, Ethiopia, 'Black Africa', and South Africa (refugees) took part in the conference, among them some outstanding personalities: Albert Memmi, Wole Soyinka, Tchicaya U'Thamsi, George AwoonorWilliams, James Ngugi, and Ezekiel Mphahlele, to mention only a few. A similar number of writers from Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway took part; tours and social arrangements made it possible for the African writers to meet a further selection of Scandinavian writers and artists and to become acquainted with local scenery and institutions. The initiative for the conference was taken by the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, the Swedish Institute for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, and the Swedish Council for Overseas Information.

Issue of the Catholic periodical and literature index, The Sign. ; Women's Bid for Politics by John C. O'Brien Building Your Home The Co-Op Way, A Sign Picture Story Hawaii's American Governor by Charles Oxton The Refugees' Champion by Robert Rigby Mass In Moscow, A Sign Picture Story Why Catholics Should Pray (And Sing) Together by Gerard E. Sherry God Is A Difficult Word by Robert T. Reilly The Christ of Montserrate by Earl Conrad The Two Nickels by Richard Sullivan Labor-Management Peace by Ralph Gorman, C.P. Current Fact and Comment Stage and Screen by Jerry Cotter Radio and Television by John Lester Letters People God Pitched His Tent by Kilian McDonnell, O.S.B. Transmutation - A Poem by Gemma d'Auria Woman to Woman by Katherine Burton Sign Post by Aloysius McDonough, C.P. Spring Training Among The Bulls by Red Smith Book Reviews

The International Association, which existed in London from 1855 to1859 and which was founded by French, Polish and German refugees and English chartists, is to be regarded as the first international organization of a proletarian and socialist character, and forms the last and most important link in the series of international manifestations during the three decades prior to the foundation of the First International, which will be briefly sketched here).When in Europe about 1830 the working-class movement came into existence, When in Europe about 1830 the working-class movement came into existence, there arose simultaneously, as an immediate result of the awakening class-consciousness, the idea of international proletarian solidarity, which has continued to be a basic element of the proletarian ideology and to find expression in manifestations of international solidarity, as well as in the formation of various organizations of an international tenor.

This paper presents the findings from a critical interpretive synthesis that explored the assumptions influencing music therapists writing about their work with refugees. Music therapy literature suggests that the profession appears to be uniquely suited to address the healthcare needs of the refugee population by transcending cultural and language barriers which often mitigate access to other services. However, when working with individuals characterised by trauma and whose identities have been dictated by political power, it is essential that music therapy practices oppose these forces and provide opportunities for empowerment. Therefore, eleven papers describing music therapy practice with refugees from the international literature were examined and interrogated to determine the assumptions embedded within the language used by music therapists. The synthetic construct of a neo-colonial music therapist emerged from the data and informed subsequent analysis. The concepts of refugees as a homogenous group defined by a dominant narrative of trauma, and musical improvisation as a universal language appeared to be influential in the ways music therapists were reporting on their work. These findings are discussed along with considerations for a music therapy practice that promotes empowerment and advocates for the voices of the refugee population. ; 本稿は、音楽療法士が難民とのしごとを記述する際に影響を与えている前提について探り、批判的・解釈的統合を行った結果を呈示するものである。音楽療法の文献は、この職業が、他のサービスではしばしば接近を阻んでしまう文化的言語的障壁を乗り越えることで、難民領域のヘルスケアのニーズに対処する独自的な適合性を持っていることを示唆している。しかしながら、アイデンティティを政治的パワーによって決定づけられ、心的外傷という特徴を持つ人々と向き合うには、音楽療法実践がこうした力に抗する地点に立ち、エンパワメントの機会をもたらすことが必須である。そこで、国際的文献の中から難民との音楽療法実践を記述している11の論文を検証して調べ、音楽療法士によって用いられた言語の中に埋め込まれている前提を特定する。データとそれに続いて行われた情報に基づく分析からは、「新植民地主義的音楽療法士」の統合的構成要素が浮かび上がった。「心的外傷のナラティブが主要な部分を占めることによって定義される均質的グループとしての難民」と「ユニバーサル言語としての音楽即興」という概念が、音楽療法士がそのしごとを報告する仕方に影響を与えているとみられる。これらの発見と、エンパワメントを促したり難民の人々の声を代弁するような音楽療法実践とを考え合わせ、議論される。 ; Cet article présente les résultats d'une synthèse interprétative critique qui a exploré les hypothèses qui influent sur les musicothérapeutes qui écrivent sur leur travail avec les réfugiés. Littérature en musicothérapie suggère que la profession semble être apte de façon unique pour répondre aux besoins de santé de la population réfugiée en transcendant les barrières culturelles et linguistiques qui atténuent souvent l'accès à d'autres services. Cependant, lorsque l'on travaille avec des individus caractérisés par un traumatisme et dont l'identité a été dictée par le pouvoir politique, il est essentiel que les pratiques de musicothérapie opposent ces forces et offrent des possibilités d'autonomisation. Par conséquent, onze articles décrivant la pratique de la musicothérapie avec les réfugiés de la littérature internationale ont été examinés et interrogés pour déterminer les hypothèses incorporées dans la langue utilisée par les musicothérapeutes. La construction synthétique d'un musicothérapeutenéo-colonialea émergé à partir des données et a informé l'analyse ultérieure. Les concepts de réfugiés comme un groupe homogène défini par un récit dominant de traumatisme, et de l'improvisation musicale comme un langage universel semblent avoir une influence sur la façon musicothérapeutes signalaient sur leur travail. Ces résultats sont discutés avec des considérations pour une pratique de la musicothérapie qui favorise l'autonomisation et plaide pour la voix de la population réfugiée. ; Questo documento presenta i risultati di una sintesi critica interpretativa, la quale ha esplorato i presupposti di influenza sui musicoterapisti che scrivono il loro lavoro con i profughi. La letteratura musicoterapica suggerisce che la professione appaia adatta unicamente per indirizzare la popolazione di rifugiati alle esigenze sanitarie, in modo da trascendere le barriere culturali linguistiche che spesso moderano l'accesso ad altri servizi. Tuttavia, quando si lavora con individui caratterizzati da un trauma e le cui identità sono state dettate dal potere politico, è essenziale che le pratiche di musicoterapia si oppongano a queste forze e forniscano opportunità per la responsabilizzazione. Perciò, undici documenti provenienti dalla letteratura internazionale sulla pratica musicoterapica con i profughi sono stati esaminati e interrogati per determinare i presupposti del linguaggio utilizzato dai musicoterapisti. Dai dati è emerso il costrutto sintetico di un musicoterapista neo-coloniale fornendo informazioni per una successiva analisi. I concetti di profughi come un gruppo omogeneo definito da una narrazione dominante di traumi, e improvvisazione musicale come linguaggio universale, sembravano essere influenti nei modi con cui i musicoterapisti hanno riportato il loro lavoro. Questi risultati sono stati discussi insieme a considerazioni per una pratica musicoterapica che promuova responsabilizzazione e sostenitori per le voci dei profughi. ; In diesem Artikel werden die Ergebnisse einer kritisch-interpretativen Synthese präsentiert, die die Annahmen, die Musiktherapeuten bei ihrem Schreiben über ihre Arbeit mit Flüchtlingen beeinflusst, untersucht. Musiktherapieliteratur suggeriert, dass die Profession durch die Überschreitung von kulturellen und sprachlichen Barrieren, die oft den Zugang zu anderen Angeboten erschweren, einzigartig erscheint die Bedürfnisse der Population der Flüchtlinge zu adressieren. Hingegen ist es in der Arbeit mit Individuen, die von Trauma charakterisiert sind und deren Identität von Macht diktiert wurde, essentiell, dass Musiktherapiepraxis sich diesen Kräften entgegensetzt und Möglichkeiten für Empowerment bietet. Deswegen wurden 11 Artikel internationaler Literatur zur Musiktherapiepraxis mit Flüchtlingen untersucht um die Annahmen zu ermitteln, die in die Sprache eingebettet ist, die Musiktherapeuten benutzen. Das synthetische Konstrukt des Neo-kolonialen Musiktherapeuten entstand aus dem Datenmaterial und der nachfolgenden Analyse. Das Konzept der Flüchtlinge als eine homogene Gruppe durch das dominante Narrativ des Traumas definiert und musikalische Improvisation als universelle Sprache schienen Einfluss darauf zu haben in welcher Art Musiktherapeuten von ihrer Arbeit berichten. Diese Erkenntnisse werden mit Überlegungen zu Musiktherapiepraxis die Empowerment fördert und die sich für die Stimme der Flüchtlingspopulation einsetzt diskutiert.

The European migration crisis has divided the population of Germany along the lines of the country's migration policy and the attitude to immigrants. The antiimmigrant sentiment, supported by the rhetoric of the extreme right-wing parties and the criticism of current policies, have been growing in the society. This article reviews theoretical approaches to the study of public attitude to migrants proceeding from the effect that immigration has on the socioeconomic development of the host society. The authors propose a mechanism for analysing the political life of a society to develop viable approaches to managing the migration shock and mitigating its effect. The article considers the attitudes of the German population to immigration and immigrants in terms of the transformation of electoral preferences under the influence of the migration crisis. Recent data on the electoral standing of the Alternative for Germany party are used to develop a typology of states, based on the level of support for this party from the local population and on other measures of the migration situation and socioeconomic development. The authors identify northeastern regions with a high probability of popular support for the extreme right views on the migration crisis and northern and southwestern states that are most and least susceptible to the extreme right influence.

Weltweit werden Flüchtlinge langfristig in Flüchtlingslagern untergebracht. Heterogene Akteure - UNO, NGOs, Regierungsvertreter, aber auch die Flüchtlinge selbst - bringen ihre Perspektiven, Interessen, Ressourcen und Außenbeziehungen in die Flüchtlingslager ein. Deren politische Ordnung konstituiert sich zwischen interner Machtdynamik und institutioneller Einbettung in das internationale Flüchtlingsregime. Ausgehend von Neo-Institutionalismus und Theorien der Kasernierung rekonstruiert die Autorin diese Ordnung am Fall zweier Lager in Sambia. Ein innovativer, empirisch fundierter Beitrag zur politischen Soziologie des Flüchtlingslagers.